Aquatic Ecology最新文献

{"title":"Ecological and morphological insights into Hippocampus haema (Han, Kim, Kai & Senou, 2017) in Geoje-Hansan bay, Korea","authors":"Ji Seong Kim,&nbsp;Myung Joon Kim,&nbsp;Yoon Ji Lee,&nbsp;Myeongseop Kim,&nbsp;Joo Myun Park,&nbsp;Seok Nam Kwak,&nbsp;Huitae Joo,&nbsp;Sang Heon Lee","doi":"10.1007/s10452-026-10298-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10452-026-10298-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The Korean seahorse, <i>Hippocampus haema</i>, was formerly misidentified as <i>H. coronatus</i> but has since been described as a distinct species, and its ecology remains poorly understood. This study examined the morphological characteristics of <i>H. haema</i> to enhance ecological understanding. A total of 913 seahorses collected from Geoje-Hansan Bay, Republic of Korea were measured for snout length (SnL), head length (HL), coronet height (CH), trunk length (TrL), tail length (TaL), height (Ht), and standard length (SL). Specimens were further categorized by sex and maturity to assess morphological differences. Males had significantly larger size-adjusted dimensions than females, with the exception of trunk length (t-test and Mann–Whitney U test, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.01). Immature seahorses displayed significantly lower SnL/SL but higher HL/SL, CH/SL, and Ht/SL compared to mature individuals (Mann–Whitney U test with Bonferroni correction, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.01). Seasonal variations were evident across all groups: males showed significant differences in HL/SL, CH/SL, TrL/SL, and TaL/SL, while females displayed seasonal variations in all morphometric proportions except for TaL/SL (Kruskal–Wallis test, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.01). Immature seahorses exhibited significant seasonal changes in HL/SL, CH/SL, and TaL/SL (Kruskal–Wallis test, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.01). Morphological variations in <i>H. haema</i> were associated with reproductive activity, feeding behavior, and attachment ability. These findings provide valuable insights into the species’ ecological adaptations and contribute to its conservation and management.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8262,"journal":{"name":"Aquatic Ecology","volume":"60 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147796476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unraveling the role of sulfide tolerance and iron accumulation in the invasive potential of Spartina alterniflora","authors":"Zhenzhen Zhao,&nbsp;Yanxiang Tao,&nbsp;Jing Hua,&nbsp;Liyu Cheng,&nbsp;Chiquan He,&nbsp;Daoyuan Wang","doi":"10.1007/s10452-026-10300-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10452-026-10300-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><i>Spartina alterniflora</i> is an invasive plant widely distributed in coastal areas of China, and the invasion has caused the accumulation of soil sulfur contents, while sulfide can accumulate to phytotoxic levels. It has been verified that <i>S. alterniflora</i> is more tolerant to sulfide than <i>Scirpus mariqueter</i>. Therefore, sulfide may be may play a significant role in <i>S. alterniflora</i> invasion, but the specific mechanism by which <i>S. alterniflora</i> tolerates sulfides in soil during the invasion process awaits further investigation. Through experiments with situ rhizoboxes in the Jiuduansha Wetland, we conducted field investigations to analyze soil sulfur (sulfate and sulfide) content, iron (Fe(II) and Fe(III)) content, and physicochemical properties. Meanwhile, the effect of roots on soil bacterial communities and sulfur cycle-related microorganisms was investigated. The soil sulfide content in <i>S. alterniflora</i> was 2.4 times higher, and sulfate content was 1.7 times higher than those in <i>S. mariqueter</i>. In the rhizoboxes of <i>S. alterniflora</i>, the contents of soil sulfide in the rhizosphere soil were significantly lower than that in bulk soil. The iron contents in the rhizosphere of <i>S. alterniflora</i> were 6 times higher than that in <i>S. mariqueter</i>. In conclusion, the <i>S. alterniflora</i> may gain an advantage in the invasion process by oxidizing the sulfide through radial oxygen loss and by enriching iron to mitigate high sulfide concentrations in the rhizosphere.