AIHA journal : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety最新文献

{"title":"An occupational exposure assessment of a perfluorooctanesulfonyl fluoride production site: biomonitoring.","authors":"Geary W Olsen,&nbsp;Perry W Logan,&nbsp;Kristen J Hansen,&nbsp;Cathy A Simpson,&nbsp;Jean M Burris,&nbsp;Michele M Burlew,&nbsp;Phanasouk P Vorarath,&nbsp;Pothapragada Venkateswarlu,&nbsp;John C Schumpert,&nbsp;Jeffrey H Mandel","doi":"10.1202/375.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1202/375.1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This investigation randomly sampled a fluorochemical manufacturing employee population to determine the distribution of serum fluorochemical levels according to employees' jobs and work areas. Previous analyses of medical surveillance data have not shown significant associations between fluorochemical production employees' clinical chemistry and hematology tests and their serum PFOS and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA, C(7)F(15)COO(-)) concentrations, but may have been subject to nonparticipation bias. A random sample of the on-site film plant employee population, where fluorochemicals are not produced, determined their serum concentrations also. Of the 232 employees randomly selected for serum sampling, 186 (80%) employees participated (n=126 chemical plant; n=60 film plant). Sera samples were extracted using an ion-pairing extraction procedure and were quantitatively analyzed for seven fluorochemicals using high-pressure liquid chromatography electrospray tandem mass spectrometry methods. Geometric means (in parts per million) and 95% confidence intervals (in parentheses) of the random sample of 126 chemical plant employees were: PFOS 0.941 (0.787-1.126); PFOA 0.899 (0.722-1.120); perfluorohexanesulfonate 0.180 (0.145-0.223); N-ethyl perfluorooctanesulfonamidoacetate 0.008 (0.006-0.011); N-methyl perfluorooctanesulfonamidoacetate 0.081 (0.067-0.098); perfluorooctanesulfonamide 0.013 (0.009-0.018); and perfluorooctanesulfonamidoacetate 0.022 (0.018-0.029). These geometric means were approximately one order of magnitude higher than those observed for the film plant employees.</p>","PeriodicalId":83618,"journal":{"name":"AIHA journal : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety","volume":"64 5","pages":"651-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24008252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The performance of culture-based methods and microscopy for quantification of noninfectious airborne microorganisms in epidemiological studies of highly contaminated work environments.","authors":"W. Eduard","doi":"10.1080/15428110308984864","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15428110308984864","url":null,"abstract":"Airborne levels of microorganisms traditionally have been measured by culture-based methods. Culture-based methods are suitable for the detection of infectious agents, but their suitability for the detection of microorganisms with toxic and allergic effects is less clear, because these effects do not depend on viability of the organisms. During the last 15 years several noncultural methods have been developed for the quantification of airborne microorganisms, including microscopic methods. Microscopy may be expected to provide more valid exposure estimates of microorganisms than culture-based methods, because live and dead microorganisms can be detected. However, their validity may also depend on the ability to differentiate between species. The literature was searched for epidemiological studies in which exposure-response analyses were carried out using culture-based methods and/or microscopy. The influence of several factors on exposure-response associations were considered: design; population size; analytical method; sampling method; exposure levels; outcome; and confounder adjustment. Thirteen studies were found, including a total of 49 exposure-response analyses, and 45% of the analyses showed associations. It was found that the potential of microscopic methods to uncover exposure-response associations was only marginally better than that of culture-based methods (47 and 44%, respectively). Exposure-response associations were more often found with fungi (70%) than with gram-negative bacteria (50%) or total bacteria (22%), perhaps because fungal exposure is more strongly associated to respiratory outcomes than exposure to bacteria. But the shortcomings of the measurement methods may also be important. Further development of measurement methods for bacteria is therefore needed. The complex composition of bioaerosols in many work environments necessitate the assessment of exposure to multiple agents and multivariate statistical analysis of exposure-response associations.","PeriodicalId":83618,"journal":{"name":"AIHA journal : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety","volume":"84 1","pages":"684-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90468854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Achieving health, safety, and performance improvements through enhanced cost visibility and workplace partnerships.","authors":"K. Grant, J. Garland, T. Joachim, Andrew T. Wallen, Twyla Vital","doi":"10.1080/15428110308984860","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15428110308984860","url":null,"abstract":"Reduction in the environment, safety, and occupational health (ESOH) component of operational costs requires not only a better understanding of ESOH costs and requirements, but also the formation of effective partnerships between ESOH professionals, financial analysts, and shop workers to identify viable improvements to current practices. This article presents two case studies of efforts to enhance productivity and ESOH in corrosion control facilities at Randolph Air Force Base (AFB), Texas, and Robins AFB, Ga. At each site, activity-based cost models were created to increase the visibility of ESOH-related costs and target improvement opportunities. Analysis of the strip-and-paint processes for the T-38 aircraft at Randolph and the F-15 radome and C-141 aft cowl at Robins revealed that a large proportion of operating costs were tied to ESOH requirements and practices (22 and 39%, respectively). In each case ESOH professionals teamed with shop personnel to identify potential improvements in personal protective equipment use, waste disposal, tool selection, and work methods. This approach yielded alternatives projected to reduce total shop costs by 5 to 7%. This case study demonstrates how workplaces can identify cost-saving and efficiency-enhancing practices by partnering with ESOH professionals in planning and decision-making activities.","PeriodicalId":83618,"journal":{"name":"AIHA journal : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety","volume":"3 1","pages":"660-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84746369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stationary versus personal air sampling.","authors":"Dave Collins","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":83618,"journal":{"name":"AIHA journal : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety","volume":"64 5","pages":"597-8; author reply 598"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24037701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of statistical models to estimate the correlation between urinary benzene as biological indicator of exposure and air concentrations determined by personal monitoring.","authors":"D. Tolentino, Ezio Zenari, M. Dall'Olio, Gabriella Ruani, A. Gelormini, G. Mirone","doi":"10.1080/15428110308984855","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15428110308984855","url":null,"abstract":"This