Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology: Journal of the American Heart Association最新文献

{"title":"Effect of Dexrazoxane on Homocysteine-Induced Endothelial Dysfunction in Normal Subjects","authors":"Haoyi Zheng, C. Dimayuga, Alhakam Hudaihed, S. Katz","doi":"10.1161/01.ATV.0000023187.25914.5B","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1161/01.ATV.0000023187.25914.5B","url":null,"abstract":"Objective—Dexrazoxane is an antioxidant prodrug that on hydrolysis is converted into an intracellular iron chelator. We hypothesized that the antioxidant effects of dexrazoxane would prevent homocysteine-induced endothelial dysfunction in the brachial artery of normal human subjects. Methods and Results—Ten healthy volunteers completed a randomized, double-blind, crossover study. Plasma homocysteine levels and brachial artery endothelium-dependent (flow-mediated dilation [FMD]) and endothelium-independent (sublingual nitroglycerin) responses were measured before and 4 hours after ingestion of l-methionine (100 mg/kg), preceded by intravenous administration of dexrazoxane (500 mg/m2) or placebo over 30 minutes. After placebo, oral methionine increased plasma homocysteine (from 5.1±0.4 &mgr;mol/L at baseline to 14.2±1.3 &mgr;mol/L at 4 hours, P <0.001) and decreased FMD (from 3.8±0.7% at baseline to 1.2±0.5% at 4 hours, P =0.02). Dexrazoxane did not change homocysteine concentrations after methionine administration (14.9±1.1 &mgr;mol/L at 4 hours, P =0.29 versus placebo) but did completely abrogate the homocysteine-induced reduction in FMD (from 3.5±0.5% at baseline to 5.9±1.1% at 4 hours, P <0.01 versus placebo). Endothelium-independent responses to sublingual nitroglycerin did not differ after the administration of placebo and dexrazoxane. Conclusions—Administration of the novel antioxidant agent dexrazoxane prevents homocysteine-induced impairment of vascular endothelial function in the brachial artery of healthy subjects.","PeriodicalId":8418,"journal":{"name":"Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology: Journal of the American Heart Association","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85980661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Antagonism Improves Hypercholesterolemia-Associated Endothelial Dysfunction","authors":"S. Wassmann, Stefan Hilgers, U. Laufs, M. Böhm, G. Nickenig","doi":"10.1161/01.ATV.0000022847.38083.B6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1161/01.ATV.0000022847.38083.B6","url":null,"abstract":"ObjectiveObjective—Hypercholesterolemia-induced angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor overexpression is thought to be a key event in the development of endothelial dysfunction. Methods and Results—The effect of a 6-week treatment with the AT1 receptor antagonist candesartan (16 mg/d) on endothelial function and serum inflammation markers was compared with the effect of treatment with placebo or the calcium channel antagonist felodipine (5 mg/d) in 47 hypercholesterolemic patients (low density lipoprotein cholesterol >160 mg/dL). Endothelial function was assessed by measurement of forearm blood flow (FBF) by venous occlusion plethysmography. FBF during reactive hyperemia was significantly improved by candesartan, whereas felodipine and placebo exerted no effect. Nitroglycerin-induced vasorelaxation and basal FBF were not altered significantly. Blood pressure and cholesterol levels were not affected significantly by any drug. Serum concentrations of 8-isoprostane, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 were significantly reduced by candesartan treatment but not by placebo or felodipine (ELISA assays). Levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and tumor necrosis factor-&agr; were not altered significantly by any treatment. Conclusions—These data suggest that AT1 receptor antagonism improves endothelial function during hypercholesterolemia and that this applies not only to endothelium-dependent vasodilatation but also to oxidative stress and events involved in monocyte attraction and adhesion. AT1 receptor blockade may potentially represent a novel approach for the prevention of vascular dysfunction associated with hypercholesterolemia that is independent of lipid-lowering and blood pressure–lowering interventions.","PeriodicalId":8418,"journal":{"name":"Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology: Journal of the American Heart Association","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85535181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human Secretory Phospholipase A2 Mediates Decreased Plasma Levels of HDL Cholesterol and ApoA-I in Response to Inflammation in Human ApoA-I Transgenic Mice","authors":"U. Tietge, C. Maugeais, S. Lund-Katz, D. Grass, F. Debeer, D. Rader","doi":"10.1161/01.ATV.0000023228.90866.29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1161/01.ATV.0000023228.90866.29","url":null,"abstract":"Objective—Plasma levels of high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and apolipoprotein (apo)A-I are decreased in inflammatory states. Secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2), an acute-phase protein, may play a key role in the