</p>","PeriodicalId":8262,"journal":{"name":"Aquatic Ecology","volume":"60 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147796477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatial variation and individual specialization of stickleback diet in relation to trophic morphology","authors":"Ragna Guðrún Snorradóttir,&nbsp;Bjarni K. Kristjánsson,&nbsp;Joseph Phillips,&nbsp;Kasha Strickland","doi":"10.1007/s10452-026-10299-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10452-026-10299-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A population’s dietary niche, including individual variation and specialization, shapes the scope and strength of its trophic linkages. Individual diet variation may emerge in response to spatial variation in the selective pressures that shape trophic morphologies, such as food availability or competition. Therefore, characterizing dietary niche variation and its link to morphological differences among individuals is a key focus in evolutionary ecology. We examined how diet composition and individual specialization varied across space and trophic morphology in threespine stickleback (<i>Gasterosteus aculeatus</i>) in Lake Mývatn, Iceland. We found that trophic morphology and diet varied spatially, which may reflect dietary niche partitioning or environmental food availability. Diet variation correlated with body size and trophic morphology: smaller fish consumed more cladocerans, while larger fish ate more chironomid larvae, mollusks, and stickleback eggs. Gut length had the next strongest relationship with diet, with longer guts linked to harder prey and shorter guts associated with stickleback eggs. Gill raker length and head shape were also associated with diet variation, suggesting functional morphological feeding differences. Most stickleback were dietary generalists, but individuals from a relatively warm habitat were more specialized than the rest of the population. More specialized individuals tended to feed more on crustaceans or mollusks, as opposed to chironomids. However, specialization was not linked to trophic traits measured in this study, implying that it is underpinned by other traits. Our findings demonstrate spatial variation in diet and specialization in Mývatn stickleback, despite the population’s generalist feeding and limited spatial genetic differentiation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8262,"journal":{"name":"Aquatic Ecology","volume":"60 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10452-026-10299-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147738763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aquatic weed management under climate change: A review of biocontrol agent performance and adaptation strategies","authors":"Arnab Saha,&nbsp;Puja Ray","doi":"10.1007/s10452-026-10301-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10452-026-10301-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Climate change is accelerating ecological transformations in freshwater systems, profoundly influencing the growth, distribution, and ecological impact of invasive aquatic weeds. Rising temperatures, altered precipitation patterns, and elevated CO₂ levels are expanding the range and competitiveness of species such as kariba weed, <i>Salvinia molesta</i> D.S. Mitch (Salviniaceae), and water hyacinth, <i>Pontederia crassipes</i> von Martius (Pontederiaceae), etc., often at the expense of native flora and fauna, thus reshaping aquatic ecosystems. This narrative review examines how these environmental shifts not only favour weed proliferation but also compromise the performance of biological control agents by disrupting their life cycles, reducing host plant quality, and increasing environmental stress, which may cause far-reaching implications. It also highlights the importance of integrating ecological forecasting with sustainable interventions to safeguard aquatic biodiversity under changing climate regimes. The review underscores the need for climate-adaptive management strategies and targeted bioagent deployment, particularly in underutilized regions like India.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8262,"journal":{"name":"Aquatic Ecology","volume":"60 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147738225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ecosystem engineering by primary consumers increases long-term benthic primary production in Lake Mývatn, Iceland","authors":"Anthony R. Ives,&nbsp;Amanda R. McCormick,&nbsp;Joseph S. Phillips,&nbsp;K. Riley Book,&nbsp;Emily L. Adler,&nbsp;Jamieson C. Botsch,&nbsp;Árni Einarsson","doi":"10.1007/s10452-026-10280-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10452-026-10280-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Ecosystem engineers impact ecosystems by changing the physical environment in which species interact. In Lake Mývatn, Iceland, larvae of the midge <i>Tanytarsus gracilentus</i> function as ecosystem engineers by building tubes in the sediment that solidify the benthic surface and create a 3-dimensional structure on which microalgae can grow. To assess the ecosystem-scale effect of midge