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The re‐establishment of the national monetary and banking system in Ethiopia 1941–1963 1941-1963年埃塞俄比亚国家货币和银行体系的重建
The South African journal of economic history : [journal of the Economic History Society of Southern Africa] Pub Date : 2009-09-01 DOI: 10.1080/10113430909511220
A. Mauri
{"title":"The re‐establishment of the national monetary and banking system in Ethiopia 1941–1963","authors":"A. Mauri","doi":"10.1080/10113430909511220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10113430909511220","url":null,"abstract":"This article describes and analyses the reconstruction process of the Ethiopian banking system as well as the reorganisation of the monetary setting of this country. Actions were begun in 1941, when the Italy’s short-lived colonial empire came to an end as a result of the liberation of Ethiopia during the second World War. The Emperor, returned to his country, intended to pursue in the monetary and financial field the same objectives on which the innovative policies he had introduced during the early 1930s were based: the creation of a Ethiopian-owned state bank and the establishment of a national monetary system. However designs for the achievement of Ethiopian monetary sovereignty and for the contextual creation of an issuing bank were strongly opposed by British authorities, who wanted to keep Ethiopia within the East African Currency Board area. A compromise solution was, however, found calling for a state-owned commercial bank. The State Bank of Ethiopia was, therefore, established in 1942 as corporate entity, by imperial proclamation, its capital being fully subscribed by the Ministry of Finance. Later, in 1945, it was possible, thanks to the US financial and political support, to give way to the national monetary system, based on the Ethiopian dollar, its parity being set at 5,52 grains of fine gold. The State Bank of Ethiopia besides functioning as a commercial bank was accordingly empowered to issue notes and coins and to manage monetary policy. This institution had performed well and had contributed significantly to the economic development of the country for two decades, but in the early 60s the need to improve the financial system by modifying its structure become evident. A two-tier banking system was, therefore, adopted in 1963, and implemented at the beginning of the following year, by splitting the State Bank of Ethiopia into two separate institutions: a pure central bank and a public-owned national commercial bank.","PeriodicalId":83269,"journal":{"name":"The South African journal of economic history : [journal of the Economic History Society of Southern Africa]","volume":"71 1","pages":"130 - 82"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80422426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Local effort and global connections the role of international linkages in the evolution of technological capabilities at SASOL 地方努力和全球联系:国际联系在发展SASOL技术能力方面的作用
The South African journal of economic history : [journal of the Economic History Society of Southern Africa] Pub Date : 2009-03-01 DOI: 10.1080/10113430909511213
Tracy Bromfield, Helena Barnard
{"title":"Local effort and global connections the role of international linkages in the evolution of technological capabilities at SASOL","authors":"Tracy Bromfield, Helena Barnard","doi":"10.1080/10113430909511213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10113430909511213","url":null,"abstract":"To what extent are international business connections useful to facilitate technological upgrading, and to what extent are they essential? And what types of international business connections are most appropriate in supporting firms' capacity development? The most successful examples of upgrading in the recent era, the Asian Tigers, were all outward-looking in their orientation, although the specific development strategies of the economic regions differed. Although some type of international business connection was important for all of them, they all invested in local capacity building. This article investigates the co-evolution of firm capacity and international linkages by looking at the South African chemicals firm Sasol.","PeriodicalId":83269,"journal":{"name":"The South African journal of economic history : [journal of the Economic History Society of Southern Africa]","volume":"108 1","pages":"30 - 68"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89367227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
The historical role of foreign equity portfolio capital in South Africa 外国股票投资组合资本在南非的历史作用
The South African journal of economic history : [journal of the Economic History Society of Southern Africa] Pub Date : 2009-03-01 DOI: 10.1080/10113430909511214
R. Gidlow
{"title":"The historical role of foreign equity portfolio capital in South Africa","authors":"R. Gidlow","doi":"10.1080/10113430909511214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10113430909511214","url":null,"abstract":"The role of foreign equity investors on the Johannesburg Securities Exchange (JSE) has a chequered history. The capital provided by such investors has proved to be volatile at times, but such capital has a long history, and has often proved to be crucial. Since the early 1990s there has been a resurgence in the flows of foreign equity portfolio capital into South Africa, which has played a key part in helping the country to finance deficits on the current account of the balance of payments. However, some analysts have been warning that the local economy is vulnerable to an emerging markets inspired sell-off of local equities by foreigners at some stage, while left wing elements such as Cosatu allege that foreign equity inflows onto the JSE are highly speculative, and have helped to create an environment in which the rand is overvalued leading to job losses in areas such as the manufacturing sector.","PeriodicalId":83269,"journal":{"name":"The South African journal of economic history : [journal of the Economic History Society of Southern Africa]","volume":"402 1","pages":"69 - 93"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79851758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