pathophysiology of this phenomenon. Methods and Results—To investigate the effects of sPLA2 on human-like HDL particles in vivo, we generated transgenic mice overexpressing human apoA-I and human sPLA2 (apoA-I/sPLA2 mice). Compared with apoA-I mice, apoA-I/sPLA2 mice had significantly lower plasma levels of phospholipids, HDL cholesterol, and apoA-I (each P <0.01). HDL from apoA-I/sPLA2 mice was significantly depleted in phospholipids and cholesteryl esters (each P <0.001) but was enriched in protein and triglycerides (each P <0.001). As assessed by gel filtration and nondenaturing gel electrophoresis, sPLA2 overexpression in apoA-I mice resulted in a dramatic shift of the HDL particle size toward smaller particles. Furthermore, virtually all plasma sPLA2 in apoA-I/sPLA2 mice was found in association with the HDL fraction. The acute-phase response was induced in apoA-I/sPLA2 double-transgenic and apoA-I single-transgenic mice by intraperitoneal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection. Plasma sPLA2 was significantly increased after LPS injection in apoA-I/sPLA2 mice. Twelve hours after LPS administration, plasma total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, apoA-I, and phospholipids were unchanged in apoA-I transgenic control mice but had decreased significantly in the apoA-I/sPLA2 mice (−57%, −62%, and −54%, −61%, respectively; each P <0.001). Both groups of mice had increased plasma levels of serum amyloid A (SAA) in response to LPS. To test the hypothesis that SAA may be an in vivo activator of sPLA2, we specifically overexpressed SAA in apoA-I/sPLA2 mice by means of liver-directed gene transfer. Despite high plasma levels of SAA, plasma lipid and lipoprotein profiles were not different than those in control mice. Conclusions—These results in a mouse model of human-like HDL indicate that sPLA2 expression significantly influences HDL particle size and composition and demonstrate that an induction of sPLA2 is required for the decrease in plasma HDL cholesterol in response to inflammatory stimuli in mice and that this effect is independent of SAA.","PeriodicalId":8418,"journal":{"name":"Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology: Journal of the American Heart Association","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75942963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heterogeneity of Smooth Muscle Cell Populations Cultured From Pig Coronary Artery","authors":"H. Hao, P. Ropraz, V. Verin, E. Camenzind, A. Geinoz, M. Pepper, G. Gabbiani, M. Bochaton-Piallat","doi":"10.1016/S1567-5688(03)90915-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S1567-5688(03)90915-9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8418,"journal":{"name":"Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology: Journal of the American Heart Association","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79014662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Saphenous vein endothelin system expression and activity in African American patients.","authors":"Ashley L Grubbs, Mark P Anstadt, Adviye Ergul","doi":"10.1161/01.atv.0000023160.67766.f0","DOIUrl":"10.1161/01.atv.0000023160.67766.f0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Plasma endothelin (ET)-1 levels are significantly higher in African American hypertensive patients than in white hypertensive patients. However, whether the molecular components of vascular ET-1 biosynthesis and function are altered in this population remains to be established. Accordingly, the overall goal of this study was to investigate the effects of race on vascular mRNA and protein levels of ET-converting enzyme (ECE)-1 subisoforms, ET-1, and ET receptor profiles in hypertension.</p><p><strong>Methods and results: </strong>Saphenous vein samples were obtained from African American (n=13) and white (n=15) patients undergoing coronary artery grafting surgery. The expression of preproET-1 and of ECE-1a was upregulated approximately 2- and 3-fold, respectively, in African Americans. In endothelium-intact vessels, the ET(A) expression was higher in whites. In endothelium-denuded vessels, the ET(B) mRNA was 3-fold higher in African Americans, suggesting that vasoconstriction-promoting ET(B) receptors are upregulated in this population. Vascular tissue ET-1 levels and ECE-1 activity were also augmented in African American patients.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study demonstrated that the biosynthetic pathway of ET-1 is activated to a higher degree and that the ET(B) receptor subtype expression is altered in the peripheral vasculature of African American hypertensive patients. The augmented synthesis and altered expression of ET(B) receptors may both contribute to the increased incidence of hypertension and related complications in this patient population.