Arthropod-Plant Interactions最新文献

{"title":"Response of the oak ambrosia beetle Platypus quercivorus (Coleoptera: Platypodinae) to volatiles from fresh and dried leaves","authors":"Duy Long Pham,&nbsp;Yasuto Ito,&nbsp;Michimasa Yamasaki","doi":"10.1007/s11829-024-10114-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11829-024-10114-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Bark and ambrosia beetles use trees as hosts, and the preferred host condition—whether healthy, weakened, or dead—varies among beetle species. Though attraction to volatiles from trees under favorable conditions have been well studied in beetles, only a few studies have examined the repulsion of volatiles from trees under unfavorable conditions. We focused on this aspect by using the oak ambrosia beetle, <i>Platypus quercivorus</i>, as a model. This beetle attacks healthy oaks, causing Japanese oak wilt. Previous studies have suggested that leaf volatiles are important cues to detect the hosts of this beetle. Therefore, we used a Y-tube olfactometer to evaluate the beetle response to volatiles from fresh and dried leaves of their hosts and non-hosts. Volatile components were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS). In the Y-tube, <i>P. quercivorus</i> preferred fresh leaf volatiles to clean air and did not generally prefer dried leaf volatiles. This preference was observed regardless of whether the source was a host or non-host. The degree of attraction to fresh leaf volatiles increased when the counterpart of the Y-tube was changed from clean air to dried leaf volatiles, suggesting a repelling effect of the dried leaf volatiles. The GC–MS results showed a clear difference in the chemical components of the volatiles from fresh and dried leaves. Common chemicals among the dried leaf volatiles of hosts and non-hosts, such as trans-2-hexenal, have been suggested as candidate repellents for <i>P. quercivorus</i>. The results suggest the possible use of dead branches to avoid beetle infestation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8409,"journal":{"name":"Arthropod-Plant Interactions","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142753919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A bioinformatic examination of indole-3-acetic acid biosynthesis in insecta and hexapoda","authors":"Joshua Natahusada,&nbsp;Scott W. Roy,&nbsp;Edward F. Connor","doi":"10.1007/s11829-024-10112-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11829-024-10112-2","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is the most common form of the phytohormone auxin found in plants. IAA has been previously reported from mammals, and has recently been observed to be widespread in arthropods, particularly insects. Several pathways for the biosynthesis of IAA from tryptophan (Trp) have been mapped and documented in plants, bacteria, and fungi, and a new pathway has been proposed from an insect. The widespread distribution of IAA in insects also argues that synthesis rather than consumption and sequestration accounts for its presence. We used exemplar enzymes from all known plant and bacterial Trp-based IAA biosynthesis pathways to search the 1KITE database of 670 hexapod and insect transcriptomes for evidence of a complete biosynthetic pathway for IAA. We first aligned exemplar enzymes to transcriptomes and then aligned transcripts with alignments against a database of well-annotated insect and hexapod genomes to ensure that we were not identifying paralogs. We found that none of the currently recognized IAA biosynthesis pathways were widespread in Hexapoda and Insecta (occur in &gt; 80% species). However, transcripts encoding proteins homologous to enzymes in the pathway that converts Trp → TAM → IAAld → IAA via tryptamine (TAM) and indole–3-acetaldehyde (IAALD) were detected in the transcriptomes of most species within the Hexapoda, Palaeoptera, and Polyneoptera, but were also detected in genomes largely from the Holometabola. Transcripts encoding proteins homologous to two enzymes in the TAM pathway, aromatic-L-amino-acid/L-tryptophan decarboxylase (EC: 4.1.1.28 and EC: 4.1.1.105) and aldehyde dehydrogenase/indole-3-acetaldehyde oxidase (EC: 1.2.1.3, EC: 1.2.3.7) were found to be widespread in Hexapoda and Insecta. A newly proposed pathway for the biosynthesis of IAA in insects based on an examination of &lt;i&gt;Euura&lt;/i&gt; sp. ‘Pontania’ and &lt;i&gt;Bombyx mori&lt;/i&gt;, suggests that an aromatic aldehyde synthase (PonAAS2) is responsible for the conversion of Trp → IAAld and an aldehyde oxidase (BmIAO1) is responsible for the conversion of IAAld → IAA in Bombyx mori. We detected aromatic aldehyde synthases (AAS) and aldehyde oxidases (AO) in about 33% of our transcriptomes with RNA extracted largely from adults, which would imply that these enzymes are not widespread in Insects and Hexapoda. However, when we examined a sample of 167 insect genomes, we detected at least one aromatic aldehyde synthase and at least one aldehyde oxidase in 80.8 and 94% of the genomes, respectively, which suggest that these enzymes are more widespread in insect genomes even if undetected in transcriptomes of adult insects and hexapods. However, it is likely that