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Archives of toxicology. Supplement. = Archiv fur Toxikologie. Supplement最新文献

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Behavior of laboratory animals under unnatural conditions. 实验动物在非自然条件下的行为。
Archives of toxicology. Supplement. = Archiv fur Toxikologie. Supplement Pub Date : 1998-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-46856-8_4
J Ladewig
{"title":"Behavior of laboratory animals under unnatural conditions.","authors":"J Ladewig","doi":"10.1007/978-3-642-46856-8_4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-46856-8_4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Domestic animals are animals whose living conditions and reproduction, among other things, are controlled by man. As such, the current discussion about the welfare of domestic animals is similar for farm, companion, laboratory, and zoo animals. It concerns identification of the behavioral and physiological needs of the animals and development of living conditions that enable them to satisfy these needs. The paper describes two approaches that have been used in behavior biology to identify such needs. One approach is the measurement of stress responses that may be activated when an animal's needs are not fulfilled. The other approach is the use of operant conditioning techniques to establish demand functions by which the motivation of an animal to perform a specific behavior is measured. It is concluded that, since welfare is characterized by the absence of a number of factors, such as stress, pain, fear, disease, hunger etc., many types of measurements must be applied to ensure optimal welfare.</p>","PeriodicalId":8353,"journal":{"name":"Archives of toxicology. Supplement. = Archiv fur Toxikologie. Supplement","volume":"20 ","pages":"41-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20371827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Developmental and reproductive toxicity of persistent environmental pollutants. 持久性环境污染物的发育和生殖毒性。
Archives of toxicology. Supplement. = Archiv fur Toxikologie. Supplement Pub Date : 1998-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-46856-8_10
I Brandt, C Berg, K Halldin, B Brunström
{"title":"Developmental and reproductive toxicity of persistent environmental pollutants.","authors":"I Brandt,&nbsp;C Berg,&nbsp;K Halldin,&nbsp;B Brunström","doi":"10.1007/978-3-642-46856-8_10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-46856-8_10","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8353,"journal":{"name":"Archives of toxicology. Supplement. = Archiv fur Toxikologie. Supplement","volume":"20 ","pages":"111-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20371833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 9
Animal locomotor behaviour as a health biomarker of chemical stress. 动物运动行为作为化学应激的健康生物标志物。
Archives of toxicology. Supplement. = Archiv fur Toxikologie. Supplement Pub Date : 1998-01-01
E Baatrup, M Bayley
{"title":"Animal locomotor behaviour as a health biomarker of chemical stress.","authors":"E Baatrup,&nbsp;M Bayley","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8353,"journal":{"name":"Archives of toxicology. Supplement. = Archiv fur Toxikologie. Supplement","volume":"20 ","pages":"163-78"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20371838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Animal locomotor behaviour as a health biomarker of chemical stress. 动物运动行为作为化学应激的健康生物标志物。
Archives of toxicology. Supplement. = Archiv fur Toxikologie. Supplement Pub Date : 1998-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-46856-8_15
E. Baatrup, M. Bayley
{"title":"Animal locomotor behaviour as a health biomarker of chemical stress.","authors":"E. Baatrup, M. Bayley","doi":"10.1007/978-3-642-46856-8_15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-46856-8_15","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8353,"journal":{"name":"Archives of toxicology. Supplement. = Archiv fur Toxikologie. Supplement","volume":"1 1","pages":"163-78"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73629380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 6
Use of transgenic mutational test systems in risk assessment of carcinogens. 转基因突变试验系统在致癌物风险评估中的应用。
Archives of toxicology. Supplement. = Archiv fur Toxikologie. Supplement Pub Date : 1998-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-46856-8_29
P Schmezer, C Eckert, U M Liegibel, R G Klein, H Bartsch
{"title":"Use of transgenic mutational test systems in risk assessment of carcinogens.","authors":"P Schmezer,&nbsp;C Eckert,&nbsp;U M Liegibel,&nbsp;R G Klein,&nbsp;H Bartsch","doi":"10.1007/978-3-642-46856-8_29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-46856-8_29","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Two transgenic in vivo mutation assays are described which are based on LacZ (Muta Mouse) and LacI (Big Blue) shuttle vector systems. Their utility has already been explored by a number of investigators including our laboratory. The evaluation of data derived from these assays confirm that they offer a practical method for studying mutagenic activity and mechanism in a wide range of tissues including those of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, these transgenic mutation assays are valuable tools to assess the organotropic effects of genotoxic carcinogens.</p>","PeriodicalId":8353,"journal":{"name":"Archives of toxicology. Supplement. = Archiv fur Toxikologie. Supplement","volume":"20 ","pages":"321-30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20368461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 17
Exposure of humans to complex chemical mixtures: hazard identification and risk assessment. 人类接触复杂化学混合物:危害识别和风险评估。
Archives of toxicology. Supplement. = Archiv fur Toxikologie. Supplement Pub Date : 1998-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-46856-8_32
V J Feron, J P Groten, P J van Bladeren
