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Action History, Declaratory History, and the Reagan Years 行动的历史，宣言的历史，和里根时代
SAIS review (Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies) Pub Date : 2012-07-11 DOI: 10.1353/SAIS.1989.0026
Richard A. Melanson
{"title":"Action History, Declaratory History, and the Reagan Years","authors":"Richard A. Melanson","doi":"10.1353/SAIS.1989.0026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/SAIS.1989.0026","url":null,"abstract":"M,.ore than thirty years ago Paul H. Nitze published an influential essay, \"Atoms, Strategy, and Policy,\" in Foreign Affairs, which offered a penetrating critique of the Eisenhower-Dulles nuclear strategy of massive retaliation.1 Most significant, however, was the conceptual distinction he drew between declaratory policy and action policy. Nitze defined declaratory policy as \"policy statements which have as their aim political and psychological effects.\" Action policy was described as the \"general guidelines which we believe should and will in fact govern our actions in various contingencies.\"2 Nitze argued that whereas the Eisenhower administration's declaratory policy rested on massive retaliation, its action policy actually set in motion the doctrine of gradual deterrence. This sharp disjunction troubled Nitze because he believed that the psychological and political effectiveness of declaratory policy would be vitiated if it departed too greatly from action policy.3","PeriodicalId":85482,"journal":{"name":"SAIS review (Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies)","volume":"33 1","pages":"225 - 246"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74082358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
The Use and Abuse of Social Science for Policy 社会科学对政策的运用与滥用
SAIS review (Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies) Pub Date : 2012-07-11 DOI: 10.1353/SAIS.1989.0020
David Dessler
{"title":"The Use and Abuse of Social Science for Policy","authors":"David Dessler","doi":"10.1353/SAIS.1989.0020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/SAIS.1989.0020","url":null,"abstract":"Whriting in this journal two decades ago, J. David Singer outlined the promise of a \"scientific\" approach to international relations theory.1 It was a rare time of conscious methodological and epistemological reflection within the discipline, and Singer was an influential proponent of the \"behavioral revolution\" then in evidence throughout political science. Singer's target was the work of \"classical\" or \"traditional\" scholars such as Hans Morgenthau, Arnold Wolfers, Raymond Aron, and George Liska — the founders of modern international relations theory itself. His complaint was neither with the topics these theorists chose to analyze, nor with the conclusions they drew, but with the methodologies they relied upon. As Klaus Knorr and James Rosenau summarized in 1967, in the battle then underway between science and tradition, \"it is the mode of analysis, not its subject matter, that is the central issue.\"2 Behavioral scientists like Singer argued that the mode of classical analysis was inherently flawed because it could provide no assurance of objectivity. Traditional international relations theory, though insightful","PeriodicalId":85482,"journal":{"name":"SAIS review (Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies)","volume":"15 1","pages":"203 - 223"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74691358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
The Reagan Doctrine: Monroe and Dulles Reincarnate? 里根主义:门罗和杜勒斯的转世?
SAIS review (Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies) Pub Date : 2012-07-11 DOI: 10.1353/SAIS.1986.0012
G. Liška
{"title":"The Reagan Doctrine: Monroe and Dulles Reincarnate?","authors":"G. Liška","doi":"10.1353/SAIS.1986.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/SAIS.1986.0012","url":null,"abstract":"HE RECENT TALK OF A REAGAN DOCTRINE in support of anti-Soviet \"democratic revolution\" must be examined in the light of enduring principles and past manifestations of the underlying impulse before it can be applied meaningfully to an analysis of U.S.-Soviet relations. Insofar as it is a dynamic version oftraditional containment, it recallsJohn Foster Dulles's strategy of rollback-cum-liberation. Only this time the net is cast out wider: the theater is no longer limited to Eastern Europe but encompasses the Third World at large. The means, too, have been enlarged, from propaganda only in the 1950s, to propaganda plus military assistance and \"humanitarian aid\" in the 1980s. At the same time the ambition has dwindled: regaining Angola for democracy does not rate liberating Poland from communism. Neither is Central America worth East-central Europe, when the criterion is the balance of world power and the impulse is more than parochial preoccupation with one's backyard. With attention focused on Central America, we are back in the strategic universe of the Monroe Doctrine. Although U.S. power has grown well beyond dependence on the Royal Navy for implementing it, a diminution is again in evidence: the globally imperial America, which fought Hanoi's regional imperialism in Southeast Asia, has shrunk to something resembling the regionally imperialistic United States of the nineteenth and early twentieth century. The analogy of Vietnam has been invoked by both the opponents of the current policy and its supporters. The former see the Central American policy as fraught with the threat of military involvement, the George Liska is professor of political science at TheJohns Hopkins University. This is the third in a series of articles on U.S.-Soviet relations for the SAIS","PeriodicalId":85482,"journal":{"name":"SAIS review (Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies)","volume":"1 1","pages":"83 - 98"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72958781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 19
The Nineteen-Nineties as History 20世纪90年代成为历史
SAIS review (Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies) Pub Date : 2012-07-11 DOI: 10.1353/SAIS.1990.0027
V. Mastny
{"title":"The Nineteen-Nineties as History","authors":"V. Mastny","doi":"10.1353/SAIS.1990.0027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/SAIS.1990.0027","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":85482,"journal":{"name":"SAIS review (Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies)","volume":"81 1","pages":"1 - 13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73185708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Great Powers and Little Wars: The Limits of Power (review) 大国与小战争:权力的极限(书评)
