Popline最新文献_第2页

Migrant workers: victims of war in Gulf. 移民工人:海湾战争的受害者。

Popline Pub Date : 1992-05-01

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Fewer children equals increased savings. 少生孩子等于增加储蓄。

Popline Pub Date : 1992-05-01

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Forests vanish as population expands. 随着人口的增长，森林消失了。

Popline Pub Date : 1992-05-01

{"title":"Forests vanish as population expands.","authors":"","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"Madagascar's forests have been reduced to a narrowing strip along the eastern escarpment. Of the original forest cover of 11.2 million hectares, only 7.6 million remained in 1950. Today this has been halved to 3.8 million hectares--which means the habitat for the island's unique wildlife has been halved, in just 40 years. Every year some 3% of the remaining forest is cleared, almost all of that to provide land for populations expanding at 3.2% a year. The story of 1 village, Ambodiaviavy, near Ranomafana, shows the process at work. 50 years ago the whole area was dense forest. 8 families, 32 people in all, came here in 1947, after French colonials burned down their old village. At first the new settlers farmed only the valley bottoms, easily irrigated by the stream running down from the hilltops. There was no shortage of land. Each family took as much as they were capable of working. Over the next 43 years, the village population swelled 10 times over, to 320, and the number of families grew to 36. Natural growth was supplemented by immigration from the overcrowded plateau, where all cultivable land was occupied. The valley bottom lands had filled up completely by the 1950s. New couples started to clear forest on the sloping valley sides. They moved gradually uphill until today, they are 2/3 of the way to the hilltops. There was a parallel decline in the size of each family's paddy holding--also fueled by population growth. When children marry, parents have to subdivide their own land and give them a plot. So holding in the irrigated valley bottoms have dwindled. Today only a few are big enough to feed a family. The more children in a family, the smaller their share as adults will be. The village chief lives in a small mud hut, looking out over a valley he once owned entirely. Since then he has had 10 children, and given parcels away to each. Though he is the wealthiest man in the village in cattle, his son are among the poorest. They 1/2 a hectare of paddy each. They moved from prosperity to pauperdom in a single generation.","PeriodicalId":85299,"journal":{"name":"Popline","volume":"14 ","pages":"6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22013299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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Slower population growth stimulates economic growth. 人口增长放缓刺激经济增长。

Popline Pub Date : 1992-05-01

P Harrison

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Alarming increase in refugees. 难民人数惊人地增加。

Popline Pub Date : 1992-05-01

{"title":"Alarming increase in refugees.","authors":"","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"Over the past decade and half there has been an alarming worldwide increase in refugees. The total rose form 2.8 million in 1976 to 8.2 million in 1980, to 17.3 million in 1990. Africa's refugees rose from 1.2 million in 1976 to 5.6 million in 1990. Asia's increase over this period was much more rapid--from a mere 180,000 to 8 million. In the Americas the numbers more than trebled, from 770,000 to 2.7 million. Europe was the smallest increase, from 570,000 to 894,000. International law defines a refugee as someone outside of their own country, who has a well-founded fear of persecution because of their political or religious beliefs or ethnic origin, and who cannot turn to their own country for protection. Most refugees are genuine by this definition. The increase reflects, in part, fallout from the cold war. Ethiopia, Mozambique and Angola accounted for almost 1/2 of Africa's refugees; Afghanistan alone for 3/4 of Asia's total. They fled, for the most part, from 1 poor country into another, where they added to shortages of land and fuelwood, and intensified environmental pressure. Malawi, 1 of the poorest countries in the world, is sheltering perhaps as many as 750,000 refugees from the war in Mozambique. But among these refugees--especially among those who turned to the rich countries for asylum--were an increasing number of people who were not suffering political persecution. Driven out of their homes by the collapse of their environment or economic despair, and ready to take any means to get across borders, they are a new category: economic and environmental refugees. The most spectacular attempts hit the television screens: the Vietnamese boat people, ships festooned with Albanians. Behind the headlines there was a growing tide of asylum seekers. The numbers rose 10-fold in Germany from 1983 to 1990. In Switzerland they multiplied by 4 times. In Europe, as a whole, they grew from 71,000 in 1983 to an estimated 550,000 in 1990. In 1990 the numbers threatened to swamp reception systems. There was a growing phenomenon of \"asylum shopping\" -- people turned down by 1 country applying to another and another. The cost of supporting applicants on welfare while their claims were processing was rising. In 1990 there were some 800,000 foreigners in Germany alone whose claims were under consideration.","PeriodicalId":85299,"journal":{"name":"Popline","volume":"14 ","pages":"6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22013298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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"You want to have the size of family you can look after". “你想拥有一个你能照顾的家庭”。

Popline Pub Date : 1992-05-01

M Garekwe

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Kerala reaps low fertility dividends. 喀拉拉邦获得了低生育率红利。

Popline Pub Date : 1992-05-01

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Degradation of land reaching critical global proportions. 全球土地退化达到临界程度。

Popline Pub Date : 1992-01-01

A Smith

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"No quick fixes" for environment, population balance. 环境和人口平衡“没有权宜之计”。

Popline Pub Date : 1992-01-01

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Condom breakage studied. 安全套破损研究。

Popline Pub Date : 1992-01-01

{"title":"Condom breakage studied.","authors":"","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"4 specific reasons why condoms--even those of high quality--break have been identified following a series of studies in 8 countries among 1700 people. According to the studies, breakage falls into 4 general categories: incorrect methods of putting on condoms, use of oil-based lubricants, reuse of condoms, and duration or intensity of coitus. The studies, conducted by Family Health International, a North Carolina based contraceptive research and AIDS prevention organization, was the 1st large scale effort to examine condom breakage. Used properly and consistently, condoms are considered to be highly reliable for prevention of pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases. An estimated 40 million couples worldwide currently use condoms for pregnancy prevention. The studies found that human factors caused condoms to break at rates that ranged up to 13%, with a 4-5% average breakage rate reported at most sites. Preliminary research data indicate that the vast majority of condom users very seldom experienced condom failure. Past condom \"failure,\" as defined by the number of accidental pregnancies among US couples who used condoms for contraception, was estimated at 12% (12 of 100 couples using condoms for 1 year will experience a pregnancy). But the 12% failure rate was attributable primarily to nonuse or inconsistent use of condoms, not breakage. \"W now have some guideposts as to what types of behavior lead to breakage,\" said Dr. Nancy Williamson, director of Family Health International's program evaluation division, which directed the studies. \"We need to inform condom users and providers about which errors users make.\" The studies provide an important cross-cultural data base on condom use. \"The causes of condom breakage were usually associated with individual behavior, not with culturally based practices,\" said Dr. Williamson. the 8 countries where the studies were conducted are: Ghana, Kenya, Mali, Sri Lanka, the Dominican Republic, Jamaica and Mexico.","PeriodicalId":85299,"journal":{"name":"Popline","volume":"14 ","pages":"2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22036410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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