</p>","PeriodicalId":8418,"journal":{"name":"Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology: Journal of the American Heart Association","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82245760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of Lipoproteins and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in the Cardiovascular Health Study","authors":"L. Kuller, A. Arnold, R. Tracy, J. Otvos, G. Burke, B. Psaty, D. Siscovick, D. Freedman, R. Kronmal","doi":"10.1161/01.ATV.0000022015.97341.3A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1161/01.ATV.0000022015.97341.3A","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives—Relationships between incident cardiovascular disease and lipoprotein subclass measurements by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy were evaluated in the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) in a nested case-cohort analysis. Methods and Results—The case group consisted of 434 participants with incident myocardial infarction (MI) and angina diagnosed after entry to the study (1990 to 1995) and the comparison group, 249 “healthy” participants with no prevalent clinical or subclinical disease. By univariate analysis, the median levels for healthy participants versus participants with incident MI and angina were 0 versus 7 mg% for small low density lipoprotein (LDL), 1501 versus 1680 nmol/L for the number of LDL particles, and 21.6 versus 21.3 for LDL size, and these values were significantly different between “healthy” participants and those with incident MI and angina for women but not men. The levels of less dense LDL, which is most of the total LDL cholesterol among women, was not related to incident MI and angina. For women, large high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLc), but not small HDLc, levels were significantly higher for healthy participants compared with levels for participants with MI and angina. For men and women, levels of total and very low density lipoprotein triglycerides were higher for the case group than for the healthy group. In multivariate models for women that included triglycerides and HDLc, the number of LDL particles (but not LDL size) remained significantly related to MI and angina. Conclusions—Small LDL, the size of LDL particles, and the greater number of LDL particles are related to incident coronary heart disease among older women.","PeriodicalId":8418,"journal":{"name":"Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology: Journal of the American Heart Association","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79106176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flow-Dependent Remodeling in the Carotid Artery of Fibroblast Growth Factor-2 Knockout Mice","authors":"C. Sullivan, J. Hoying","doi":"10.1161/01.ATV.0000023230.17493.E3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1161/01.ATV.0000023230.17493.E3","url":null,"abstract":"Objective—Fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2) has been implicated as a mediator in the structural remodeling of arteries. Chronic changes in blood flow are known to cause reorganization of the vessel wall, resulting in permanent changes in artery size (flow-dependent remodeling). Using FGF2 knockout (Fgf2−/−) mice, we tested the hypothesis that FGF2 is required during flow-dependent remodeling of the carotid arteries. Methods and Results—All branches originating from the left common carotid artery (LCCA), except for the left thyroid artery, were ligated to reduce flow in the LCCA and increase flow in the contralateral right common carotid artery (RCCA). Age- and sex-matched control animals did not undergo ligation of the LCCA branches. Morphometric analysis showed that by day 7, vessel diameter was significantly greater in the high-flow RCCA of FGF2 wild-type (Fgf2+/+) and Fgf2−/− mice versus the respective control RCCA, demonstrating outward remodeling. In contrast, vessel diameter was decreased by day 7 in the low-flow LCCA of both genotypes compared with the control LCCA, showing inward remodeling. No differences were observed between Fgf2+/+ and Fgf2−/− mice in either high-flow or low-flow remodeling. Conclusions—Given these results, we demonstrate that FGF2 is not essential for flow-dependent remodeling of the carotid arteries.","PeriodicalId":8418,"journal":{"name":"Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology: Journal of the American Heart Association","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85032360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Opposing Functions of the Ets Factors NERF and ELF-1 During Chicken Blood Vessel Development","authors":"John M. Gaspar, S. Thai, C. Voland, Antoinise Dube, T. Libermann, M. Iruela-Arispe, P. Oettgen","doi":"10.1161/01.ATV.0000023427.92642.CD","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1161/01.ATV.0000023427.92642.CD","url":null,"abstract":"Objective—The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of the Ets factor NERF in the regulation of the Tie1 and Tie2 genes during chicken blood vessel development. Methods and Results—We have isolated the full-length cDNA for the chicken homologue of the human Ets factor NERF2 (cNERF2). Northern blot analysis and in situ hybridization demonstrate that cNERF2 is enriched in the developing blood vessels of the chicken chorioallantoic membrane. Interestingly, cNERF2 functions as a competitive inhibitor of a highly related Ets factor cELF-1, which we have previously shown to be enriched in chicken blood vessel development. Although in vitro–translated