some of these putative aromatic aldehyde synthase proteins are homologs of 3, 4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde synthase, which is involved in cuticular hardening, rather than being homologs of the sole aromatic aldehyde synthase as yet identified to convert Trp to IAAld. So, both the TAM pathway and the ne","PeriodicalId":8409,"journal":{"name":"Arthropod-Plant Interactions","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142737028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Can silicon complement mutation-derived resistance to cowpea aphid?","authors":"Kennedy J. Zimba,&nbsp;Philemon H. Sohati,&nbsp;Kalaluka Munyinda,&nbsp;Joe M. Roberts,&nbsp;Tom W. Pope","doi":"10.1007/s11829-024-10116-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11829-024-10116-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigated whether silicon applied as a drench to cowpea (<i>Vigna unguiculata</i> L.) could complement mutation-derived resistance to cowpea aphid (<i>Aphis craccivora</i> Koch). Lutembwe is a cowpea variety widely grown in Zambia but is susceptible to aphids. Genotypes LT 3-8-4-1, LT 4-2-4-1 and LT 11-3-3-12 are cowpea mutants derived from Lutembwe using gamma irradiation and have been identified as having partial resistance to cowpea aphid. Silicon accumulation capacity of cowpea genotypes and aphid performance parameters including colony growth, mean relative growth rate and feeding behaviour were assessed. Where silicon was applied to plants significantly higher silicon concentrations were recorded in LT 3-8-4-1, LT 4-2-4-1, LT 11-3-3-12 and Lutembwe genotypes compared to untreated plants. Silicon application on Lutembwe resulted in slower aphid colony growth and lower mean relative growth rates compared to untreated plants. Electrical penetration graph recordings of aphid feeding on silicon-treated Lutembwe plants showed that silicon-derived aphid resistance is mediated by phloem-based resistance factors. Silicon application to LT 3-8-4-1, LT 4-2-4-1 and LT 11-3-3-12, however, did not enhance aphid resistance. This may be due to the partial resistance of mutation-derived genotypes masking any benefits from silicon application to these plants. These results indicate that silicon application or use of mutation-derived genotypes may be effective tools with which to manage aphids on cowpea, but there appears to be little benefit of combining these approaches. This has important implications for developing an integrated pest management framework for cowpea aphid.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8409,"journal":{"name":"Arthropod-Plant Interactions","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142737148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The adaptive ability of Hyphantria cunea larvae to induced chemical defenses of Morus alba, a high-preference host plant","authors":"Kexin Ding,&nbsp;Ruiqi Wang,&nbsp;Aoying Zhang,&nbsp;Lisha Yuan,&nbsp;Dun Jiang,&nbsp;Shanchun Yan","doi":"10.1007/s11829-024-10115-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11829-024-10115-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><i>Hyphantria cunea</i> is a significant invasive pest characterized by its polyphagous nature and robust reproductive capabilities. In the present study, the interaction between <i>Morus alba</i> seedlings and <i>H. cunea</i> larvae was revealed by combining the induced chemical defense of <i>M. alba</i> with the adaptive strategies of <i>H. cunea</i> larvae. Larval feeding damage swiftly triggers both local and systemic chemical defenses in <i>M. alba</i>, involving nutrients (amino acids, proteins, soluble sugars), secondary metabolites (total phenol, total flavone, tannin, lignin), and flavonoid synthesis pathways. Mild damage induced defense responses in <i>M. alba</i> that persisted until day 21, inhibiting the growth of a subsequent batch of <i>H. cunea</i> larvae after 7 days of continuous feeding. Conversely, at moderate damage levels, these induced defenses diminished by day 21, temporarily failing to affect the larval growth. In response to these defenses, <i>H. cunea</i> larvae significantly up-regulated the expression of most detoxification enzyme genes, which remained active throughout. Initially, some trypsin and lipase genes in the larvae were significantly up-regulated, but with prolonged feeding, gene expression shifted towards the α-amylase family. Feeding by <i>H. cunea</i> larvae can stimulate the induced chemical defense of <i>M. alba</i>. The <i>H. cunea</i> larvae can adapt to the <i>M. alba</i> chemical defense by modulating their digestive and metabolic detoxification mechanisms.