The Western journal of black studies最新文献

{"title":"Black Studies: Historical Background, Modern Origins, and Development Priorities for the Early Twenty First Century","authors":"Alan Colón","doi":"10.4135/9781483346373.n86","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483346373.n86","url":null,"abstract":"Historical Background In the broadest historical cultural sense, the antecedents of Black Studies can be traced to the homelands from which the Africans enslaved in the Americas were taken. More pointedly, though, from captivity and the Middle Passage onward, the roots of Black Studies run deep into the history of people of African descent in North America. These roots can be traced through a three-centuries-long activist-intellectual tradition that is evidenced both in and outside the academy. This liberation tradition has three prongs: (1) the discovery, assembling and disseminating of factual historical data pertaining to what Black people have undergone and achieved; (2) the use of education and knowledge to defend and vindicate the race against its detractors; and (3) the production and application of prescriptive concepts, theories, programs and movements aimed at resolving or alleviating Black group problems. Throughout their history African Americans have exemplified this tradition through a myriad of activities that Black Studies embraces and is an extension of. Black Studies is the generic term for the reform movement and for the emerging discipline and programs based in but not confined to institutions of higher education in the United States which critically and systematically celebrate the discovery, recording, teaching, learning and utilization of knowledge about African heritage, the African Diaspora and African American experience and initiatives for Black community development. (Other terms such as Africana Studies, African World Studies and African American Studies have also been used to describe this historical project). A core value in Black Studies is its underlying social mission that requires the practical application of theory to methodology and the wedding of knowledge to activism toward the resolution of Black community issues. A model for productivity and development that has surfaced in Black Studies is the achievement of academic excellence, the demonstration of social responsibility and the application of culturally grounded competencies. To understand the evolution of Black Studies, it is especially important to review events that transpired in the twenty year period, 1945-1965, that immediately preceded the advent of the field in its modern form. The period between 1945 and 1955, as Brisbane (1974, 21 and 23) has observed, \"was a buoyant one for Black people in the United States.\" At no prior time had African Americans expressed such hope and faith in the viability of American democracy. After all, they were realizing significant gains through: (1) the opening up of areas of employment; (2) the educational provisions of the G. I. Bill of Rights; (3) their awakening sense of possibility for their empowerment in national, state and local electoral politics; (4) their ongoing legal victories in civil rights which led to the Brown Supreme Court decision of 1954, toppling legalized segregation; (5) the ending of segrega","PeriodicalId":85784,"journal":{"name":"The Western journal of black studies","volume":"12 1","pages":"145"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81101610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Blacks in Colonial Veracruz: Race, Ethnicity, and Regional Development","authors":"Ramon Julian Vasconcellos","doi":"10.5860/choice.29-2901","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.29-2901","url":null,"abstract":"Author: Patrick J. Carroll University of Texas Press, Austin, Texas Price: $21.95 Unlike prevailing Latin American historiography which has examined slave revolts (Jose Reis' Slave Rebellion in Brazil) and the participation of Africans in the wars for independence (Ada Ferrer's Insurgent Cuba), Patrick Carroll's Blacks in Colonial Veracruz: Race, Ethnicity, and Regional Development (1991 and 2001 Second edition) provides a regional approach in ethnic scholarship, emphasizing the demographic and economic contributions of Afro-Mexicans in colonial Mexico. Concentrating on the district of Veracruz, Carroll focuses on Afro-Mexicans residing in the towns of Jalapa and Cordoba, identifying how these individuals played an integral part in the local economy as slaves and, eventually, wage-based laborers. Moreover, he describes how associations with indigenous peoples contributed to the cultural survival of Afro-Mexicans during colonialism. Part of Carroll's thesis centers around demographic changes that, inadvertently, shaped a racial cohesiveness between Indians and Afro-Mexicans from 15501630. For example, communicable diseases temporarily decimated the indigenous population, thereby necessitating the demand for African slaves. In later years, political disruptions in Europe and the indigenous populations' growing immunity to such maladies halted the slave trade, resulting in the acceptance of a wage based labor system. Furthermore, white Veracruzanos realized the efficiencies of free labor in comparison to slavery's high maintenance and capital costs. Still, whites sought to dilute African culture through forced baptisms and limits on the importation of African females, causing an imbalance in the sex ratio of males to females. Realizing the diminution of their racial status, blacks intermarried with Indians as a way to preserve some remnants of their native culture, and broaden their identification with indigenous society. This racial compromising of sorts led to integrated neighborhoods of blacks and Indians (usually located on the outskirts of town so as to not offend peninsulares) and