engineering, we took advantage of the natural high-amplitude fluctuations in <i>T. gracilentus</i> over a 13-year time series. We combined larval abundance data with benthic primary production under saturating light conditions (P_max) and pelagic in situ gross primary production (GPP) measured on average 8.4 times per summer. <i>T. gracilentus</i> abundance had a positive effect on benthic P_max, as expected from their ecosystem engineering, while pelagic GPP had a negative effect on benthic P_max, reflecting competition from phytoplankton. A complementary analysis of five replicate sediment cores taken on each of 26 sampling days of the time series shows a quantitatively similar positive effect of local-scale variation in larval midge abundance on benthic net ecosystem production (NEP) in space. Finally, we reanalyzed data from an experiment manipulating light levels and the presence/absence of midge larvae to show that larval engineering increased benthic NEP more at low than at high light levels. This indicates that at least part of the positive engineering effect of midges on benthic P_max arises from amelioration of light limitation through self-shading, likely due to the structure created by midge tubes. These results show that Mývatn's high benthic primary productivity is due not only to high inputs of nutrients but also to the ecosystem engineering of tube-forming midges.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8262,"journal":{"name":"Aquatic Ecology","volume":"60 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10452-026-10280-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147738226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Accurate identification of macroalgae species in aquatic ecosystems using convolutional neural networks","authors":"Mesut Ersin Sonmez,&nbsp;Emine Sukran Okudan,&nbsp;Numan Eczacioglu,&nbsp;Hatice Banu Keskinkaya,&nbsp;Betul Altinsoy,&nbsp;Numan Emre Gumus","doi":"10.1007/s10452-026-10302-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10452-026-10302-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Aquatic ecosystems utilize macroalgae as major primary producers of valuable organic compounds and nutrients, as well as providing accommodation for feeding, spawning, reproduction, and protection of other aquatic species. On the other hand, humans exploit macroalgae to produce new commercial products in various industries, including health and energy sectors. Accurate taxonomic identification of macroalgae relies on traditional morphological/molecular methods that are specialized, time-consuming and potentially destructive, thus hindering rapid decision-making in biodiversity monitoring and industrial applications, thus a rapid, reliable and cost-effective identification method with low workload is critical. A rapid, reliable and cost-effective identification of macroalgae using less workload is crucial for their use in these different industrial fields. This study identified a total of 35 macroalgae species, belonging to three phyla (10 species of Rhodophyta, 11 species of Ochrophyta, and 14 species of Chlorophyta), by employing five different Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) models (EfficientNetV2, DenseNet169, MobileNetV3, InceptionV3, and ResNet101). CNN is a type of artificial neural network developed to analyze visual data. One of our team members conducted dives at five different stations, capturing high-quality underwater photographs of these species. These photographs were then processed both for each species separately and collectively using the CNN models described above to perform automated feature extraction and classification. Among the CNN models, EfficientNet exhibited the highest accuracy performance, surpassing 99.85% for all individual species and the entire dataset combined. This study, to the best of our knowledge, is the first to use deep learning for the classification of multiple macroalgae species photographed in their natural environments.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8262,"journal":{"name":"Aquatic Ecology","volume":"60 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10452-026-10302-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147737629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impacts of aqueous extracts of tree leaves on the aquatic snail Potamopyrgus antipodarum: exploring the roles of leaf habit and geographic origin","authors":"Alberto Romero-Blanco,&nbsp;Paula Cruces,&nbsp;Celeste Llandres,&nbsp;Beatriz R. Vázquez-de-Aldana,&nbsp;Virginia O. González-Blanco,&nbsp;Pilar Castro-Díez,&nbsp;Álvaro Alonso","doi":"10.1007/s10452-026-10296-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10452-026-10296-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The