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":8409,"journal":{"name":"Arthropod-Plant Interactions","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142737092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of foliar herbivory on the vegetative and reproductive traits of Malpighiaceae from Cerrado: when the ontogeny of leaves and flowers matters","authors":"Rodrigo do Rosario Nogueira,&nbsp;Bruno de Sousa-Lopes,&nbsp;Kleber Del-Claro","doi":"10.1007/s11829-024-10109-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11829-024-10109-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Herbivory plays a central role in the structure of plant communities. However, there is a scarcity of research that simultaneously examines the impact of herbivory on both vegetative and reproductive traits. Using two species of <i>Malpighiaceae</i> as ecological models, <i>Byrsonima intermedia</i> and <i>Peixotoa tomentosa</i>, we hypothesized that plants that are free from herbivory exhibit greater growth and higher performance in vegetative (number of leaves) and reproductive (number of buds, flowers, and fruits) traits compared to plants subjected to natural herbivory. We conducted an experimental field study regarding the presence or absence of insect herbivores on plants and assessed plant traits for a 5-month interval in a Brazilian savanna area, the Cerrado. Our results revealed that <i>B. intermedia</i> individuals free from herbivory produced 4.3 times more young leaves compared to those subjected to herbivory. Regarding reproductive traits, we observed that the percentage of buds that successfully flowered was significantly higher in <i>P. tomentosa</i> individuals without herbivory than in those experiencing herbivory. Therefore, we suggest that the leaf herbivory may affect the plant’s vegetative and reproductive structures differently according to their ontogeny. The production of young leaves and the maturation of flower buds into flowers is lower when leaf herbivory occurs. However, to confirm this pattern, long-term studies should be carried out and consider the chemical compounds of the plants and the nutritional composition of the soil.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8409,"journal":{"name":"Arthropod-Plant Interactions","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142694784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trap cropping for insect pests in the Canadian Prairies: a review and a case study","authors":"H. Cárcamo,&nbsp;J. Tansey,&nbsp;B. Beres,&nbsp;H. A. Catton,&nbsp;B. Tidemann,&nbsp;P. Reid,&nbsp;M. A. Vankosky","doi":"10.1007/s11829-024-10103-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11829-024-10103-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The Canadian Prairies are one of the major agricultural regions of the world in terms of cereal, oilseed and pulse crop production. With few exceptions, major insect pests like grasshoppers, flea beetles, <i>Lygus</i> bugs, wireworms and pea leaf weevils are controlled with insecticides. Wheat stem sawfly is managed through host plant resistance and endemic natural enemies, whereas cereal leaf beetle is managed through classical biological control. Large farms and short growing seasons in the region present logistical challenges to adopt time intensive pest management systems such as trap crops. Therefore, there is no adoption of trap crops even though some research has demonstrated their potential. In this article we present a brief overview of the pest status and management, and we summarize research on trap crops in the Prairies Ecozone and adjacent ecoregions. We conclude the review with some innovative research ideas to make trap cropping a more appealing pest management system in our quest to reduce dependency on chemical insecticides and increase the environmental resilience of Canadian agroecosystems.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8409,"journal":{"name":"Arthropod-Plant Interactions","volume":"18 6","pages":"1201 - 1218"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11829-024-10103-3.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142598901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modeling the effects of trap crop attraction strength, patch dispersion, and biological control on pest suppression","authors":"John E. Banks,&nbsp;Amanda Laubmeier","doi":"10.1007/s11829-024-10106-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11829-024-10106-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Trap cropping has long been an important component of integrated pest management schemes in agricultural ecosystems. Spatial dispersion and the strength of attraction of trap crops relative to principal crops, along with insect movement behavior, may all moderate the efficacy of trap cropping in controlling pests. Here we employ a simple differential-equation patch model to explore the interplay of trap cropping and biological control. In particular, we vary attraction strength to trap crops along with predator foraging behavior (mobility and directedness) to determine the relative influences of these factors on herbivore suppression. Our results highlight the fact pest suppression is mediated by the relative palatability of trap crops to both pests and predators, and somewhat mediated by the spatial dispersion of trap crops. We discuss the potential for using trap crops in combination with natural enemies to boost pest suppression in annual cropping systems.