Journal of immune based therapies and vaccines最新文献

{"title":"The effect of CpG-ODN on antigen presenting cells of the foal.","authors":"M Julia B F Flaminio,&nbsp;Alexandre S Borges,&nbsp;Daryl V Nydam,&nbsp;David W Horohov,&nbsp;Rolf Hecker,&nbsp;Mary Beth Matychak","doi":"10.1186/1476-8518-5-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-8518-5-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Cytosine-phosphate-guanosine oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG-ODN) has been used successfully to induce immune responses against viral and intracellular organisms in mammals. The main objective of this study was to test the effect of CpG-ODN on antigen presenting cells of young foals.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Peripheral blood monocytes of foals (n = 7) were isolated in the first day of life and monthly thereafter up to 3 months of life. Adult horse (n = 7) monocytes were isolated and tested once for comparison. Isolated monocytes were stimulated with IL-4 and GM-CSF (to obtain dendritic cells, DC) or not stimulated (to obtain macrophages). Macrophages and DCs were stimulated for 14-16 hours with either CpG-ODN, LPS or not stimulated. The stimulated and non-stimulated cells were tested for cell surface markers (CD86 and MHC class II) using flow cytometry, mRNA expression of cytokines (IL-12, IFNalpha, IL-10) and TLR-9 using real time quantitative RT-PCR, and for the activation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB p65 using a chemiluminescence assay.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The median fluorescence of the MHC class II molecule in non-stimulated foal macrophages and DCs at birth were 12.5 times and 11.2 times inferior, respectively, than adult horse cells (p = 0.009). That difference subsided at 3 months of life (p = 0.3). The expression of the CD86 co-stimulatory molecule was comparable in adult horse and foal macrophages and DCs, independent of treatment. CpG-ODN stimulation induced IL-12p40 (53 times) and IFNalpha (23 times) mRNA expression in CpG-ODN-treated adult horse DCs (p = 0.078), but not macrophages, in comparison to non-stimulated cells. In contrast, foal APCs did not respond to CpG-ODN stimulation with increased cytokine mRNA expression up to 3 months of age. TLR-9 mRNA expression and NF-kB activation (NF-kB p65) in foal DCs and macrophages were comparable (p > 0.05) to adult horse cells.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>CpG-ODN treatment did not induce specific maturation and cytokine expression in foal macrophages and DCs. Nevertheless, adult horse DCs, but not macrophages, increased their expression of IL-12 and IFNalpha cytokines upon CpG-ODN stimulation. Importantly, foals presented an age-dependent limitation in the expression of MHC class II in macrophages and DCs, independent of treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":84998,"journal":{"name":"Journal of immune based therapies and vaccines","volume":"5 ","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/1476-8518-5-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26514366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Longitudinal changes in HIV-specific IFN-gamma secretion in subjects who received Remune vaccination prior to treatment interruption.","authors":"Kenneth H Huang,&nbsp;Marie-Pierre Boisvert,&nbsp;Famane Chung,&nbsp;Maude Loignon,&nbsp;Don Zarowny,&nbsp;Lise Cyr,&nbsp;Emil Toma,&nbsp;Nicole F Bernard","doi":"10.1186/1476-8518-4-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-8518-4-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Despite the benefits of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) for suppressing viral replication in HIV infection, virus persists and rebounds during treatment interruption (TI). This study explored whether HAART intensification with Remune vaccination before TI can boost HIV-1-specific immunity, leading to improved control of viremia off HAART.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Ten chronically HIV-infected adults were enrolled in this proof of concept study. After a 6-month HAART intensification phase with didanosine, hydroxyurea, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, (GM-CSF), and a first dose of Remune (HIV-1 Immunogen), HAART was discontinued. Patients continued to receive Remune every 3 months until the end of study. HAART was restarted if viral load did not fall below 50,000 copies/ml of plasma within 3 months or if CD4+ counts decreased to <200 cells/mm3. HIV-specific immunity was monitored with the interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) ELISPOT assay.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>All subjects experienced viral rebound during TIs. Although the magnitude and breadth of HIV-specific responses to HLA-restricted optimal peptide panels and Gag p55 peptide pools increased and viral load decreased by 0.44 log10 units from TI#1 to TI#2, no significant correlations between these parameters were observed. The patients spent 50.4% of their 36 months follow up off HAART.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Stopping HAART in this vaccinated population induced immune responses that persisted after therapy was restarted. Induction of HIV-specific immunity beyond IFN-gamma secretion may be contributing to better control of viremia during subsequent TIs allowing for long periods off HAART.