Policy brief (Commonwealth Fund)最新文献

When Digital and Physical World Combine: The Metaverse and Gamification of Violent Extremism 当数字和物理世界结合:暴力极端主义的虚拟世界和游戏化

Policy brief (Commonwealth Fund) Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.19165/hczj7464

Suraj Lakhani

{"title":"When Digital and Physical World Combine: The Metaverse and Gamification of Violent Extremism","authors":"Suraj Lakhani","doi":"10.19165/hczj7464","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19165/hczj7464","url":null,"abstract":"From early Bulletin Board Systems adopted by neo-Nazis to the Islamic State’s more recent prolific use of social media platforms, an aspect of terrorism studies that is generally agreed upon is that violent extremists are often early adopters of emerging technologies. These groups, organisations, and networks have demonstrated innovative uses of these digital spaces, harnessed for recruitment, coordination, community building, attack planning, propaganda dissemination, and other purposes. Alongside studying these phenomena, it is important to explore where future trends lie; particularly as findings and recommendations can ensure that relevant stakeholders are aware of and can begin to prepare for emerging threats. This paper considers the potential exploitation of Web 3.0, specifically the metaverse, by violent extremists and explores conceivable opportunities to undertake nefarious activities within these spaces. There is a particular focus on the gamification of violent extremism in the metaverse, an issue—i.e. the gamification of violent extremism—that is causing increasing concern to terrorism practitioners more generally. Although it is difficult to predict exactly how violent extremists will utilise, exploit, and misuse the metaverse and related technologies due to the early stage of its conceptualisation and development, it is possible to develop hypotheses based on past trends and current examples demonstrating manipulation of online spaces that resemble aspects of the metaverse. In fact, aspects of the gamification of violent extremism in the metaverse may well have distinct overlaps with current threats, but simply utilise emerging technologies and take place within developing and more immersive online spaces.","PeriodicalId":83863,"journal":{"name":"Policy brief (Commonwealth Fund)","volume":"263 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135143632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Public Health Crisis and Hate Crimes: Deciphering the Proliferation of Anti-Asian Violence in the US Before and During Covid-19 公共卫生危机与仇恨犯罪:解读新冠疫情之前和期间美国反亚洲暴力的扩散

Policy brief (Commonwealth Fund) Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.19165/ywmk7593

Mengyan Liu, Natalie Anastasio, Hope LeFreniere, Arie Perliger

{"title":"Public Health Crisis and Hate Crimes: Deciphering the Proliferation of Anti-Asian Violence in the US Before and During Covid-19","authors":"Mengyan Liu, Natalie Anastasio, Hope LeFreniere, Arie Perliger","doi":"10.19165/ywmk7593","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19165/ywmk7593","url":null,"abstract":"The substantial increase in far-right violence in the United States in the last few years was also manifested by the intensification of attacks against Asian American communities and individuals. This trend was especially evident during the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. The current paper utilises a natural experimental design and a multitude of analyses (descriptive, geospatial, and advanced regressions) to illustrate the intricate combination of factors that facilitated anti-Asian violence during the pandemic and the various paths in which public health crises may enhance the persecution of minorities. The findings illustrate that the main drivers of anti-Asian violence are not related to changing focus among organised hate groups, but to environmental and economic stress factors which combine with existing xenophobic narratives, have legitimised anti-Asian violence. Additionally, we identified a clear association between othering rhetoric, also operationalised by President’s Trump kung flu remarks and the subsequent increase in anti-Asian violence. Overall, our findings provide important insights into our understanding of the endogenous and exogenous factors that facilitate hate-related violence against minorities during public health crises.","PeriodicalId":83863,"journal":{"name":"Policy brief (Commonwealth Fund)","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135142566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Is Far-Right Violence Actually Increasing in Australia? Tracking Far-Right Terrorism and Violence in Australia 澳大利亚极右翼暴力事件是否在增加?追踪澳大利亚极右翼恐怖主义和暴力

Policy brief (Commonwealth Fund) Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.19165/vayr2669

