{"title":"An ethical assessment of anti-aging medicine.","authors":"Tom Mackey","doi":"10.1089/109454503322733045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/109454503322733045","url":null,"abstract":"This assessment presents and evaluates various ethical arguments for and against anti-aging medicine. After briefly defining human aging and how it could be viewed as a medical problem, the paper reviews scientific evidence that indicates that medical intervention could substantially change the rate of human aging in the foreseeable future. This evidence includes research in biochemistry, cell, and molecular biology (including research on mitochondrial DNA and oxidative stress as well as research on cellular and molecular replacement interventions), non-human animal studies, and human studies. The following six ethical arguments against anti-aging medicine are presented and evaluated: 1) inequity: the poor die young by the millions, while the rich refuse to age; 2) denying aging's immutability; 3) dominating nature, altering and commodifying ourselves; 4) overpopulation: carrying capacity concerns and the rights of future people to be born; 5) ennui: with no natural deadline, life itself outlives its value; 6) ageism: prejudice against the old and the young. The paper then evaluates four ethical arguments in favor of anti-aging medicine: 1) beneficence: duties to maintain health and prevent disease and death; 2) efficiency: slowing down aging would reduce the rates for all of the most common causes of death in developed societies; 3) limited autonomy: freedom to purchase anti-aging medicines that may or may not work, so long as they are not harmful; 4) improved quality of life: more active, healthier, and wiser (two propositions supporting this argument - that anti-aging medicine would allow for a longer, more active, healthier, and fuller life and that wisdom comes from experience, not senescence - are also presented and evaluated). The arguments in favor of anti-aging medicine are found to be more compelling than the arguments against it. The paper concludes with the recommendation that anti-aging medicine should be funded and regulated in ways that facilitate its potential both to reduce the incidence and prevalence of many diseases and to allow for longer, fuller, and more meaningful lives.","PeriodicalId":86085,"journal":{"name":"Journal of anti-aging medicine","volume":"6 3","pages":"187-204"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1089/109454503322733045","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24414249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Telomerase, telomerase inhibition, and cancer.","authors":"Ali Ahmed, Trygve O Tollefsbol","doi":"10.1089/109454503323028911","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/109454503323028911","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Telomeres, located at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes, are synthesized by the enzyme telomerase and are responsible for maintaining chromosome length. The absence of telomerase in most somatic cells has been associated with telomere shortening and aging of these cells. In contrast, high levels of telomerase activity are observed in over 90% of human cancer cells. The absence of telomerase in normal and aging cells is considered a natural defense against development of cancer. However, we do not know what triggers the reappearance of telomerase in cancer cells. Telomerase activity is directly correlated with the expression of its active catalytic component, the human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), which is believed to be controlled primarily at the level of transcription. Elucidation of the control of telomerase in aging and in cancer as an age-related disease has considerable potential in leading to novel approaches in anti-aging medicine.</p>","PeriodicalId":86085,"journal":{"name":"Journal of anti-aging medicine","volume":"6 4","pages":"315-25"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1089/109454503323028911","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24518235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Early programming of adult longevity: demographic and experimental studies.","authors":"Alexander M Vaiserman, Vladimir P Voitenko","doi":"10.1089/109454503765361542","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/109454503765361542","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>It is supposed that longevity might be programmed by early life exposures. We had carried out demographic and experimental researches for the examination of the possibility of longevity programming. In demographic study, the recorded deaths in Kiev (Ukraine) between 1990 and 2000 (51,503 men and 50,131 women) were used. Age at death was strongly associated with month of birth. Subjects born in the middle of year (April-July) had the lowest longevity. Increasing longevity was observed with each successive birth-month in the second half of the year, with a peak longevity for births in December. To research of the mechanisms responsible for longevity programming, study of adult D. melanogaster DNA repair capacity after irradiation at the egg stage was carried out, using marker such as DNA strand breaks. Insects irradiated in low doses (0.50 and 0.75 Gy) had extended life span and increased stability to S1 nuclease treatment. The probable explanation of observed postponed effects might be the long-term modulation of certain (possibly repair) genes activity. We hypothesize that life-extending effects of different anti-aging treatments might be a consequence of their unspecific (hormetic) action, rather then specific (geroprotector) action on the some aging-related processes, and induction an \"transcriptional reprogramming\" may be a key mechanism of the longevity programming and artificial life extension.</p>","PeriodicalId":86085,"journal":{"name":"Journal of anti-aging medicine","volume":"6 1","pages":"11-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1089/109454503765361542","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22548828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Robert Arking, Bob Butler, Brian Chiko, Michael Fossel, Leonid A Gavrilov, John Edward Morley, S Jay Olshansky, Thomas Perls, Richard F Walker