The role of banking development South African economic development during the period of functional stability 1850s‐1970s 19世纪50年代至70年代功能稳定时期南非经济发展中的银行发展作用
The South African journal of economic history : [journal of the Economic History Society of Southern Africa] Pub Date : 2009-03-01 DOI: 10.1080/10113430909511215
Stuart Jones
{"title":"The role of banking development South African economic development during the period of functional stability 1850s‐1970s","authors":"Stuart Jones","doi":"10.1080/10113430909511215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10113430909511215","url":null,"abstract":"The history of modern banking in Africa is in large part the story of banking in South Africa extending northwards and westwards, bringing best banking practice to regions that were either unbanked or under-banked. It was market driven. Politicians did not, in those days, direct what the banks must do, who they must employ, from whom they must procure their equity. In the nineteenth century, after 1850, the market reigned supreme in British ruled parts of Africa.","PeriodicalId":83269,"journal":{"name":"The South African journal of economic history : [journal of the Economic History Society of Southern Africa]","volume":"33 1","pages":"117 - 94"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74832210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
Transforming foreign policy the boycott of South African trade by the Finnish Transport Workers’ Union 1985–1992 改变外交政策，1985-1992年芬兰运输工人工会抵制南非贸易
The South African journal of economic history : [journal of the Economic History Society of Southern Africa] Pub Date : 2009-03-01 DOI: 10.1080/10113430909511212
Tapio Bergholm
{"title":"Transforming foreign policy the boycott of South African trade by the Finnish Transport Workers’ Union 1985–1992","authors":"Tapio Bergholm","doi":"10.1080/10113430909511212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10113430909511212","url":null,"abstract":"The executive committee of the Finnish Transport Workers' Union decided on 4 October 1985 to boycott all trade between South Africa and Finland. This was quite an extraordinary decision for several reasons. First of all, it was the first effective and long-term boycott of South African trade in the whole world.","PeriodicalId":83269,"journal":{"name":"The South African journal of economic history : [journal of the Economic History Society of Southern Africa]","volume":"41 1","pages":"1 - 29"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79605304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Savings for life to build the economy for the people the emergence of Afrikaner corporate conglomerates in South Africa 1918–2000 为生活储蓄，为人民建设经济1918年至2000年南非出现了阿非利卡人企业集团
The South African journal of economic history : [journal of the Economic History Society of Southern Africa] Pub Date : 2009-03-01 DOI: 10.1080/10113430909511216
G. Verhoef
{"title":"Savings for life to build the economy for the people the emergence of Afrikaner corporate conglomerates in South Africa 1918–2000","authors":"G. Verhoef","doi":"10.1080/10113430909511216","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10113430909511216","url":null,"abstract":"This article explores the establishment and growth of Sanlam, the South African life assurance company. Although its formation was primarily motivated by Afrikaner nationalist concerns, it was organised along sound business principles. As the initial social responsibility goals were achieved, its strategy was adjusted to compete in the growing modern South African and later global markets. The empowerment strategy of Afrikaners since the early decades of the twentieth century is also analysed. This strategy depended on the mobilisation of own resources, in this case savings in life assurance policies. Sanlam acted as the vehicle to strategise, plan and implement empowerment opportunities. Once this objective had been achieved, Sanlam started to promote Black economic empowerment. The article focuses on three broad developments: 1. the establishment and formative phase of Sanlam; 2. the expansion, diversification and acquisition of business interests; and 3. the return to core business once the initial aims were achieved.","PeriodicalId":83269,"journal":{"name":"The South African journal of economic history : [journal of the Economic History Society of Southern Africa]","volume":"29 1","pages":"118 - 163"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83293311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 11
Foreign banks, exchange controls and the future of the four pillars bank policy in South Africa 外资银行、外汇管制和未来南非银行政策的四大支柱
The South African journal of economic history : [journal of the Economic History Society of Southern Africa] Pub Date : 2008-09-01 DOI: 10.1080/10113430809511207
R. Gidlow