increased socialization among both groups. Similarly, those blacks who accepted Catholicism sometimes acted as godparents (\"padrinazgos\") to the children of their Indian neighbors. Carroll assesses, however, that initially this communal utopia did not have the support of Veracruzs indigenous population. Recognizing that blacks had assisted the Conquistadors in their subjugation of native peoples, and finding their dances, rituals and dialects different from their own, Indians found little commonality with Afro-Mexicans. Subsequent interactions between Indians and blacks often commenced with blacks asserting their claims to areas in the hinterland usually isolated from the Crown's jurisdiction, yet still controlled by Indians. Nevertheless, both groups saw the merit of \"joining forces\" as a buffer to the hegemonic control of the Iberians and their Creole stewards. Sim","PeriodicalId":85784,"journal":{"name":"The Western journal of black studies","volume":"84 1","pages":"139"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87658074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Rescue of Jerusalem: The Alliance between Hebrews and Africans in 701 BC","authors":"Abraham Rzepkowicz","doi":"10.5860/choice.40-2943","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.40-2943","url":null,"abstract":"Author: Henry T. Aubin Doubleday Canada: Toronto ISBN: 0-385-659-12-1 Price: $27.55 After a hiatus of nearly a millennium, Jerusalem has once again become a major focal point in the ongoing history of humanity. With the end of the Crusades, Europe and the Middle East, Christianity and Islam, turned their attention to other issues and other locales. As their respective empires and caliphates rose and fell through the centuries, Jerusalem was relegated to provincial insignificance, though it continued to serve as a beacon for the monotheistic religions whose roots, whether direct or indirect, were planted there. Mr. Aubin, as he develops his thesis in The Rescue of Jerusalem, challenges us to picture in our minds the potential scenario wherein all this emphasis on Jerusalem and the spiritual legacy engendered there would never have made any imprint beyond perhaps an archaeological footnote. It would be a piece of trivia in the annals of a civilized world totally unrecognizable and essentially inconceivable to modern man. Such was the possibility in 701 BCE, when the Assyrians under Sennacherib once again invaded the Near East to put down another local attempt at rebellion. This unstoppable Assyria, the most extensive empire to come out of Asia, came to put down insurrection and disloyalty with cruel devastation and inexorable exile. Only a few decades earlier, the rebellious Northern Kingdom of Israel had met such a fate, giving rise to the concept of the Ten Lost Tribes which lingers to this day. When King Hezekiah of Judah attempted to shake off the suzerainty of Assyria, he brought his kingdom to the brink of a similar fate. As Mr. Aubin points out, in 1998, The Quarterly Journal of Military History asked 37 historians to identify the military engagement of greatest historical import. Among the suggestions, was the Greek victory over the Persians and the English victory over the Spanish Armada. Just imagine the course of human history had the outcome of these events been different. What would history have been like had Sennacherib not withdrawn from the gates of Jerusalem? Going along with the argument of Professor William H. McNiell, author of The Rise of the West, the journal agreed with his view: \"Surely, there is no greater might have-been-in all recorded history.\" What had saved Judah? Mr. Aubin spends the bulk of the book investigating this intriguing question. As indicated by his citations from many scholarly sources and more than 100 pages of footnotes, he deals in depth, both historically and textually, with the Biblical, Assyrian, and Greek sources. The Assyrian sources, whether documentary or bas-relief sculpture, speak of a great victory in an obviously self-serving manner. As the author points out, the failure to indicate the capture of Jerusalem, an obviously key target as the capital of the rebellious province, speaks for itself. The Biblical accounts of an avenging angel slaughtering the invading army, in a literal understanding ","PeriodicalId":85784,"journal":{"name":"The Western journal of black studies","volume":"121 1","pages":"141"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79894967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"African Blood Brotherhood, Independent Marxist during the Harlem Renaissance","authors":"R. Kuykendall","doi":"10.1163/2468-1733_shafr_sim110090019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/2468-1733_shafr_sim110090019","url":null,"abstract":"Very little is known about the African Blood Brotherhood, and what limited information is known is discussed with adumbration. Yet, the African Blood Brotherhood was an unusual Afro-Marxist organization operative in New York City's Harlem during the period commonly referred to as the \"Harlem Renaissance.