study evaluated the correlation between benzene in urine and in workplace air at low airborne benzene levels (below 1 ppm). Eleven workers were monitored over a period of 1-4 days at a petrochemical plant in Italy; samples of end-of-shift urine and workplace air were analyzed for benzene. A significant correlation, with a coefficient of determination R(2)=0.63, was found between urine and airborne benzene, confirming the results of previous studies. Two different statistical models were utilized to estimate urine benzene values of 9-16 microg/L corresponding to the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists' threshold limit value (TLV) of 0.5 ppm in workplace air. Not withstanding the variability inherent to biological monitoring, the results suggest application of biomonitoring as a trigger for identification of lower exposure level below, but approaching the TLV. Additionally, the proposed benzene biomonitoring may be useful in evaluating PPE effectiveness and use characteristics as well as dermal contribution to total exposure.","PeriodicalId":83618,"journal":{"name":"AIHA journal : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety","volume":"117 1","pages":"625-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89587881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of a passive aerosol sampler to size-selective pump samplers in indoor environments.","authors":"Jeff Wagner,&nbsp;Janet M Macher","doi":"10.1202/367.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1202/367.1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The objective of this work was to investigate the ability of the Wagner-Leith passive aerosol sampler to measure indoor exposures over periods of 24 hours to 2 weeks. An automated analysis technique was developed so that lower aerosol concentrations could be sampled over shorter time periods. A test of the new analytical method against a manual method showed good agreement. The passive sampler was tested alongside three pump-operated, size-selective samplers in indoor environments. Generally, good correlation with the active samplers was observed. Correlation with a personal impactor with uncoated substrates was not statistically significant, but the cyclone, MS&T impactor, and overall correlations had R(2) values of 0.73-0.88. Combining these data with a previous study produced an R(2) of 0.96 between passive and active results. Large discrepancies (up to 147%) between passive and personal impactor results were observed and were attributed to particle bounce in the impactor, passive sampler imprecision due to few collected fine particles, and problems with detection of organic particles in the passive sampler. The Wagner-Leith sampler has now been tested over five orders of magnitude in mass concentration, in which it has proved useful for obtaining aerosol size distributions, mass fractions, qualitative elemental analysis, and morphology of individual particles. The sampler has several limitations, including increased sensitivity to contamination when fewer particles are collected, uncertainties in sampling semi-volatile particles, and the need for some expertise and expense to analyze the passive samples.</p>","PeriodicalId":83618,"journal":{"name":"AIHA journal : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety","volume":"64 5","pages":"630-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24008166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An extended equation for rate coefficients for adsorption of organic vapors and gases on activated carbons in air-purifying respirator cartridges.","authors":"G O Wood,&nbsp;P Lodewyckx","doi":"10.1202/443.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1202/443.1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Organic vapor adsorption rates in air-purifying respirator cartridges (and other packed beds of activated carbon granules) need to be known for estimating service lives. The correlation of Lodewyckx and Vansant [AIHAJ 61:501-505 (2000)] for mass transfer coefficients for organic vapor adsorption onto activated carbon was tested with additional data from three sources. It was then extended to better describe all the data, including that for gases. The additional parameter that accomplished this was the square root of molar equilibrium capacity of the vapor or gas on the carbon. This change, along with skew corrections when appropriate, resulted in better correlations with all experimental rate coefficients.</p>","PeriodicalId":83618,"journal":{"name":"AIHA journal : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety","volume":"64 5","pages":"646-50"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24008243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ELPAT Program report: background and current status.","authors":"Fred I Grunder","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":83618,"journal":{"name":"AIHA journal : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety","volume":"64 5","pages":"710-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24037221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Asbestos exposure from gasket removal.","authors":"Richard Hatfield,&nbsp;William Longo,&nbsp;Larry Newton,&nbsp;John Templin","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":83618,"journal":{"name":"AIHA journal : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety","volume":"64 5","pages":"595; author reply 595-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24037700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exposure to diesel exhaust emissions on board locomotives.","authors":"B. Seshagiri","doi":"10.1080/15428110308984863","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15428110308984863","url":null,"abstract":"Measurements of diesel exhaust emissions (DEEs) were taken in the cabs of leading and trailing locomotives on 48 runs, under winter and summer conditions, on 9 different routes. The cab windows were kept open during the summer runs and closed during the winter runs. The average measurement duration was 9.5 hours. There was virtually no exposure to DEEs in the lead locomotives during winter or summer and very little in the trailing locomotives during winter. The average elemental carbon (EC) concentration in the trailing units of the summer trials was greater than or equal to the proposed American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists' threshold limit value/time-weighted average of 20 microg/m(3) on 26% of the runs, and was greater than or equal to 10 microg/m(3) on 63%. The concentrations of the gaseous components (nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, and carbon monoxide) were from 10 to 20 times below their respective threshold limit values. Mean EC concentration was 2.9 microg/m(3) (detection limit 2 microg/m(3)) during the winter runs and 17.1 microg/m(3) during summer. DEEs appeared to be fairly uniformly distributed in the trailing cabs. Configuration of the locomotives had a major impact on EC concentration, with the mean concentration being nearly three times higher in the forward-backward mode than in the forward-forward mode. Descriptive statistics such as means, medians, standard deviations, and so forth, are provided. Various types of statistical comparisons are reported. Recommendations for controlling exposure are made.","PeriodicalId":83618,"journal":{"name":"AIHA journal : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety","volume":"9 1","pages":"678-83"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88734362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}