Applied behavioral science review最新文献

{"title":"Cross-cultural comparisons using non-invariant measurement items","authors":"Gordon W. Cheung,&nbsp;Roger B. Rensvold","doi":"10.1016/S1068-8595(99)80006-3","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1068-8595(99)80006-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Researchers who use survey-type instruments to perform cross-cultural studies are frequently confronted with factorial non-invariance. This situation arises when the same set of items is used to measure a construct in different cultures, but the relationships between the items and the construct differ significantly across cultures. These (non-invariant) items are usually eliminated or ignored when calculating an index value representing the level of the construct. This paper proposes that under certain conditions non-invariant items ought to be retained, since they may constitute the only sources of information concerning cross-cultural differences. A new procedure is described that decomposes a cross-cultural difference into a component due to item responses, and a second component due to unequal item-construct relationships. A numerical example based upon a large published data set is presented, and the results of the new procedure are compared with those obtained using simple summated scores and regression-weighted factor scores.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":84178,"journal":{"name":"Applied behavioral science review","volume":"6 1","pages":"Pages 93-110"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1068-8595(99)80006-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"56460121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Five years' exposure to alcohol warning label messages and their impacts: Evidence from diffusion analysis","authors":"Thomas.K. Greenfield,&nbsp;Lee Ann Kaskutas","doi":"10.1016/S1068-8595(99)80004-X","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1068-8595(99)80004-X","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Research evaluating the alcohol warning label policy for the first two years following implementation indicated increasing levels of exposure to the label and its contents, and penetration was fairly high in target groups like heavier drinking younger adults. This study focuses on the time course of exposure levels in the U.S. for a period of approximately five years following the 1989 introduction of the mandated label, examining long-term penetration in various important subgroups defined by demographics and drinking-related variables.</p><p>Analyses use data collected from large annual cross-sectional telephone surveys of probability samples of U.S. adults 1989 through 1991 and in 1993 and 1994 (total <em>n</em> ≈ 8000), part of a 5-year NIAAA-sponsored national evaluation of warning label policy impacts. Data from current drinkers (<em>n</em> = 5,494) are used in a diffusion analysis, examining penetration, overall and in subgroups, of two label messages: not drinking when pregnant and driving impairment from alcohol. Curve fitting techniques are used to examine curve forms, time trends, and asymptotes to estimate maximal penetration levels in target groups (younger men and women of child-bearing age, and heavy quantity drinkers). Logistic regression analyses investigate models of message recall including container purchase and handling, attention markers and other variables.</p><p>Curve-fitting indicated that logistic dose-response functions tended to fit the U.S. data well, consistent with diffusion theory. Exposure rose rapidly then plateaued: by 1994, the label exposure was level for most U.S. subgroups. Curve fitting indicated the asymptotic levels of 69% for male heavy drinkers and 65% for female heavy drinkers reporting seeing the label in the prior 12 months. Analyses showed that in all post- implementation years, maximum quantity consumed is an important predictor of exposure, as is younger age. Specific Message exposure shows similar patterns: by 1994, 56% of U.S. female drinkers 18–40 remembered the pregnancy warning, while 38% of men 18–40 recall the drunk driving message. Conclusions include assessment of the steady-state limits for the warning label policy and its capacity to remind the public of alcohol health risks, as Congress intended.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":84178,"journal":{"name":"Applied behavioral science review","volume":"6 1","pages":"Pages 39-68"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1068-8595(99)80004-X","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"56459695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Agency and social adaptation","authors":"Peter Horvath","doi":"10.1016/S1068-8595(99)80008-7","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1068-8595(99)80008-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This review examines the relevance of agency to the citizen's participation in modern society. Recently, a number of authors have proposed that the development of a more communal rather than individualistic-oriented person would remedy the social alienation found in modern society. In this paper I propose that in modern, complex, and technology-oriented societies, agency, or an instrumental orientation, is necessary for citizens to be able to adapt to their cultural environment. Findings from research in peace, community, and organizational psychology are reviewed in terms of the relevance of agency to social action and community participation. Components of agency, such as self-protection concerns, efficacy beliefs, and moral responsibility values, were found to facilitate social action in modern Western societies. Social action, in turn, enables citizens to acquire rights and resources that allow their participation in work and the community. Accordingly, agency as well as communion, are necessary for citizens to establish the requirements for participation in modern and technologically-advanced societies. Implications for social intervention and policy are indicated.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":84178,"journal":{"name":"Applied behavioral science review","volume":"6 2","pages":"Pages 137-154"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1068-8595(99)80008-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"56460153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using a hybrid communication/human information processing model to evaluate beverage alcohol warning effectiveness","authors":"Michael S. Wogalter,&nbsp;Stephen L. Young","doi":"10.1016/S1068-8595(99)80003-8","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1068-8595(99)80003-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This article reviews the literature on beverage alcohol warnings using a hybrid communication/human-information processing model. The communications model has three components: source, channel and receiver. Within the receiver, an information processing model describes the various serial stages of processing: attention, comprehension/memory, beliefs/attitudes, behavioral intentions, and lastly, behavior. Each stage in the sequence is a potential bottleneck that could cause processing to stall, preventing any further flow of information downstream. Factors for each stage in the hybrid model are discussed. The model is useful in explaining why the currently mandated U.S. alcohol warning is less likely to be effective than it could be. It can also be used as a basis for recommending changes in the current warning's content and design and in making use of other warning methods.