{"title":"Foreign banks, exchange controls and the future of the four pillars bank policy in South Africa","authors":"R. Gidlow","doi":"10.1080/10113430809511207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10113430809511207","url":null,"abstract":"The re-entry of the British banking group Barclays into South Africa via the takeover of Absa Bank in 2005 created a new dispensation for South African banking, while strengthening the role of foreign banks in the local banking sector. It may also lead to some rerating of the local banking industry because large foreign banks operating in this country can most probably count on support from both their parent owner banks as well as the Reserve Bank if a systemic risk to the banking system emerges.","PeriodicalId":83269,"journal":{"name":"The South African journal of economic history : [journal of the Economic History Society of Southern Africa]","volume":"15 1","pages":"28 - 61"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84869000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 5
Local Economic Development Agencies in South Africa Six years later 南非地方经济发展机构六年后
The South African journal of economic history : [journal of the Economic History Society of Southern Africa] Pub Date : 2008-09-01 DOI: 10.1080/10113430809511210
A. M. Pretorius, P. Blaauw
{"title":"Local Economic Development Agencies in South Africa Six years later","authors":"A. M. Pretorius, P. Blaauw","doi":"10.1080/10113430809511210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10113430809511210","url":null,"abstract":"A partnership between national and international stakeholders led to the establishment of four Local Economic Development Agencies (LEDAs) in four South African provinces between 1999 and 2003. The international players included the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), United Nations Office for Project Services (UNOPS) and the Italian government, which provided the funding. At the national level the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI), through the Enterprise Development Unit, provincial Departments of Economic Affairs, and local municipalities were involved.","PeriodicalId":83269,"journal":{"name":"The South African journal of economic history : [journal of the Economic History Society of Southern Africa]","volume":"7 1","pages":"155 - 183"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74888238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 21
EU enlargement and the future evolution of European banking 欧盟扩大和欧洲银行业的未来演变
The South African journal of economic history : [journal of the Economic History Society of Southern Africa] Pub Date : 2008-09-01 DOI: 10.1080/10113430809511208
T. Mokoena
{"title":"EU enlargement and the future evolution of European banking","authors":"T. Mokoena","doi":"10.1080/10113430809511208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10113430809511208","url":null,"abstract":"The introduction of the euro on 1 January 2002 in physical form as a single currency for 12 nations making up the European Monetary Union (EMU) represented an unprecedented historic milestone and continuity in the process of European integration that commenced in earnest with the Treaty of Rome in 1957. The advent of the euro as the medium of exchange, store of value, and unit of account affects an economy with a gross domestic product (GDP) of approximately $7 trillion and 303 million people who speak 11 languages. The EMU is part of the European Union's nine trillion-dollar economy constituted by 15 nations and 380 million inhabitants.","PeriodicalId":83269,"journal":{"name":"The South African journal of economic history : [journal of the Economic History Society of Southern Africa]","volume":"110 1","pages":"121 - 62"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80939087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The contribution of entrepreneurs to the emergence of manufacturing in South Africa before 1948 1948年前企业家对南非制造业兴起的贡献
The South African journal of economic history : [journal of the Economic History Society of Southern Africa] Pub Date : 2008-09-01 DOI: 10.1080/10113430809511211
S. Schirmer
{"title":"The contribution of entrepreneurs to the emergence of manufacturing in South Africa before 1948","authors":"S. Schirmer","doi":"10.1080/10113430809511211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10113430809511211","url":null,"abstract":"The early efforts of manufacturers have been dismissed as too small and too unsophisticated to matter. Despite some sympathetic depictions of regional developments during the 19th and early 20th Centuries, there has been a general tendency to write off pre-1930s manufacturing as : \"largely confined to the production of fairly basic consumer goods... a small and vulnerable sector, with strictly limited prospects for development\". Many writers also depict manufacturers as dependent creations of particular state policies and of the mining sector. The authors who hold these views usually date the emergence of 'real' manufacturing to 1925 or later, after the National Party, in a pact with the Labour Party, came into power and implemented a new kind of tariff policy.","PeriodicalId":83269,"journal":{"name":"The South African journal of economic history : [journal of the Economic History Society of Southern Africa]","volume":"28 1","pages":"184 - 215"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85224351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 16
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