</p>","PeriodicalId":84998,"journal":{"name":"Journal of immune based therapies and vaccines","volume":"4 ","pages":"7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/1476-8518-4-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26411376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phytol-based novel adjuvants in vaccine formulation: 1. assessment of safety and efficacy during stimulation of humoral and cell-mediated immune responses.","authors":"So-Yon Lim,&nbsp;Matt Meyer,&nbsp;Richard A Kjonaas,&nbsp;Swapan K Ghosh","doi":"10.1186/1476-8518-4-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-8518-4-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Vaccine efficacy depends significantly on the use of appropriate adjuvant(s) in the formulation. Phytol, a dietary diterpene alcohol, is similar in structure to naturally occurring isoprenoid adjuvants; but little is known of its adjuvanticity. In this report, we describe the relative safety and efficacy of phytol and its hydrogenated derivative PHIS-01 compared to commercial adjuvants.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We tested adjuvant properties using a formulation consisting of either a hapten, phthalate-conjugated to a protein, keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), or ovalbumin (OVA) emulsified with the test adjuvants in mice without any surfactant. Humoral immunity was assessed in terms of titer, specificity, and isotypic profiles. The effect on cell-mediated immunity was studied by assaying the induction of either OVA- or B-lymphoma-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) activity.</p><p><strong>Results and discussion: </strong>The phytol compounds, particularly PHIS-01, elicit increased titers of all major IgG subclasses, especially IgG2a. Unlike commercial adjuvants, both phytol compounds are capable of inducing specific cytotoxic effector T cell responses specific to both OVA and B-lymphoma tested. Phytols as adjuvants are also distinctive in that they provoke no adverse anti-DNA autoimmune response. Intraperitoneally administered phytol is comparable to complete Freund's adjuvant in toxicity in doses over 40 ug/mouse, but PHIS-01 has no such toxicity.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These results and our ongoing studies on antibacterial immunity show that phytol and PHIS-01 are novel and effective adjuvants with little toxicity.</p>","PeriodicalId":84998,"journal":{"name":"Journal of immune based therapies and vaccines","volume":"4 ","pages":"6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/1476-8518-4-6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26338084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: Phytol-based novel adjuvants in vaccine formulation: 1. assessment of safety and efficacy during stimulation of humoral and cell-mediated immune responses","authors":"So-Yon Lim, Matt Meyer, R. A. Kjonaas, S. Ghosh","doi":"10.1186/1476-8518-5-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-8518-5-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":84998,"journal":{"name":"Journal of immune based therapies and vaccines","volume":"5 1","pages":"3 - 3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/1476-8518-5-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65698999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phytol-based novel adjuvants in vaccine formulation: 2. Assessment of efficacy in the induction of protective immune responses to lethal bacterial infections in mice.","authors":"So-Yon Lim,&nbsp;Adam Bauermeister,&nbsp;Richard A Kjonaas,&nbsp;Swapan K Ghosh","doi":"10.1186/1476-8518-4-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-8518-4-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Adjuvants are known to significantly enhance vaccine efficacy. However, commercial adjuvants often have limited use because of toxicity in humans. The objective of this study was to determine the comparative effectiveness of a diterpene alcohol, phytol and its hydrogenated derivative PHIS-01, relative to incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA), a commonly used adjuvant in augmenting protective immunity in mice against E. coli and S. aureus, and in terms of inflammatory cytokines.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Vaccines, consisting of heat-attenuated E. coli or S. aureus and either of the two phytol-based adjuvants or IFA, were tested in female BALB/c mice. The vaccines were administered intraperitoneally at 10-day intervals. The efficacy of the phytol and PHIS-01, as compared to IFA, was assessed by ELISA in terms of anti-bacterial antibody and inflammatory cytokines. We also examined the ability of the vaccines to induce specific protective immunity by challenging mice with different doses of live bacteria.</p><p><strong>Results and discussion: </strong>IFA, phytol, and PHIS-01 were equally efficient in evoking anti-E. coli antibody response and in providing protective immunity against live E. coli challenges. In contrast, the antibody response to S. aureus was significant when PHIS-01 was used as the adjuvant. However, in terms of the ability to induce protective immunity, phytol was most effective against S. aureus. Moreover, during challenges with live E. coli and S. aureus immune mice produced much less IL-6, the mediators of fatal septic shock syndromes.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our results show that vaccine formulations containing phytol and PHIS-01 as adjuvants confer a robust and protective immunity against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria without inducing adverse inflammatory cytokine due to IL-6.