Eastern Africa journal of rural development最新文献

{"title":"Microfinance Programs in Uganda: An Analysis of Household Participation and Investment Behavior","authors":"B. Kiiza, G. Pederson","doi":"10.4314/EAJRD.V19I1.28353","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/EAJRD.V19I1.28353","url":null,"abstract":"This paper identifies a model of low-income household participation in microfinance credit programs and the effects on investment behavior from repeated access to these institutions using evidence from household survey data. The primary focus is on changes in household investment behavior, not the assessment of changes in welfare per se. The results for a representative sample of households in Uganda indicate that the most significant factors influencing the decision of a household to participate are proximity to microfinance institutions (MFIs), dual sources of household income, and income stability. This paper shows that once the decision has been made to participate, repeated use of the financial services of MFIs has a positive impact on household investment in health, education, and consumption. Repeated access to credit from an MFI significantly raises the likelihood that a household will invest more in nutrition, health and education, ceteris paribus. Through repeated access to credit, income and wealth effects are generated that may reduce vulnerability to poverty. Keywords: microfinance credit, household investment and consumption, participation Eastern African Journal of Rural Development","PeriodicalId":84616,"journal":{"name":"Eastern Africa journal of rural development","volume":"19 1","pages":"66-80"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70511772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Intercropping Finger Millet with two Indigenous Legumes at different Nitrogen Levels in Kabete and Njoro, Kenya","authors":"T. Akuja, L. Akundabweni, J. Chweya","doi":"10.4314/EAJRD.V19I1.28354","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/EAJRD.V19I1.28354","url":null,"abstract":"Two-phased field experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of legume intercrop management practices and nitrogen fertilizer application on growth and yield of finger millet (Eleusine coracana) at Kabete and Njoro, Kenya. In phase one, an indigenous edible legume (Crotalaria brevidens) and a fodder legume (Trifolium quartinianum) were intercropped with finger millet. Each plot was supplied with three nitrogen fertilizer rates (0, 20, and 40 Kg N/ha) in the form of Urea (46% N) in a completely randomized block design with three replicates. Two methods of harvesting (uproot & cut) were used at the end of phase one. In phase two, a pure stand of finger millet was sown to investigate the effects of residual nitrogen and the harvesting method used. Nitrogen application had a positive significant effect (P Keywords: Finger millet, intercropping, legumes, nitrogen level Eastern African Journal of Rural Development","PeriodicalId":84616,"journal":{"name":"Eastern Africa journal of rural development","volume":"19 1","pages":"81-89"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70511781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Production and Productivity Effects of Informal Contract Farming in Kenya's Smallholder Horticultural Sub-sector","authors":"G. Obare, I. Kariuki","doi":"10.4314/EAJRD.V19I1.28348","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/EAJRD.V19I1.28348","url":null,"abstract":"This paper uses data from a 2001 household survey of small-scale farming households in Kirinyaga District, Kenya to explore production effects of informal credit contracts in French bean farming where formal markets for surplus production are seemingly shallow and imperfect. Specifically, it examines whether informal arrangements spur productivity and intensity of inputs use. A three stage least square (3SLS) modelling strategy is used to quantify the direct and indirect effects of contracts on French bean output conditional upon infrastructure, institutional and farmer-specific socio-economic factors. The results show that fertilizer, pesticides and High Yielding Variety seeds use, and French bean output price have direct positive and significant effects on productivity. On the other hand, the period under contract negatively and significantly affect productivity. Indirectly, however, informal contract - proxied by credit value - and farm size positively influence productivity through significant variable input use intensity whereas the input market prices negatively and significantly influence variable input demand. Policy implications are drawn. Keywords: Contract farming; smallholders; horticulture; productivity; Kenya Eastern African Journal of Rural Development Vol.19(1) 2003: 13-24","PeriodicalId":84616,"journal":{"name":"Eastern Africa journal of rural development","volume":"19 1","pages":"13-23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70511629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gender Analysis of Economic Efficiency in Smallholder Tea Production in Kenya","authors":"M. Kavoi, W. Kosura, P. Owuor, D. K. Siele","doi":"10.4314/EAJRD.V19I1.28350","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/EAJRD.V19I1.28350","url":null,"abstract":"If the productivity of tea among the smallholders can only increase to about 2500 kg/ha/yr, the national projection of 300 thousand metric tones would be realized without the need to allocate more land to tea enterprise. The tea industry emphasizes efficient management of strategic inputs particularly fertilizers to enhance smallholder yields. The objective of this study was to determine the management efficiency among gender categories of smallholder tea farmers in Kenya. Data were collected on personal characteristics of the farm manager, agronomic practices, input use, output, prices and extension service involvement in tea enterprise. The profit function model was used to determine the relative efficiency of farm groups as differentiated by gender. Three categories of gender were analyzed: female-male, female-joint and male-joint cases. The results depicted that the coefficient of the management dummy variable was significant at 5 percent level for female-male, insignificant for female-joint and significant at 5 percent for male-joint cases. The results rejected the hypothesis of equal efficiency between