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World watch Pub Date : 1996-01-01

T Nelson

引用次数: 0

World watch Pub Date : 1996-01-01 DOI: 10.2307/j.ctt1cc2mw1.29

T. Nelson

{"title":"Violence against women.","authors":"T. Nelson","doi":"10.2307/j.ctt1cc2mw1.29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1cc2mw1.29","url":null,"abstract":"This essay opens its discussion of violence against women by referring to the 1994 television broadcast of a 10-year-old Egyptian girl undergoing female genital mutilation (FGM) without benefit of infection control measures or anesthesia at the hands of a local barber. After presenting a brief description of FGM, its various justifications, and its impacts on its victims, the official Egyptian policy is described as ambiguous, and the broadcast is shown to have caused influential religious leaders and medical personnel to defend FGM and, thus, led to postponement of a bill to outlaw FGM. The next section of the essay shows that Egypt's response to FGM reflects the international debate on all forms of violence against women emerging from and reinforcing the social relationships that give men power over women. These forms of violence include domestic violence in almost all societies; the dowry-related, bride-burning homicides that claim 5000-12,000 lives each year in India; son preference that leads to abortion of female fetuses and female infanticide; and crimes such as rape, sexual abuse, and forced prostitution. The essay continues with a look at the costs of violence hidden in the damage to women that increases health care costs substantially and reduces economic productivity. Violence towards women, which occurs throughout the world and can prevent women from participating in public life or from controlling their fertility, is a male tool to inhibit women from gaining autonomy outside the home. The essay concludes that victims of violence are beginning to break the silence that surrounded these deeds and are seeking legislative protection. Laws may not result in real-life changes, but the movement to eliminate FGM may prove to be the first success in women's efforts to achieve human rights. An example is the important precedent being set in the US by a woman seeking asylum to avoid facing an arranged marriage and FGM in her native Togo.","PeriodicalId":85890,"journal":{"name":"World watch","volume":"9 4 1","pages":"33-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68709726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2627

Small islands awash in a sea of troubles. 小岛淹没在麻烦的海洋中。

World watch Pub Date : 1995-11-01

A Acharya

引用次数: 0

What's driving migration? 是什么在推动移民?

World watch Pub Date : 1995-03-01 DOI: 10.2307/1534218

H. Kane

{"title":"What's driving migration?","authors":"H. Kane","doi":"10.2307/1534218","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1534218","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 During the 1990s investment in prevention of international or internal migration declined, and crisis intervention increased. The budgets of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees and the UN Development Program remained about the same. The operating assumption is that war, persecution, famine, and environmental and social disintegration are inevitable. Future efforts should be directed to stabilizing populations through investment in sanitation, public health, preventive medicine, land tenure, environmental protection, and literacy. Forces pushing migration are likely to increase in the future. Forces include depletion of natural resources, income disparities, population pressure, and political disruption. The causes of migration are not constant. In the past, migration occurred during conquests, settlement, intermarriage, or religious conversion and was a collective movement. Current migration involves mass movement of individuals and the struggle to survive. There is new pressure to leave poor squatter settlements and the scarcities in land, water, and food. The slave trade between the 1500s and the 1800s linked continents, and only 2-3 million voluntarily crossed national borders. Involuntary migration began in the early 1800s when European feudal systems were in a decline, and people sought freedom. Official refugees, who satisfy the strict 1951 UN definition, increased from 15 million in 1980 to 23 million in 1990 but remained a small proportion of international migrants. Much of the mass movement occurs between developing countries. Migration to developed countries is accompanied by growing intolerance, which is misinformed. China practices a form of \"population transfer\" in Tibet in order to dilute Tibetan nationalism. Colonization of countries is a new less expensive form of control over territory. Eviction of minorities is another popular strategy in Iraq. Public works projects supported by foreign aid displace millions annually. War and civil conflicts have increased since the 1950s from 10 to 34. Of the 82 armed conflicts between 1988 and 1992, only 3 were between countries. Journalist Robert Kaplan suggests that future instability will occur due to heightened crime and fragmentation of government systems. The African continent has experienced very high migration.\u0000","PeriodicalId":85890,"journal":{"name":"World watch","volume":"8 1 1","pages":"23-33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/1534218","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69291826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 5

Kenya's plans for its children. 肯尼亚为儿童制定的计划。

World watch Pub Date : 1995-01-01

N Chege

引用次数: 0

What's driving migration? 是什么在推动移民?

World watch Pub Date : 1995-01-01

H Kane

引用次数: 0

The Cairo plan. 开罗计划。

World watch Pub Date : 1994-11-01

L R Brown