</p>","PeriodicalId":84998,"journal":{"name":"Journal of immune based therapies and vaccines","volume":"4 ","pages":"5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/1476-8518-4-5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26325432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modulation of humoral immune response to oral BCG vaccination by Mycobacterium bovis BCG Moreau Rio de Janeiro (RDJ) in healthy adults.","authors":"Renata Monteiro-Maia,&nbsp;Maria B Ortigão-de-Sampaio,&nbsp;Rosa T Pinho,&nbsp;Luiz R R Castello-Branco","doi":"10.1186/1476-8518-4-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-8518-4-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Oral administration of BCG was the route initially used by Calmette and Guérin, but was replaced by intradermal administration in virtually all countries after the Lubeck accident. However, Brazil continued to administer oral BCG Moreau RDJ, which was maintained until the mid-1970s when it was substituted by the intradermal route. Although BCG vaccination has been used in humans since 1921, little is known of the induced immune response. The aim of this study was to analyse immunological responses after oral vaccination with M. bovis BCG Moreau RDJ.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study in healthy volunteers has measured cellular and humoral aspects of the immunological response to oral M. bovis BCG Moreau RDJ in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. T-cell trafficking and Th1 and Th2 cytokine responses are described, as well as isotype-specific antibody production using novel techniques.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Oral immunisation has no adverse effects. We have shown that there are cellular and humoral immunological responses after oral immunisation. Oral revaccination does not induce a positive skin test in responsive individuals and multiple booster orally was able to induce modulation in humoral immunological responses (switch from IgG to IgA) in previously immunised subjects and incapable of inducing tolerance. In contrast, the cellular immune response does not differ between vaccinated individuals with positive and negative skin test reactions.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>All subjects, including those who did not respond to the skin test at study commencement, were capable of mounting humoral and cellular immune response to the antigens tested.</p>","PeriodicalId":84998,"journal":{"name":"Journal of immune based therapies and vaccines","volume":"4 ","pages":"4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/1476-8518-4-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26297977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Levamizole enhances immune responsiveness to intra-dermal and intra-muscular hepatitis B vaccination in chronic hemodialysis patients.","authors":"Hassan Argani,&nbsp;Ebrahim Akhtarishojaie","doi":"10.1186/1476-8518-4-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-8518-4-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Hemodialysis patient are at high risk for hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Although preventive vaccination is done routinely, the response to vaccination is low in this patient population. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Levamizol, an enhancer of the immune responsiveness, on different routes of vaccination, i.e., intradermal (i.d.) versus intramuscular (i.m.), in stable chronic hemodialysis patients.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Forty four chronic hemodialyses patient were divided into four equal groups. The first group was received 40 microg HB vaccine intramuscularly. The second group was received 20 microg HB vaccine intradermally. The third and the fourth group received 20 microg vaccine i.m. or i.d., respectively, in three doses plus oral Levamisole (100 mg for 12 day). After one and six months from the last dose of vaccine, HBs antibody titers were measured.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The response rate to vaccine (HBs Antibody>10 microg/L) in the routine i.m. HB vaccination was low (60%). It increased to 70% with i.d. route. Levamisole significantly raised the response rate to 90% (P < 0.01). Also in the Levamisole groups protective HB antibody titers were maintained until the end of six months. We conclude that HD patients must be vaccinated by i.d. route and addition of Levamisole. Levamisole also increases antibody maintenance.</p>","PeriodicalId":84998,"journal":{"name":"Journal of immune based therapies and vaccines","volume":"4 ","pages":"3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/1476-8518-4-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26053945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel method to identify and characterise peptide mimotopes of heat shock protein 70-associated antigens.","authors":"Blanca Arnaiz, Laura Madrigal-Estebas, Stephen Todryk, Tharappel C James, Derek G Doherty, Ursula Bond","doi":"10.1186/1476-8518-4-2","DOIUrl":"10.1186/1476-8518-4-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The heat shock protein, Hsp70, has been shown to play an important role in tumour immunity. Vaccination with Hsp70-peptide complexes (Hsp70-PCs), isolated from autologous tumour cells, can induce protective immune responses. We have developed a novel method to identify synthetic mimic peptides of Hsp70-PCs and to test their ability to activate T-cells. Peptides (referred to as \"recognisers\") that bind to Hsp70-PCs from the human breast carcinoma cell line, MDA-MB-231, were identified