the female-male and male-joint cases at 5 percent level. Female managed farms were found to be more profitable, and more economically efficient at all observed prices of the variable inputs, given the distribution of the fixed factors of production while jointly managed farms are more profitable than male managed farms. In general, female managed farms are more efficient and hence more profitable than male managed tea farms. Keywords: Tea, Gender, Efficiency, Smallholder, Kenya. Eastern African Journal of Rural Development","PeriodicalId":84616,"journal":{"name":"Eastern Africa journal of rural development","volume":"7 1","pages":"33-40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70511720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Credit Constraints in Uganda's Firms: Micro-Economic Evidence","authors":"A. Mugume","doi":"10.4314/EAJRD.V19I1.28352","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/EAJRD.V19I1.28352","url":null,"abstract":"The phenomenon of credit accessibility and credit rationing and its consequences for the investment decisions is undoubtedly one of the topical issues, particularly in developing economies. The study hinges on the problem of information asymmetries and agency costs in financial sector operations and investment financing. The analysis is based on the World Bank's 1999 firm survey data. Information on firms that had demanded for bank credit and were either granted or denied is used in a binary choice model-Probit- explaining nature of credit accessibility. The key proposition of the study is that there is discrimination in credit allocation. The empirical evidence is that credit from banking sector is firm specific, sector influenced and that small firms find it most difficult to get loans from financial institutions perhaps because agency, information, enforcement and transactions costs are higher. Perhaps, a fundamental policy concern is the fact that firms engaged in agriculture are less likely to obtain credit and yet agriculture is arguably Uganda's engine of growth. Eastern African Journal of Rural Development","PeriodicalId":84616,"journal":{"name":"Eastern Africa journal of rural development","volume":"19 1","pages":"52-65"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70511763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Socio-economic Constraints Women Face When Running Micro-enterprises: A Comparative Case Study in Southern Malawi","authors":"A. Edriss, Esnart Kamvani","doi":"10.4314/EAJRD.V19I1.28351","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/EAJRD.V19I1.28351","url":null,"abstract":"Despite the economic support women are getting from the loan schemes for their micro enterprises, most female-owned micro enterprises do not survive the first year or the first six months compared to the male-owned micro enterprises. The objectives of the study were to identify factors that led to the collapse of most women owned micro-enterprises, and the constraints women faced in their businesses in southern Malawi. The study was conducted in Zomba district, where the banking groups such as Malawi Rural Finance Company (MRFC), National Association for Business Women (NABW), Promotion of Micro Enterprises for Rural Women (PMERW), Malawi Union of Savings and Credit Co-operatives (MUSCCO) and Foundation International Community Assistant (FINCA) are actively involved in economic empowerment and promoting micro-enterprises among women entrepreneurs. Of the total 520 micro-enterprises supported by five rural banking groups, a total of 120 (60 single women and 60 married women) from all the banking groups were randomly sampled for the study. Married women businesses were performing better (net income rose by 106%) than the single women businesses (declined by 30%). Husbands were playing key roles in their wives businesses including joint ownership (76.7%). They helped their wives technically, business decision, encouragement and financial support as indicated by a strong positive relationship (correlation coefficient = 0.7) between the roles of the husbands and married women business performance. The main constraints that hindered women business were paying school fees for their children (48.6%), buy food items (35%), sickness of children (32.4%), selling similar products (18.9%), difficulties in paying back loans in weekly installments (23.3%) and unexpected rise in prices of goods (30.5%) in the study area. Keywords: Women, husband, micro-enterprises, credits, constraints, net income, Malawi Eastern African Journal of Rural Development","PeriodicalId":84616,"journal":{"name":"Eastern Africa journal of rural development","volume":"148 1","pages":"41-51"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70511729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determination of optimal levels of Resource Use in Clonal Robusta Coffee Production in Central Uganda","authors":"A. Gowa, B. Bashaasha, B. Tayebwa","doi":"10.4314/EAJRD.V17I1.28338","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/EAJRD.V17I1.28338","url":null,"abstract":"In spite of the current decline in World Market Prices, coffee remains Uganda's major export crop. However, coffee yield in Uganda remains sub optimal. One of the contributing factors could be an imbalance in the use of the factors of production. Optimal combinations of factors of production for clonal coffee production in Uganda are not known. This study is an attempt to fill this gap.\u0000 Data was obtained from two districts in Uganda using a structured questionnaire. Respondents were disaggregated into two categories of rich and poor farmers. A Cobb-Douglas type of production function was fitted to data for each farmer category. The desired elasticities of response indicated that land and capital were the most limiting factors in clonal coffee production for poor farmers. Land and labour were identified as the most limiting factors for rich clonal coffee farmers. Overall, land and labour were found to be most limiting.