\" The African Blood Brotherhood, or ABB as it is sometimes called, is certainly an extension of an antecedent socio-political heritage dating back to the early nineteenth century. In fact, there is a relatively long history of persons of African descent in America being affiliated with socialist organizations and ideals (Foner, 1977; Pease & Pease, 1963). And, the ABB is a continuation of this association. However, the ABB is the first independent socialist/communist organization composed exclusively of persons of African descent in the United States. Therefore, its historical significance lies in the fact that not only is the ABB a consequence of a preceding socio-political tradition, but it was the first of its kind and so a forerunner of later radical African American political organizations. Consequently, this makes the study of the ABB appurtenant to African American social and political history. The African Blood Brotherhood emerged within a socio-political climate influenced by World I, dissention within the white socialist movement, a rift among Harlem's African American and West Indian socialists, a renaissance among Harlem's African American creative intellectuals, and the beginning of a popular and invigorating Marcus Garvey movement. During World War I an impressive group of young African American and West Indian radicals emerged in Harlem who were enthusiastic about socialism and committed to the struggle for African American liberation. Harlem was becoming a mecca of fraternal societies, street corner orators, and intellectual activity. Men such as Hubert H. Harrison, an influential member of the Socialist Party's local branch 5 of Harlem and organizer of the Colored Socialist Club and 21st AD Socialist Club, and A. Philip Randolph and Chandler Owen, two of the most important African American socialists during this period and publishers of The Messenger, were deeply involved in Harlem radical politics and responsible for attracting militant, vocal young people of African descent to socialism (Turner & Turner, 1988; Foner, 1977). However, when the Socialist Party split in 1919 over support for the Russian Revolution, it also influenced a rift among African American and West Indian socialists. Randolph and Owen refused to join the Communists and remained with the Social Democrats of the Second International while others, primarily West Indians, moved toward the Communist and the Third International (Cruse, 1967; Haywood, 1978; Naison, 1985). This was also a period which witnessed the emergence of the African American creative writer which has been variously called the \"Harlem Renaissance,\" the \"Black Renaissance,\" and the \"New Negro Mo","PeriodicalId":85784,"journal":{"name":"The Western journal of black studies","volume":"194 1","pages":"16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86828146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"L. Keita's Request for Further Documentation in His Review of Afrotopia: The Roots of African-American Popular History","authors":"W. J. Moses","doi":"10.5860/choice.36-4088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.36-4088","url":null,"abstract":"* Keita's book review appeared in WJBS Volume 24 #1, pgs. 58-60 Most authors would rather be attacked than ignored, so perhaps I should not protest too much the reactions of the scholars who have taken my ideas seriously enough to respond to them. Stephen Howe and Eugene Genovese apparently view me as an apologist for historical romanticism and accuse me of unfairly attacking the work of Mary Lefkowitz, while L. Keita and Molefi Asante see me as a Eurocentrist, who replicates Professor Lefkowitz' worst mischief.(1) None of the above would call me an Afrocentric extremist, but none of them are comfortable with my attempt to take a moderate position. I can readily accept Afrocentrism in the tradition of David Walker (1785-1830), who recognized a spiritual and political tie to Africa, but expressed his dedication to America, believing that black and white Americans should become \"a united and happy people.\"(2) Like Martin Delany (1812-1885), I see no contradiction between commitment to Africa and the struggle for democracy and integration as a citizen of the United States.(3) The Unanswered Challenge of Martin Delany Martin Delany, one of the \"fathers of Pan-Africanism,\" argued that many of the problems of Africans and black Americans must be solved internally. He considered it fruitless to shift the focus of every discussion to some sort of racial sentimentalism or romantic glorification of the past. Delany devoted several paragraphs of his work The Condition, Elevation, Emigration and Destiny of the Colored People of the United States Politically Considered (1852) to describing Africa's past glories. He made the customary genuflection before the shrine of Africa's eternal greatness, alluding to the glories of Ethiopia and Egypt. He recited the litany of \"Their massive piles of masonry, their deep and mysterious wells, their extensive artificial channels, their mighty sculptured solid rocks, and provinces of stone quarries.\" These formalities were quickly dispatched, however, for the principal focus of Delany's work was on the more dismal present. The world is looking upon us with feelings of commiseration, sorrow and contempt.... White men ... are the contibuters to authors and teachers of literature, science, religion, law, medicine, and all other useful attainments that the world now makes use of We have no reference to ancient times--we speak of modern Things....(4) I take essentially the same view as that taken by Delany 150 years ago in my recent study Afrotopia: The Roots of African American Popular History. I have made only a few unavoidable references to that limited angle on Afrocentrism that I refer to as \"Egyptocentrism,\" and I do not focus unduly on that phenomenon at all. Professor L. Keita's review in the Western Journal of Black Studies would give the impression that my work offers an extended treatment of a topic that is neither my major theme nor my dominant concern. Nonetheless, although Egyptocentrism is a continuous current in ","PeriodicalId":85784,"journal":{"name":"The Western journal of black studies","volume":"111 1","pages":"62"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83555905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dudley Randell, Broadside Press, and the Black Arts Movement in Detroit, 1960-1995","authors":"B. Tolbert","doi":"10.5860/choice.36-4964","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.36-4964","url":null,"abstract":"Dudley Randell, Broadside