SAIS review (Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies) Pub Date : 2012-07-11 DOI: 10.1353/sais.1994.0041
J. Shapiro
{"title":"Great Powers and Little Wars: The Limits of Power (review)","authors":"J. Shapiro","doi":"10.1353/sais.1994.0041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/sais.1994.0041","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":85482,"journal":{"name":"SAIS review (Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies)","volume":"4 1","pages":"176 - 178"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75503340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Warsaw Pact: Alliance in Transition? (review) 华约:转型中的联盟?(审查)
SAIS review (Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies) Pub Date : 2012-07-11 DOI: 10.1353/SAIS.1985.0021
M. Vlahos
{"title":"The Warsaw Pact: Alliance in Transition? (review)","authors":"M. Vlahos","doi":"10.1353/SAIS.1985.0021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/SAIS.1985.0021","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":85482,"journal":{"name":"SAIS review (Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies)","volume":"68 1","pages":"257 - 258"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75528815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
NAFTA: An Assessment (review) 北美自由贸易协定:评估(审查)
SAIS review (Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies) Pub Date : 2012-07-11 DOI: 10.1353/SAIS.1993.0017
Kai Mander
{"title":"NAFTA: An Assessment (review)","authors":"Kai Mander","doi":"10.1353/SAIS.1993.0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/SAIS.1993.0017","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":85482,"journal":{"name":"SAIS review (Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies)","volume":"360 1","pages":"152 - 154"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73987776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Requiem for the Reagan Doctrine 里根主义的安魂曲
SAIS review (Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies) Pub Date : 2012-07-11 DOI: 10.1353/SAIS.1988.0014
C. Layne
{"title":"Requiem for the Reagan Doctrine","authors":"C. Layne","doi":"10.1353/SAIS.1988.0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/SAIS.1988.0014","url":null,"abstract":"redictably, the Reagan Doctrine led the administration into a political and moral morass. Far more than a set of specific policy prescriptions, the Reagan Doctrine provided the intellectual framework— the Weltanschauung— that shaped the administration's external policies. As events proved, the Reagan Doctrine was an unsuitable basis for a viable post-Vietnam foreign policy because it failed to mobilize sustained support for American engagement abroad; it could not be implemented without circumventing established constitutional and political norms, and it ignored the shifting balance of world forces that underscored the continuing erosion of the United States' postwar political and economic hegemony. Ronald Reagan's 1980 victory rested in large measure on his pledge to arrest the country's declining prestige and to conduct a tough-minded foreign policy backed by a restored consensus. Yet, when the Iran-Contra scandal broke — severely crippling Reagan's presidency two years before his term expired— friends and adversaries alike regarded the United States as not only weak but also hypocritical. The administration's grasp of world politics, in its own way, was as flawed as the Carter administration's. The Iran-Contra hearings highlighted the administration's failure to rebuild the postwar foreign policy consensus that Vietnam had shattered. What was the Reagan Doctrine? How did it compare with the policies of other postwar administrations? What was wrong with it? The answers","PeriodicalId":85482,"journal":{"name":"SAIS review (Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies)","volume":"94 1","pages":"1 - 17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78738896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Congress: Essential Ingredient in a Sound Foreign Policy 国会:健全外交政策的重要组成部分
SAIS review (Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies) Pub Date : 2012-07-11 DOI: 10.1353/SAIS.1985.0034
D. Bumpers
{"title":"Congress: Essential Ingredient in a Sound Foreign Policy","authors":"D. Bumpers","doi":"10.1353/SAIS.1985.0034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/SAIS.1985.0034","url":null,"abstract":"1.Hearings, Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, Departments of Commerce, Justice, and State, the Judiciary and Related Agencies Appropriations for Fiscal Year 1985, Wednesday, 28 March 1984, 17. 2.Secretary of State George P. Shultz, as quoted in the New York Times, 3 April 1984, A6. At about the same time, President Reagan said the Lebanon debate had set back U.S. attempts to help negotiate a political solution in Lebanon, and that calls for the withdrawal of our Marines had \"hindered the ability of our diplomats to negotiate, encouraged more intransigence from the Syrians and prolonged the violence.\" New York Times, 8 April 1984, sec. 4, 1.","PeriodicalId":85482,"journal":{"name":"SAIS review (Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies)","volume":"1 1","pages":"51 - 64"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75957744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Policy and Politics in West Germany: The Growth of a Semisovereign State (review) 西德的政策与政治:一个半主权国家的成长(回顾)
SAIS review (Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies) Pub Date : 2012-07-11 DOI: 10.1353/sais.1988.0052
L. Barrow
{"title":"Policy and Politics in West Germany: The Growth of a Semisovereign State (review)","authors":"L. Barrow","doi":"10.1353/sais.1988.0052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/sais.1988.0052","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":85482,"journal":{"name":"SAIS review (Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies)","volume":"7 1","pages":"288 - 289"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76018653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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