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8409,"journal":{"name":"Arthropod-Plant Interactions","volume":"18 6","pages":"1151 - 1159"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142598876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Attract and kill: testing the potential of an entomopathogenic fungus to convert a trap crop into a dead-end trap crop against a soil-borne pest of vegetables","authors":"Fabrice Lamy,&nbsp;Margaux Treguy,&nbsp;Loïc Daniel,&nbsp;Sundar Thapa,&nbsp;Vincent Faloya,&nbsp;Nicolai V. Meyling,&nbsp;Anne Marie Cortesero","doi":"10.1007/s11829-024-10105-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11829-024-10105-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Trap crops and entomopathogenic fungi can provide partial solutions for integrated pest management, by attracting and killing insect pests, respectively, but both solutions have some limitations restricting their practical field applications. Both solutions have been tested against a major soil-borne pest of brassicaceous vegetables, the cabbage root fly <i>Delia radicum</i>. Chinese cabbage is very attractive to this pest, but it is also a high-quality host plant for developing larvae of <i>D. radicum</i>, which limits the application as a trap crop in the field. The entomopathogenic fungus <i>Metarhizium brunneum</i> can infect <i>D. radicum</i> larvae in the soil, but <i>M. brunneum</i> has not proved to be sufficiently effective in reducing damages caused by cabbage root fly. In the present work, we evaluated whether the entomopathogenic fungus <i>M. brunneum</i> can be used to regulate <i>D. radicum</i> populations together with trap crops by inoculating Chinese cabbage and broccoli plants at sowing with <i>M. brunneum</i> colonized rice grains before transplantation of small plants to field soil. The evaluation was performed under natural fly infestation. In both plant treatments, <i>D. radicum</i> infestations were high with no or only moderate effect of the fungus inoculation on the number of larvae and pupae recorded, despite evidence of successful fungal infections. On broccoli plants, our results clearly demonstrated that the <i>M. brunneum</i> application was inefficient in reducing number of <i>D. radicum</i> stages in the soil and resulting plant mortality. However, in the trap crop, Chinese cabbage, <i>M. brunneum</i> inoculation reduced the number of <i>D. radicum</i> imagos emerging from the plants by 36%. Hence, the strategy is likely to have effects on the next <i>D. radicum</i> generation. This result is the first to indicate complementarity between the ‘attract’ and ‘kill’ strategies to control pest development inside a favorable trap crop and prevent future pest population outbreaks. Also, from both plant inoculation treatments, some emerging <i>D. radicum</i> imagos developed <i>M. brunneum</i> infection, which may assist the transmission of the entomopathogenic fungus among adult populations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8409,"journal":{"name":"Arthropod-Plant Interactions","volume":"18 6","pages":"1263 - 1273"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11829-024-10105-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142598877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What do Lygus like? Looking for potential trap crops to reduce faba bean damage","authors":"Teresa Aguiar-Cordero,&nbsp;Héctor Cárcamo,&nbsp;Sean Prager","doi":"10.1007/s11829-024-10095-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11829-024-10095-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Grain legumes, such as faba bean (<i>Vicia faba L.</i>), are crucial for protein supply and soil fertility enhancement through nitrogen fixation. However, faba bean cultivation is challenged by <i>Lygus</i> plant bugs (Hemiptera: Miridae), which cause significant crop damage and seed quality loss. This study aimed to evaluate <i>Lygus</i> preferences between faba bean and alternative crops to develop effective management strategies. We conducted choice bioassay experiments under laboratory conditions and field plot experiments. Laboratory results indicated sex-based host preferences, with males favoring faba beans and females preferring canola. Field studies showed that faba beans adjacent to canola had higher <i>Lygus</i> abundance and damage compared to those next to peas, flax, and safflower. Safflower and sunflower demonstrated potential as trap crops to reduce <i>Lygus</i> damage to faba beans. Our findings provide insights into <i>Lygus</i> behavior and suggest that a combination of trap cropping, and targeted insecticide use could mitigate the impact of <i>Lygus</i> infestations on faba bean cultivation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8409,"journal":{"name":"Arthropod-Plant Interactions","volume":"18 6","pages":"1189 - 1199"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11829-024-10095-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142598862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advances in trap cropping","authors":"Francisco Rubén Badenes-Pérez,&nbsp;Heikki M. T. Hokkanen","doi":"10.1007/s11829-024-10104-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11829-024-10104-2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8409,"journal":{"name":"Arthropod-Plant Interactions","volume":"18 6","pages":"1147 - 1149"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142598834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}