introduction of exotic tree species with dissimilar leaf habits or distinctive chemical composition into native communities may cause impacts on aquatic organisms, yet the relative influence of leaf habit and geographic origin on those impacts remain poorly understood. In this study, we experimentally explored the ecotoxicological effects of aqueous leaf litter extracts from 15 tree species differing in leaf habit (deciduous vs evergreen) and geographic origin (exotics vs natives in Spain) on the mortality and behavior of the aquatic snail <i>Potamopyrgus antipodarum</i> (Gray, 1843). Snails were exposed for 7 days to three leaf extract concentrations of each tree species. No mortality effects were observed at any concentration. In contrast, the behavioral responses of snails were negatively affected at the highest concentration, showing increased reaction time and reduced speed. These responses were species-specific and associated with leaf habit and chemical composition of extracts rather than geographic origin. Leaf extracts from deciduous trees caused a greater slowing down of snails than extracts from evergreen trees. Overall, our results indicate that leaf litter impacts on <i>Potamopyrgus antiporadrum</i> depend more on tree species identity and leaf habit than on native or exotic status, highlighting the importance of leaf traits when assessing ecotoxicological risks in freshwater ecosystems.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8262,"journal":{"name":"Aquatic Ecology","volume":"60 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10452-026-10296-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147642877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards an integrated fasciolosis control: pinpointing the role of macroinvertebrates and habitat characteristics as drivers of lymnaeid snail abundance in temporary wetlands","authors":"Yusuph Aron Kafula,&nbsp;Abubakari Said Mgelwa,&nbsp;Wambura Mashauri Mtemi,&nbsp;Mang’era Samwel Mnyoro","doi":"10.1007/s10452-026-10292-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10452-026-10292-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Fasciolosis is a neglected tropical disease causing significant economic losses and public health concerns particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa. Existing control mechanisms are thwarted by limited access to effective diagnostic tools and treatment options as well as high re-infection rates. Biological control of vectors is widely recognised as a potential strategy for neglected tropical diseases (such as malaria and schistosomiasis) management. However, little is known on potential interactions between lymnaeid snails and temporary wetlands invertebrates or habitat characteristics which can be exploited as natural interventions for fasciolosis control. We investigated habitat characteristics and invertebrate communities in 60 temporary wetlands as potential habitats of lymnaeid snails. We then determined significant variables explaining the abundance of lymnaeid snails in temporary wetlands of the Lake Victoria Basin (LVB). Counter-intuitively, of the studied habitat characteristics only openwater proportion and phycocyanin levels had significant effect on lymnaeid snail abundance. Additionally, abundance of fairy shrimps (<i>Streptocephalus</i> spp.), larvae of damselflies (<i>Pseudagrion</i> sp.) and water-veneer moths (<i>Donacaula</i> sp.) significantly affected lymnaeid snail abundance. Increase in phycocyanin (cyanobacteria) levels fostered proliferation of lymnaeid snails. Interaction between damselflies and moth larvae on juvenile lymnaeid snails suggests possible use of the species as biological control. Existing interspecific competition between fairy shrimps and lymnaeid snails can also be exploited. Moreover, limiting algal blooms formation may suppress proliferation of lymnaeid snails. We therefore contend that, an understanding of disease vectors biotic interactions in their habitat is cornerstone in developing complementary strategies for fasciolosis control.