{"title":"Exposure of humans to complex chemical mixtures: hazard identification and risk assessment.","authors":"V J Feron,&nbsp;J P Groten,&nbsp;P J van Bladeren","doi":"10.1007/978-3-642-46856-8_32","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-46856-8_32","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A complex chemical mixture is defined as a mixture that consists of tens, hundreds or thousands of chemicals, and of which the composition is qualitatively and quantitatively not fully known. In contrast, a simple mixture consists of a relatively small number of chemicals, say ten or less, and the composition of which is fully known. In the present paper a number of options for hazard identification and risk assessment of complex chemical mixtures is discussed, and a scheme aimed at selecting the most appropriate approach for each (type of) complex mixture is presented. A conspicuous element of this scheme is the dichotomy of complex mixtures into mixtures that are readily available and mixtures that are virtually unavailable for testing in their entirety. Another characteristic aspect of the scheme is the inclusion of the \"top-ten\" and \"pseudo top-ten\" approaches, which in essence are ways to select the, say ten, most risky chemicals or pseudocomponents to be dealt with as a simple chemical mixture.</p>","PeriodicalId":8353,"journal":{"name":"Archives of toxicology. Supplement. = Archiv fur Toxikologie. Supplement","volume":"20 ","pages":"363-73"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/978-3-642-46856-8_32","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20369617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 39
Immunotoxicology: extrapolation from animal to man--estimation of the immunotoxicologic risk associated with TBTO exposure. 免疫毒理学:从动物到人类的外推——与TBTO暴露相关的免疫毒理学风险的估计。
Archives of toxicology. Supplement. = Archiv fur Toxikologie. Supplement Pub Date : 1998-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-46856-8_25
H Van Loveren, W Slob, R J Vandebriel, B N Hudspith, C Meredith, J Garssen
{"title":"Immunotoxicology: extrapolation from animal to man--estimation of the immunotoxicologic risk associated with TBTO exposure.","authors":"H Van Loveren,&nbsp;W Slob,&nbsp;R J Vandebriel,&nbsp;B N Hudspith,&nbsp;C Meredith,&nbsp;J Garssen","doi":"10.1007/978-3-642-46856-8_25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-46856-8_25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bis(tri-n-butyltin)oxide (TBTO) has been shown to be immunotoxic in rodents, resulting in decreased resistance to infections. The no-effect level assessed by estimating effects on host resistance in rats has been found to lie between 0.5 and 5.0 mg TBTO/kg food (0.025 and 0.25 mg/kg body weight). For risk assessment such animal data need to be extrapolated to the human situation. In risk assessment procedures uncertainty factors are used to account for interspecies variation (extrapolation from animal to man) and for variation within the human species. For both factors a value of 10 is often used, based on international guidelines. Hence, exposures below 0.00025 mg/kg body weight should not pose a risk for the human population. In the present study we have taken an alternative approach. We have produced dose-response curves for the effect of TBTO exposure on resistance to Trichinella spiralis. To extrapolate this curve to the human situation, we produced additional dose response data concerning in vitro effects of TBTO exposure on the mitogen responsiveness of both rat lymphoid cells and human blood cells. Using regression analyses of these dose-response data, we calculated a factor that accounts for interspecies variation (IEV) and a factor that accounts for intraspecies variation (IAV) within the human samples. Using these factors, we estimated the dose that decreases resistance in man to an infection. We choose 10% increase of the infectious load as a reference point which in our view is of biological significance. Based on these considerations, we estimated the dose that may affect resistance in adult humans at 0.04 mg/kg body weight. Pre- and postnatal exposure will probably result in effects at lower concentrations, due to the vulnerability of the developing immune system.</p>","PeriodicalId":8353,"journal":{"name":"Archives of toxicology. Supplement. = Archiv fur Toxikologie. Supplement","volume":"20 ","pages":"285-92"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20368457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 9
Excitotoxicity in the brain. 大脑中的兴奋性毒性。
Archives of toxicology. Supplement. = Archiv fur Toxikologie. Supplement Pub Date : 1998-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-46856-8_34
F Fonnum
{"title":"Excitotoxicity in the brain.","authors":"F Fonnum","doi":"10.1007/978-3-642-46856-8_34","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-46856-8_34","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8353,"journal":{"name":"Archives of toxicology. Supplement. = Archiv fur Toxikologie. Supplement","volume":"20 ","pages":"387-95"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/978-3-642-46856-8_34","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20369619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 18
Animal burdens versus human benefits--how should the ethical limits be drawn for use of animals as models in toxicology? 动物的负担与人类的利益——使用动物作为毒理学模型的伦理界限应该如何划定?
Archives of toxicology. Supplement. = Archiv fur Toxikologie. Supplement Pub Date : 1998-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-46856-8_3
P Sandøe, O Svendsen
{"title":"Animal burdens versus human benefits--how should the ethical limits be drawn for use of animals as models in toxicology?","authors":"P Sandøe,&nbsp;O Svendsen","doi":"10.1007/978-3-642-46856-8_3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-46856-8_3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8353,"journal":{"name":"Archives of toxicology. Supplement. = Archiv fur Toxikologie. Supplement","volume":"20 ","pages":"31-40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20371826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Soil ecotoxicological risk assessment: how to find avenues in a pitch dark labyrinth. 土壤生态毒理学风险评估:如何在漆黑的迷宫中寻找途径。
Archives of toxicology. Supplement. = Archiv fur Toxikologie. Supplement Pub Date : 1998-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-46856-8_8
H Eijsackers
{"title":"Soil ecotoxicological risk assessment: how to find avenues in a pitch dark labyrinth.","authors":"H Eijsackers","doi":"10.1007/978-3-642-46856-8_8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-46856-8_8","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8353,"journal":{"name":"Archives of toxicology. Supplement. = Archiv fur Toxikologie. Supplement","volume":"20 ","pages":"83-96"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20371831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
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