by bio-panning a random peptide M13 phage display library. Synthetic recogniser peptides were subsequently used as bait in a reverse bio-panning experiment to identify potential Hsp70-PC mimic peptides. The ability of the recogniser and mimic peptides to prime human lymphocyte responses against tumour cell antigens was tested by stimulating lymphocytes with autologous peptide-loaded monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs). Priming and subsequent stimulation with either the recogniser or mimic peptide resulted in interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) secretion by the lymphocytes. Furthermore, DCs loaded with Hsp70, Hsp70-PC or the recogniser or the mimic peptide primed the lymphocytes to respond to soluble extracts from breast cells. These results highlight the potential application of synthetic peptide-mimics of Hsp70-PCs, as modulators of the immune response against tumours.</p>","PeriodicalId":84998,"journal":{"name":"Journal of immune based therapies and vaccines","volume":"4 ","pages":"2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1482705/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25963918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cellular metabolism as a basis for immune privilege.","authors":"M Karen Newell, Elizabeth Villalobos-Menuey, Susan C Schweitzer, Mary-Ellen Harper, Robert E Camley","doi":"10.1186/1476-8518-4-1","DOIUrl":"10.1186/1476-8518-4-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We hypothesize that the energy strategy of a cell is a key factor for determining how, or if, the immune system interacts with that cell. Cells have a limited number of metabolic states, in part, depending on the type of fuels the cell consumes. Cellular fuels include glucose (carbohydrates), lipids (fats), and proteins. We propose that the cell's ability to switch to, and efficiently use, fat for fuel confers immune privilege. Additionally, because uncoupling proteins are involved in the fat burning process and reportedly in protection from free radicals, we hypothesize that uncoupling proteins play an important role in immune privilege. Thus, changes in metabolism (caused by oxidative stresses, fuel availability, age, hormones, radiation, or drugs) will dictate and initiate changes in immune recognition and in the nature of the immune response. This has profound implications for controlling the symptoms of autoimmune diseases, for preventing graft rejection, and for targeting tumor cells for destruction.</p>","PeriodicalId":84998,"journal":{"name":"Journal of immune based therapies and vaccines","volume":"4 ","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1456959/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25913382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mycobacterial immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in HIV-1 infection after antiretroviral therapy is associated with deregulated specific T-cell responses: beneficial effect of IL-2 and GM-CSF immunotherapy.","authors":"A Pires, M Nelson, A L Pozniak, M Fisher, B Gazzard, F Gotch, N Imami","doi":"10.1186/1476-8518-3-7","DOIUrl":"10.1186/1476-8518-3-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>With the advent of antiretroviral therapy (ART) cases of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) have increasingly been reported. IRIS usually occurs in individuals with a rapidly rising CD4 T-cell count or percentage upon initiation of ART, who develop a deregulated immune response to infection with or without reactivation of opportunistic organisms. Here, we evaluated rises in absolute CD4 T-cells, and specific CD4 T-cell responses in 4 HIV-1+ individuals presenting with mycobacterial associated IRIS who received in conjunction with ART, IL-2 plus GM-CSF immunotherapy.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We assessed CD4 T-cell counts, HIV-1 RNA loads, phenotype for naïve and activation markers, and in vitro proliferative responses. Results were compared with those observed in 11 matched, successfully treated asymptomatic clinical progressors (CP) with no evidence of opportunistic infections, and uninfected controls.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Median CD4 T-cell counts in IRIS patients rose from 22 cells/microl before initiation of ART, to 70 cells/microl after 8 months of therapy (median 6.5 fold increase). This coincided with IRIS diagnosis, lower levels of naïve CD4 T-cells, increased expression of immune activation markers, and weak CD4 T-cell responses. In contrast, CP had a median CD4 T-cell counts of 76 cells/microl at baseline, which rose to 249 cells/microl 6 months post ART, when strong T-cell responses were seen in > 80% of patients. Higher levels of expression of immune activation markers were seen in IRIS patients compared to CP and UC (IRIS > CP > UC). Immunotherapy with IL-2 and GM-CSF paralleled clinical recovery.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These data suggest that mycobacterial IRIS is associated with inadequate immune reconstitution rather than vigorous specific T-cell responses, and concomitant administration of IL-2 and GM-CSF immunotherapy with effective ART may correct/augment T-cell immunity in such setting resulting in clinical benefit.</p>","PeriodicalId":84998,"journal":{"name":"Journal of immune based therapies and vaccines","volume":"3 ","pages":"7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1262752/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25602227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}