\u0000 Key words: clonal coffee farmers, optimal levels, sub optimal levels resource use, productivity, elasticities, marginal productivity, value marginal productivity\u0000 Eastern Africa Journal of Rural Development (2001) 17, 1-8","PeriodicalId":84616,"journal":{"name":"Eastern Africa journal of rural development","volume":"17 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70511385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cross-Pollinated Crop Variety Adoption Studies and Seed Recycling: The Case of Maize in Tanzania","authors":"E. Nkonya","doi":"10.4314/EAJRD.V17I1.28341","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/EAJRD.V17I1.28341","url":null,"abstract":"A survey of 126 maize farmers was conducted in northern Tanzania with the objective of examining adoption of cross-pollinated seeds among farmers who recycle improved seeds. In this study, an improved variety is defined as any variety that has been bred using formal plant breeding methods. Formally bred cultivars that have been recycled but still maintain some of their characteristic attributes were also categorized as “improved.” About 91% of sample maize farmers used improved seeds. Heckman's two-step procedure was used to examine the factors that affect the probability to adopt and the intensity of adoption of improved maize seed and chemical fertilizer use. Most factors included in the model did not have a statistically significant impact on the adoption of improved maize varieties. The determinants of adoption did not have a significant impact probably due to the high rate of adoption of improved maize seed (91%). Researchers conducting studies in areas where seed recycling is common need to use a more restrictive definition of “improved seeds” than the one used in this study. In the case of studies examining factors influencing intensity of adoption, researchers need to determine the intensity of adoption by using scaling factors that are based on loss of genetic potential (yield) due to seed recycling. Such scaling factors may be determined empirically since they vary from one maize variety to another. About 64% of the moderate rainfall zone (800 – 1200 mm per year) respondents used chemical fertilizer, as compared to 44% in the low rainfall zone (500 - 800 mm per year). The level of fertilizer applied was well below recommended rates, hence the need to research on and promote extension efforts in organic fertilizers that will complement the expensive chemical fertilizers. Eastern Africa Journal of Rural Development (2001) 17, 25-34","PeriodicalId":84616,"journal":{"name":"Eastern Africa journal of rural development","volume":"17 1","pages":"25-34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70511497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Impact of Export and Import Tax Policy on Ugandan Economy: A Computable General Equilibrium Approach","authors":"J. Mugisha, S. Bauer","doi":"10.4314/EAJRD.V17I1.28339","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/EAJRD.V17I1.28339","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines the impact of reducing export duties and import tariffs on the economy of Uganda. Analysis uses a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model focusing basically on domestic output, imports, exports and trade balance. Results from the model show that aggregate domestic output, exports and imports increase if the trade taxes are reduced. These economic gains are much higher if both import tariffs and export duties are reduced or removed rather than removing only tariffs. However, trade balance deficit widens because the increase in imports will exceed the increase in exports. Furthermore, government budget deficit worsens due to loss of government revenue from trade taxes.\u0000 Key words: Computable general equilibrium (CGE) model, exports, imports, tariffs, tax\u0000 Eastern Africa Journal of Rural Development (2001) 17, 9-17","PeriodicalId":84616,"journal":{"name":"Eastern Africa journal of rural development","volume":"17 1","pages":"9-17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70511427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Farm-level Evaluation of Monocropping and Intercropping Impacts and Maize yields and Returns in Iganga District-Uganda","authors":"V. Kasenge, S. Kyamanywa, Daniel B. Taylor, G. Bigirwa, J. M. Erbaugh","doi":"10.4314/EAJRD.V17I1.28340","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/EAJRD.V17I1.28340","url":null,"abstract":"During the 1997-99 period of IPM CRSP on-farm trials in Iganga district, it was determined that grain yield of maize was higher for Longe 1 variety than the local maize irrespective of cropping system. Grain yield was higher in the monoculture system than in intercropping with beans irrespective of maize variety. Stalkborers and maize streak virus were the main pest and disease respectively which caused maize grain yield losses which were, on average, higher for the local than the improved variety in monoculture. Intercropping with beans had an insignificant retarding effect on stalkborer and streak virus damage on maize. In biophysical terms, therefore, the recommendation would be to grow Longe 1 maize in monoculture. The economic component of the study sought to determine the relative economic benefit of growing Longe 1 maize compared to the local variety and the optimal mix of maize and beans in monoculture. Partial budget analysis and linear programming were used. Data on differences in grain yields, yield losses, farm input quantities, resource limitations and corresponding returns associated with the various field trials were collected. Important links existed between biophysical indicators and economic indicators. Even in terms of economics, in the absence of risk considerations, the adoption of the Longe 1 maize variety in monoculture would be the approach of choice because it could increase maize yields and ensure supply for both farm household food needs and cash income. If the small-holder farmers in the trial area grew Longe 1 maize and beans as sole crops in a season, the optimal combination would be 0.5 ha maize and 0.24 ha beans. The analytical framework outlined in this study that links partial budget analysis to farm enterprise mix optimization should prove useful for future farm level evaluation of cropping systems.\u0000\u0000 Key words: Crop variety, enterprise mix optimization, objective and subjective strategies, partial budget, stalkborer, streakvirus,.\u0000\u0000 Eastern Africa Journal of Rural Development (2001) 17, 18-24","PeriodicalId":84616,"journal":{"name":"Eastern Africa journal of rural development","volume":"17 1","pages":"18-24"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70511439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}