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":84178,"journal":{"name":"Applied behavioral science review","volume":"6 1","pages":"Pages 17-37"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1068-8595(99)80003-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"56459645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Label exposure and recall among detroit metropolitan women","authors":"Janet R. Hankin","doi":"10.1016/S1068-8595(99)80002-6","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1068-8595(99)80002-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study examines exposure to the alcoholic beverage warning label among a sample of 1,107 Detroit area women in 1995. The analysis was conducted at two levels: 1) What are the predictors of label exposure? and 2) Once exposed to the label, what are the predictors of correct knowledge of the warning message? Thirty-nine percent of all women (59% of drinkers) saw the warning label in the past year. Predictors of label exposure included age and frequency of drinking. Among women who saw the warning label, only 25% correctly identified all three messages on the warning label. Women were less likely to know the wording on the warning label if they were older, infrequent drinkers, did not binge drink. The results suggest that exposure to the warning label is limited among certain subgroups of women, and additional prevention efforts are needed to warn these women of the dangers of alcohol use.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":84178,"journal":{"name":"Applied behavioral science review","volume":"6 1","pages":"Pages 1-16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1068-8595(99)80002-6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"56459633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From the editor","authors":"Janet R. Hankin","doi":"10.1016/S1068-8595(99)80001-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S1068-8595(99)80001-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":84178,"journal":{"name":"Applied behavioral science review","volume":"6 1","pages":"Pages ix-x"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1068-8595(99)80001-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136850337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beyond elaborating the obvious: Context-dependent parental-involvement scenarios in a preschool program","authors":"David W. Britt","doi":"10.1016/S1068-8595(99)80012-9","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1068-8595(99)80012-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Two years of data from HIPPY-MidWest City, a home-based preschool program, are analyzed using qualitative comparative analysis to assess the extent to which the involvement of parents in the program is contextually dependent. Two alternative scenarios are constructed on the basis of work on the nature of good service to high-risk populations and presented in the form of a model. I expected and found that parents in low-risk families would be highly involved no matter what level of additional family support for problems of living was provided by the program. I expected and found that parents in high-risk families, on the other hand, would <em>only</em> be highly involved if the program were able to provide additional support for the problems of living with which they were coping. The robustness of the conclusions and implications for future research are also discussed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":84178,"journal":{"name":"Applied behavioral science review","volume":"6 2","pages":"Pages 179-197"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1068-8595(99)80012-9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"56460212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Motor vehicle crash fatalities: The effects of race and marital status","authors":"Augustine J. Kposowa,&nbsp;Michele Adams","doi":"10.1016/S1068-8595(99)80005-1","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1068-8595(99)80005-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study compared victims of motor vehicle fatalities to deaths due to natural causes. It was hypothesized that the race and marital status of victims would have significant effects on the likelihood of death from motor vehicle accidents. In particular, African Americans were expected to have fatalities significantly higher than those of whites. Cross-sectional data on a universe of all deaths occurring in the United States of men and women aged 15 and above from the 1992 Mortality Detail File were analyzed to examine the association between black race and marital status, and automobile fatalities. Statistical adjustments were made for possible confounders, such as age, normal occupation of victims, nativity status, region of the country of the accident, day of the week, and month. Multivariate logistic regression models were fitted to the data. Compared to whites, African Americans were significantly less likely (OR = 0.732, CI = 0.693 − 0.772) to die from motor vehicle crashes relative to other causes of death. Native Americans were more likely (OR = 2.326, CI = 1.947 − 2.779) than whites to die of accidents, and Asians were significantly more likely than whites to become victims of fatal crashes (OR = 1.654, CI = 1.438 − 1.902). As for marital status, compared to married individuals, divorced persons were significantly more likely to die of automobile accidents (OR = 1.205, CI = 1.147 − 1.267). Widowed and single individuals were less likely to die of motor vehicle accidents (OR = 0.819, CI = 0.781 − 0.860; OR = 0.654, CI = 0.618 − 0.692) than married individuals. Divorced individuals had elevated risks of motor vehicle accidents, a finding that is consistent with those examining mortality from other external causes (e.g. suicide and homicide). It was suggested that divorce may be a potentially stressful life event that might leave some individuals temporarily incapacitated to operate automobiles safely. Race was expected to influence accidents due to the role of social disadvantage. However, only Native Americans, Hispanics, and Asians had fatality risks above those of whites. Blacks were significantly less likely to become victims of fatal crashes. Hence, social disadvantage is not enough to explain racial differences in accident victimization in the United States. Potential confounders, such as alcohol impairment, seat belt use, age of automobiles, operator behavior, and road conditions may offer alternative explanations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":84178,"journal":{"name":"Applied behavioral science review","volume":"6 1","pages":"Pages 69-91"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1068-8595(99)80005-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"56459772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Working to stop angry men and their careers in violence","authors":"John M. Johnson","doi":"10.1016/S1068-8595(97)80006-2","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1068-8595(97)80006-2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":84178,"journal":{"name":"Applied behavioral science review","volume":"5 1","pages":"Pages 59-66"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1068-8595(97)80006-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"56459460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Community stories and their relevance to planning","authors":"Jeffrey C. Bridger","doi":"10.1016/S1068-8595(97)80007-4","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1068-8595(97)80007-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The conception of planning as a technical, problem solving activity has increasingly given way to what has been called the argumentative turn in planning theory and practice. From this perspective, the ways in which issues and problems are represented and communicated can seriously affect community planning process and policy outcomes. In this article, I examine this process by focusing on the role that heritage narratives play in community planning. Heritage narratives are selective representations of the past that provide a framework within which the meaning of contemporary events can be placed and decisions about the future made. Case study data from three communities are used to illustrate how heritage narratives are implicated in the planning process. The article concludes with suggestions for planning practice.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":84178,"journal":{"name":"Applied behavioral science review","volume":"5 1","pages":"Pages 67-80"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1068-8595(97)80007-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"56459471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}