Press, and the Black Arts Movement in Detroit, 1960-1995 Author: Julius E. Thompson All the rage, these days, is found in calling New York the center of the Black Arts Movement. Nuyorican scenes of mythical proportion--East Village, Greenwich Village, Stanley's, St. Mark's, Cedar Bar--are now conjured by the next wave of young intellectuals and poets rebuffing Henry Louis Gates Jr.'s statement that the Black Arts Movement was the \"shortest and least successful\" movement in African-American cultural history (Time). Those in the know will speak of Umbra, the Black Aesthetic and Dasein. People will speak in generalities about Baraka's move from the Black Mountain School, to Black Nationalism, to Marxism, or talk about chauvinism within the movement. Mr. Julius E. Thompson's Dudley Randell, Broadside Press, and the Black Arts Movement in Detroit, 1960-1995 shows us that, while some main figures resided in New York at one time or another, the strongest publishing arm of the movement was centered thousands of miles away in Detroit, at Randell's Broadside Press. Thompson's book is a thorough assessment of the press. The book meticulously displays the publishing records and authors of Broadside Press as well as describes the parallel between Broadside and the growth and demise of a northern Black nexus, \"Motor City\" (Detroit, Michigan). Thompson provides a biographical reading of Randell's Black middle-class upbringing and his family's ultimate arrival in Detroit where the Ford Motor Company was the major employer of Blacks, though Blacks were \"[T]he last hired and the first fired.\" Thompson provides figures on the hirers and the hazards facing Black labor in Detroit. He runs down the numbers on Black owned businesses--barber shops, dress makers, electricians, real estate brokers, lawyers, etc.--, reminding one of W.E.B DuBois' similar account in his seminal essay, \"The Talented Tenth.\" Thompson portrays this booming, urban, Black, American city and suggests that from this economy arose new, \"Black controlled institutions\" such as the Nation of Islam, NAACP, National Urban League, the eighteen Black newspapers that served Michigan and the pride surrounding Joe Louis, \"the Brown Bomber,\" all of which Thompson utilizes well to set the scene in which Broadside grew. In Thompson's discussions with Randell, Randell remembers early in his life reading Black luminaries such as Countee Cullen and Langston Hughes while also translating Catullus and Pushkin. Thompson also shows the friendship between Randell and poet Robert Hayden (a Detroit resident and teacher at Randell's alma-mater, Wayne State University). In an especially intimate passage from an interview with Thompson, Randell says, \"When I would show Robert Hayden a new poem and he would ask where I was going to publish it, I'd be amazed. Why was he so eager to be published?\" Thompson notes that Randell had a writing community at Wayne State, but that the more lauded community of","PeriodicalId":85784,"journal":{"name":"The Western journal of black studies","volume":"11 1","pages":"257"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79553008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Census undercount and the undercount of the Black population.","authors":"P Nguyen","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>\"Despite the [U.S.] Census Bureau's great efforts in various accuracy-improvement and outreach programs, census undercount still persists.... This paper focuses on the undercount of the Black population and its impacts in the form of such biased statistics on Blacks as inflated proportions of Black female-headed households, deflated victimization rates of Black males, or crude death rates of Blacks. The paper concludes with suggestions on how to deal with the undercount problems.\"</p>","PeriodicalId":85784,"journal":{"name":"The Western journal of black studies","volume":"20 2","pages":"96-103"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22019420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The simple measure and fertility control measurement in Africa.","authors":"F N Dodoo,&nbsp;R Carr","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":85784,"journal":{"name":"The Western journal of black studies","volume":"19 4","pages":"279-83"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22019564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A History of Race Relations Social Science.","authors":"Vernon J. Williams","doi":"10.1525/EES.1994.17.2.177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/EES.1994.17.2.177","url":null,"abstract":"This essay argues that the inclusion of white women, African Americans, Asian Americans, and American Indians into historiography is a fairly recent development; and that the aforementioned development, which did not begin until the 1960s, has resulted in rigorous investigation into the racial thought of Franz Uri Boas, Robert Ezra Park, and Gunnar Myrdal and a hot debate in reference to their significance and influence on today's social sciences. Furthermore, the integration of African American history into the historiography of race relations social science has given impetus to the move­ ment towards making American intellectual history more inclusive.","PeriodicalId":85784,"journal":{"name":"The Western journal of black studies","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72641550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The functional implications of Afrocentrism","authors":"V. Okafor","doi":"10.4135/9781483328386.n13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483328386.n13","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":85784,"journal":{"name":"The Western journal of black studies","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86418290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}