cELF-1 and cNERF2 can bind equally well to conserved Ets binding sites in the promoters of the Tie1 and Tie2 genes, cELF-1 preferentially binds to the Ets sites in these promoters during early stages of chicken blood vessel development, suggesting that cNERF may bind during later stages of blood vessel development and vascular remodeling. Conclusions—cNERF2 is enriched during embryonic and extraembryonic blood vessel development in the chicken and facilitates tight control of Tie1 and Tie2 gene regulation.","PeriodicalId":8418,"journal":{"name":"Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology: Journal of the American Heart Association","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82330474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Angiotensin II Type 1 and 2 Receptors in Conduit Arteries of Normal Developing Microswine","authors":"S. Bagby, Linda S. LeBard, Zaiming Luo, R. Speth, B. Ogden, C. Corless","doi":"10.1161/01.ATV.0000022382.61262.3E","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1161/01.ATV.0000022382.61262.3E","url":null,"abstract":"Objective—To identify vascular cells capable of responding to angiotensin II (Ang II) generated in conduit arteries, we examined the Ang II type 1 receptor (AT1R) and Ang II type 2 receptor (AT2R) in the thoracic aorta (TA) and abdominal aorta (AA) and branches in 90-day fetal, 3-week postnatal, and 6-month adult microswine. Methods and Results—By autoradiography (125I-[Sar1Ile8]-Ang II with or without AT1R- or AT2R-selective analogues or 125I - CGP 42112), there were striking rostrocaudal differences in (1) AT2R binding at all ages (prominent in AA wall and branches, sparse in TA wall and branches) and (2) a non-AT2R binding site for CGP 42112 (consistently evident in postnatal TA and branches but absent in AA and branches). Furthermore, patterns of AT2R distribution in infradiaphragmatic arteries were developmentally distinct. In fetal AAs, high-density AT2Rs occupied the inner 60% of the medial-endothelial wall. In postnatal AAs, AT2Rs were sparse in the medial-endothelial wall but prominent in a circumferential smooth muscle &agr;-actin–negative cell layer at the medial-adventitial border, occupying ≈20% to 25% of the AA cross-sectional area. AT1R density in the TA and AA medial-endothelial wall increased with age, whereas AT2R density decreased after birth. Conclusions—A novel AT2R-positive cell layer confined to postnatal infradiaphragmatic arteries physically links adventitial and medial layers, appears optimally positioned to transduce AT2R-dependent functions of local Ang II, and suggests that adventitial Ang II may elicit regionally distinct vascular responses.","PeriodicalId":8418,"journal":{"name":"Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology: Journal of the American Heart Association","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88733853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lp(a) Particles Mold Fibrin-Binding Properties of Apo(a) in Size-Dependent Manner: A Study With Different-Length Recombinant Apo(a), Native Lp(a), and Monoclonal Antibody","authors":"C. Kang, M. Dominguez, S. Loyau, T. Miyata, V. Durlach, E. Anglés-Cano","doi":"10.1161/01.ATV.0000021144.87870.C8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1161/01.ATV.0000021144.87870.C8","url":null,"abstract":"Objective—Small-sized apolipoprotein(a) [apo(a)] isoforms with high antifibrinolytic activity are frequently found in cardiovascular diseases, suggesting a role for apo(a) size in atherothrombosis. To test this hypothesis, we sought to characterize the lysine (fibrin)-binding function of isolated apo(a) of variable sizes. Methods and Results—Recombinant apo(a) [r-apo(a)] preparations consisting of 10 to 34 kringles and a monoclonal antibody that neutralizes the lysine-binding function were produced and used in parallel with lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] particles isolated from plasma in fibrin-binding studies. All r-apo(a) preparations displayed similar affinity and specificity for lysine residues on fibrin regardless of size (Kd 3.6±0.3 nmol/L) and inhibited the binding of plasminogen with a similar intensity (IC50 16.8±5.4 nmol/L). In contrast, native Lp(a) particles displayed fibrin affinities that were in inverse relationship with the apo(a) kringle number. Thus, a 15-kringle apo(a) separated from Lp(a) and a 34-kringle r-apo(a) displayed an affinity for fibrin that was higher than that in the corresponding particles (Kd 2.5 versus 10.5 nmol/L and Kd 3.8 versus 541 nmol/L, respectively). However, fibrin-binding specificity of the r-apo(a) preparations and the Lp(a) particles was efficiently neutralized (IC50 0.07 and 4 nmol/L) by a monoclonal antibody directed against the lysine-binding function of kringle IV-10. Conclusions—Our data indicate that fibrin binding is an intrinsic property of apo(a) modulated by the composite structure of the Lp(a) particle.","PeriodicalId":8418,"journal":{"name":"Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology: Journal of the American Heart Association","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88248294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}