Shandon Harris-Hogan

{"title":"Is Far-Right Violence Actually Increasing in Australia? Tracking Far-Right Terrorism and Violence in Australia","authors":"Shandon Harris-Hogan","doi":"10.19165/vayr2669","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19165/vayr2669","url":null,"abstract":"In recent times, governments throughout the Western world have warned of an increase in far-right violence. A range of government and academic sources have also made spectacular claims regarding a rise in far-right violence in Australia. However, for a range of reasons, the actual prevalence of far-right violence occurring in Australia remains largely unknown. To address this gap in knowledge, the following documents acts of far-right violence and terrorism in Australia between 1990 and 2020. This study demonstrates that no clear increase has actually occurred. A total of 181 incidents are identified across almost all geographic locations, with concentrations of violence noted in Melbourne and North Queensland. A clear spike in violent incidents was identified between 2005 and 2010. However, a complete reduction in fatal violence has occurred since that time, and there has also been a notable reduction in violent events across most years since that peak. Notably, only a vanishingly small number of incidents were perpetrated by individuals associated with organised far-right groups. Rather, the vast majority of attacks are committed by lone actors or small unorganised groups, often spontaneously. To date, this more chronic form of far-right violence has been almost entirely overlooked by policymakers. Moving forward, it will be interesting to see if Australia’s existing counter-terrorism and countering violent extremism infrastructure, built primarily to address a Jihadist threat that is highly networked, geographically concentrated and transnationally linked, can be adapted to combat a far-right that is largely unorganised and geographically decentralised.","PeriodicalId":83863,"journal":{"name":"Policy brief (Commonwealth Fund)","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135142564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Metaverse and Terrorism: Threats and Challenges 虚拟世界与恐怖主义:威胁与挑战

Policy brief (Commonwealth Fund) Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.19165/elim4426

Gabriele Weimann, Roy Dimant

{"title":"The Metaverse and Terrorism: Threats and Challenges","authors":"Gabriele Weimann, Roy Dimant","doi":"10.19165/elim4426","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19165/elim4426","url":null,"abstract":"The metaverse is currently the leading hype in the digital world because of its seemingly infinite potential and possibilities. Large corporations are drawn to the metaverse because it appears as the cutting edge of digital and technological developments. The metaverse is presented by communication technology companies as the next Internet, a leap towards a universe of boundless, interconnected virtual communities. However, there are many potential risks and challenges that the metaverse raises, including technical, legal, security, business, tax, privacy, security, and users’ well-being and safety (among many others). Cyber-savvy terrorists have been highly resourceful in adapting and applying online platforms and have taken advantage of every new development, platform, and application. Based on their past record, it is reasonable to assume that the metaverse is a new dimension that terrorists and violent extremists are poised to study, examine, and possibly utilise. This research note explores some potential uses of the metaverse by terrorists and suggests preemptive measures to minimise the risks of them doing so. If the advancement of the metaverse or similar developments is inevitable, we should consider risks and abuses and think more carefully about them when moving forward.","PeriodicalId":83863,"journal":{"name":"Policy brief (Commonwealth Fund)","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135142567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Rallying Around Empty Signifiers: Understanding and Defiing Anit-Givernemnt Protest in the Netherlands 围绕空的能指集会:理解和定义荷兰的反政府抗议

Policy brief (Commonwealth Fund) Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.19165/obvk6256

Isabelle Frens, Jelle van Buuren, Edwin Bakker

{"title":"Rallying Around Empty Signifiers: Understanding and Defiing Anit-Givernemnt Protest in the Netherlands","authors":"Isabelle Frens, Jelle van Buuren, Edwin Bakker","doi":"10.19165/obvk6256","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19165/obvk6256","url":null,"abstract":"As in many other parts of Europe, anti-government protest has been a topic of political and academic discussion in the Netherlands for some years. The definition of what anti-government protest entails and which groups and individuals it refers to is not as straightforward as it may seem. Where other institutions have attempted to place anti-governmental protest movements in frameworks of traditional extremist movements, the Dutch authorities describe the anti-government protestors as a group that is characterised by its pluriformity and fluidity. In 2022, they have even changed the term ‘anti-governmental’ to ‘anti-institutional’ to more broadly refer to the set of targets that the movement opposes, which includes government, but also the media, the scientific community, experts and the judicial system. In this paper we try to understand the anti-government, or anti-institutional, protest in the Netherlands using a different lens. We use Ernesto Laclau’s discourse theory and its concept of empty signifiers to show how opposed interests and goals can be seen as a unified ideology to its proponents. Instead of trying to primarily define the group of people who are anti-government by their actions or characteristics, we look at how those actors define themselves and how they see their struggle against the authorities. We describe the rise and dynamics of anti-government protest in the Netherlands since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, focusing on “genealogies” and the eclectic topics of the protest movement. We compare our observations with the definition of anti-governmental protest and the anti-institutional narrative as used by the authorities. We arrive at the conclusion that analysing the anti-government protest through the lens of their shared ideas and grievances gives us more insight into the nature and dynamics of this movement than solely looking through the lens of the potential threat to the","PeriodicalId":83863,"journal":{"name":"Policy brief (Commonwealth Fund)","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135142568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Studying Terror Through my I's: Autoethnographic Insider/Outsider Reflections of as Arab-Muslim 通过我的I's研究恐怖:作为阿拉伯-穆斯林的自我民族志内部/外部反思