{"title":"Anti-aging teleconference: what is anti-aging medicine?","authors":"Robert Arking, Bob Butler, Brian Chiko, Michael Fossel, Leonid A Gavrilov, John Edward Morley, S Jay Olshansky, Thomas Perls, Richard F Walker","doi":"10.1089/109454503769684775","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/109454503769684775","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The concepts of \"anti-aging\" and \"anti-aging medicine\" in particular are hotly debated now, both in the mass media and among some researchers. This paper represents an open discussion of anti-aging terms and related ideas by nine leading experts in the field of aging studies, and it describes in detail the arguments presented by both supporters and opponents of these concepts. Candid exchange of opinions makes it clear that more efforts are required before a consensus on these issues can be reached. The paper also presents evidence that the term \"anti-aging\" is routinely used now in scientific literature as a legitimate scientific term, including even the titles of publications in reputable scientific journals, written by established researchers.</p>","PeriodicalId":86085,"journal":{"name":"Journal of anti-aging medicine","volume":"6 2","pages":"91-106"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1089/109454503769684775","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24073369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The horizons of medicine.","authors":"Michael Fossel","doi":"10.1089/109454503323028858","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/109454503323028858","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":86085,"journal":{"name":"Journal of anti-aging medicine","volume":"6 4","pages":"281-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1089/109454503323028858","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24518259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Table of world-wide living supercentenarians.","authors":"L Stephen Coles","doi":"10.1089/109454503322733135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/109454503322733135","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":86085,"journal":{"name":"Journal of anti-aging medicine","volume":"6 3","pages":"275-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1089/109454503322733135","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24414252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"What ethics are these?","authors":"Michael Fossel","doi":"10.1089/109454503769684739","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/109454503769684739","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":86085,"journal":{"name":"Journal of anti-aging medicine","volume":"6 2","pages":"71"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1089/109454503769684739","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24073438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Telomeres shorten with age in rat cerebellum and cortex in vivo.","authors":"Barry E Flanary, Wolfgang J Streit","doi":"10.1089/109454503323028894","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/109454503323028894","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Normal somatic cells have a finite replicative capacity. With each cell division, telomeres, the ends of linear chromosomes, progressively shorten until they reach a critical length, at which point the cells enter replicative senescence. Some cells maintain their telomeres by the action of the telomerase enzyme. Glia, particularly microglia, are the only adult cell type in the central nervous system (CNS) that exhibit a significant mitotic potential, and are thus susceptible to telomere shortening. Previous research in our laboratory has found that telomeres shorten in rat microglia with increasing time in vitro. Our current hypothesis is that telomeres shorten in rat brain in vivo with increasing age. Tissue samples of cerebellum and cortex were obtained from Sprague-Dawley rats of various ages. Genomic DNA and total protein was isolated from each sample for telomere length measurement via Southern blot analysis (up to 5 months) and telomerase activity measurement via TRAP analysis (up to 6 months), respectively. Telomere shortening occurs in vivo in both rat cerebellum and cortex from day 21 to approximately 5 months of age. Cortex samples possessed shorter telomeres than did cerebellum samples. The longest telomeres undergo the most dramatic shortening, while the shortest telomeres exhibit only slight attrition. Telomerase activity slowly increases from day 21 to approximately 6 months of age, with the cerebellum exhibiting higher activity than cortex in all instances. These results indicate that telomere shortening occurs in rat brain in vivo with increasing age, and that the low levels of telomerase activity present may be preferentially recruited to maintain the shortest telomeres while allowing the longer ones to shorten more rapidly. Since microglia are thought to be the only mature cells of the postnatal CNS undergoing appreciable cell division, we propose that the telomere shortening occurring in the adult rat brain with age can be largely attributed to microglial cell division. Our findings provide an impetus to further investigate the pattern of telomere length and telomerase activity that emerges with further aging in the rat brain.</p>","PeriodicalId":86085,"journal":{"name":"Journal of anti-aging medicine","volume":"6 4","pages":"299-308"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1089/109454503323028894","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24518262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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