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8262,"journal":{"name":"Aquatic Ecology","volume":"60 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147642878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seasonal dynamics of Nitzschia palea in relation to environmental parameters in Sidi Chahed Reservoir and its tributaries (Oued Mikkes and Oued Mellah), Morocco","authors":"Youssef Ouballouk,&nbsp;Abdelkader Chahlaoui,&nbsp;Abdelilah Rahou,&nbsp;Abdelhak Saidi,&nbsp;Lhoussaine Jait","doi":"10.1007/s10452-026-10295-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10452-026-10295-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigates the spatio-temporal dynamics of the pollution-tolerant diatom <i>Nitzschia palea</i> and its environmental drivers in the Sidi Chahed Dam and its tributaries, Oued Mikkès and Oued Mellah (Morocco), a reservoir impacted by geogenic salinization and anthropogenic pressures. Monthly monitoring of water quality and diatom assemblages was conducted over the 2022–2023 hydrological year across six stations, encompassing the main tributaries and the reservoir’s water column. Results revealed pronounced environmental gradients, with Station S1 on Oued Mellah (draining Triassic evaporites) exhibiting extreme salinity (max 0.20%), conductivity (3.82 mS/cm), and chloride levels (1625.9 mg/L). While ANOVA indicated significant seasonal variation overriding spatial differences for most parameters, <i>N. palea</i>’s relative abundance (0–39.5%) showed significant positive correlations with salinity (ρ = 0.44), conductivity (ρ = 0.44), calcium (ρ = 0.42), and chlorides (ρ = 0.41). Its dominance was highest at the saline inflow (S1) and within the reservoir’s metalimnion (S5), peaking during autumn and summer under low-flow, high-evaporation conditions. Our findings suggest that <i>N. palea</i> serves as a robust bioindicator of combined geogenic and anthropogenic stressors in semi-arid reservoirs, and may play a role in structuring microbial communities under salinity pressure, though further functional studies are needed to confirm this. This work underscores the need to interpret diatom signals within the geological and climatic context of Northwest African freshwater ecosystems.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8262,"journal":{"name":"Aquatic Ecology","volume":"60 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147642392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Growth and physiological responses of Suaeda salsa to short-term water-level fluctuation in the Yellow River estuary under the influence of water and sediment regulation program","authors":"Hongli Song,&nbsp;Yanli Yang,&nbsp;Lizhi Wang,&nbsp;Juan An,&nbsp;Yuanzhi Wu,&nbsp;Xiyuan Wu","doi":"10.1007/s10452-026-10293-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10452-026-10293-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The implementation of anthropogenic activities, such as the Water and Sediment Regulation Program (WSRP), has altered the water conditions in the Yellow River Delta; the MNDWI (Modified Normalized Difference Water Index) showed that the water-body area in the North and South Bank Restoration Zone increased by as much as 1,411,200 m² after water supplementation. Therefore, research is needed on how water conditions affect normal vegetation growth in the ecosystem. This study used micro-area simulation experiments with varying flooding depths (W₁:5, W₂:8, W₃:15, W₄:30 cm) and flooding durations (T₁:8, T₂:18, T₃:28, T₄:38 days) to better understand how flooding conditions affect the growth and adaptive mechanisms of the <i>Suaeda salsa</i> under the influence of WSRP. The indicators of biomass, antioxidant enzyme activities, and nutrient element contents were also determined. According to the findings, <i>S. salsa</i> growth was impacted by the depth and duration of flooding, showing a decrease and decreasing-increasing pattern, respectively, as these factors increased. The W₂T₄ treatment had the highest total biomass (610.91 ± 16.81 g m⁻²), while the W₄T₃ treatment had the lowest (375.89 ± 30.29 g m⁻²). Certain adaptation processes were demonstrated by <i>S. salsa</i> under flooding conditions. In order to improve oxygen availability, it altered the biomass allocation ratio, increasing the percentage of stems and creating adventitious roots at the water–air interface. Additionally, the antioxidant enzyme activities in <i>S. salsa</i> were altered. Furthermore, flooding conditions may also have an impact on <i>S. salsa’s</i> ability to absorb nutrients like phosphate and nitrogen. The leaf N/P ratio was often less than 14 when flooded at depths of W₁ and W₂, but it was greater than 16 when flooded at a depth of W₄. Therefore, during their growth and developmental stages, plants can adjust their growth rates by changing the stoichiometric ratios of elements to adapt to changes in the external environment. This investigation investigates the consequences of flooding duration and depth on <i>S. salsa</i> and its adaptive mechanisms, thereby offering a framework for comprehending the influence of artificially induced flooding conditions, such as water and sediment regulation, on <i>S. salsa</i>.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8262,"journal":{"name":"Aquatic Ecology","volume":"60 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147606761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}