Policy brief (Commonwealth Fund) Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.19165/dsuy8781

Ahmed Ajil

引用次数: 0

Demand for COVID-19 vaccines in poor urban settlements in Ghana 加纳贫困城市住区对COVID-19疫苗的需求

Policy brief (Commonwealth Fund) Pub Date : 2021-08-01 DOI: 10.3929/ETHZ-B-000499493

Koku Awoonor-Williams, E. Asiedu, Kathrin Durizzo, I. Günther, Dawit Sebhatu

引用次数: 0

Learning Loss During the Covid-19 Pandemic in Poor Urban Neighborhoods Covid-19大流行期间城市贫困社区的学习损失

Policy brief (Commonwealth Fund) Pub Date : 2021-08-01 DOI: 10.3929/ETHZ-B-000499490

E. Asiedu, Kathrin Durizzo, I. Günther, Natália Poláková

引用次数: 2

“Covid Fatigue” of the urban poor in Ghana? 加纳城市贫困人口的“Covid疲劳症”?

Policy brief (Commonwealth Fund) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.3929/ETHZ-B-000472430

E. Asiedu, Kathrin Durizzo, I. Günther

引用次数: 1

Research and Innovation Supporting the Farm to Fork Strategy of the European Commission 支持欧盟委员会从农场到餐桌战略的研究和创新

Policy brief (Commonwealth Fund) Pub Date : 2020-04-24 DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.10891.23840

R. Sonnino, C. Callenius, L. Lähteenmäki, J. Breda, J. Cahill, P. Caron, Z. Damianova, M. Gurinović, T. Lang, Andre Lapperière, C. Mango, J. Ryder, G. Verburg, T. Achterbosch, A. D. Boer, K. Kok, B. Regeer, J. Broerse, T. Cesuroglu, M. Gill

{"title":"Research and Innovation Supporting the Farm to Fork Strategy of the European Commission","authors":"R. Sonnino, C. Callenius, L. Lähteenmäki, J. Breda, J. Cahill, P. Caron, Z. Damianova, M. Gurinović, T. Lang, Andre Lapperière, C. Mango, J. Ryder, G. Verburg, T. Achterbosch, A. D. Boer, K. Kok, B. Regeer, J. Broerse, T. Cesuroglu, M. Gill","doi":"10.13140/RG.2.2.10891.23840","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.10891.23840","url":null,"abstract":"The EU Think Tank(as part of theFIT4FOOD2030 Coordination and Support Action) strongly supports the development of the Farm to Fork Strategy as a key component of the European Green Deal, recognising the need to transform the food system as a whole. This policy brief calls for innovative approaches tothe Farm to Fork Strategy to provide practical answersto two central questions: i) how can a shift towards healthier and more sustainable diets be facilitated?;and ii) how can all actors in the food system be empoweredto adopt more sustainable practices? Answers tothese questions raise the need fornew transdisciplinary, multi-actor and participatory Research and Innovation (R&I)approachesthat enable citizens,farmers, fishers, food processors, distributors, retailers and consumers to contribute to more coherent, cross policy-sector food initiatives that leverage on European food systems to deliver a balance of public goods (including food security and environmental integrity).","PeriodicalId":83863,"journal":{"name":"Policy brief (Commonwealth Fund)","volume":"74 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88232139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 5