Aquatic EcologyPub Date : 2024-10-24DOI: 10.1007/s10452-024-10144-z
Hellen Ceriello, Gustavo R. Brito, Bruno Francesco Rodrigues de Oliveira, Marielton dos Passos Cunha, Sérgio N. Stampar
{"title":"Bullseye: shotgun metagenomics taking aim at the microbial diversity associated with tubes of Ceriantharia","authors":"Hellen Ceriello, Gustavo R. Brito, Bruno Francesco Rodrigues de Oliveira, Marielton dos Passos Cunha, Sérgio N. Stampar","doi":"10.1007/s10452-024-10144-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10452-024-10144-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study aimed to analyse the microbial biodiversity in ceriantharian tubes through shotgun metagenomics, to enhance the understanding of ecological dynamics in these microhabitats. We sampled two tubes of <i>Ceriantheomorphe brasiliensis</i> in Florianópolis (SC), and two tubes of <i>Ceriantheopsis lineata</i> in Alcatrazes archipelago (AK), South and Southeast Brazil, respectively. The environmental DNA from the tubes was extracted, amplified, and submitted to shotgun metagenomics sequencing on the Illumina HiSeq platform, and the biodiversity analysis was run using the Kraken2 software. Our results indicate that Ceriantharia-associated microbiomes likely harbour novel microbial diversity, as roughly only 8% of metagenomic reads were classified. Microbial composition was highly similar in both locations, with the Bacteria domain predominating, particularly the phyla Pseudomonadota and Actinomycetota. Nitrososphaerota was consistently the most common archaeal phylum in all samples. The bacterial classes Betaproteobacteria and Planctomycetia, and the archaeal class Nitrososphaeria were present in all four tubes, as were the bacterial family Pseudomonodaceae and the archaeal family Nitrosopumilaceae. Roseobactereaceae dominated alphaproteobacterial families from AK tubes, while Streptomycetaceae prevailed among actinobacterial families from SC tubes. The α-diversity indicates similar values between AK and SC samples, with slight distinctions favouring SC. β-diversity results show higher similarity within the same locations (AK or SC) than between different locations, highlighting spatial influence on microbial composition. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to address microbial composition found in ceriantharian tubes, using shotgun metagenomics, and our findings set up the scenario for a wider comprehension of these cnidarians as key holobionts in marine ecosystems.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8262,"journal":{"name":"Aquatic Ecology","volume":"58 4","pages":"1287 - 1300"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142595360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aquatic EcologyPub Date : 2024-10-23DOI: 10.1007/s10452-024-10147-w
Zong’an Jin, Hui Jin, Baoyan Gao, Chunfu Tong, Erik Jeppesen, Lars G. Rudstam, Henri J. Dumont, María de los Ángeles González Sagrario, Vladimir Razlutskij, Zhengwen Liu, Yali Tang, Xiufeng Zhang
{"title":"Effects of filter-feeding bivalves in benthic and pelagic habitats on plankton community and water quality in shallow systems: implications for lake rehabilitation","authors":"Zong’an Jin, Hui Jin, Baoyan Gao, Chunfu Tong, Erik Jeppesen, Lars G. Rudstam, Henri J. Dumont, María de los Ángeles González Sagrario, Vladimir Razlutskij, Zhengwen Liu, Yali Tang, Xiufeng Zhang","doi":"10.1007/s10452-024-10147-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10452-024-10147-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Filter-feeding bivalves have strong effects on ecosystem processes and functions. Bivalves may be used for the rehabilitation of eutrophic waters, either by being placed suspended in cages or on chains in pelagic habitats or stocked in benthic habitats. However, the effects of bivalves on the ecosystem may differ between the two habitats. A 5-week mesocosm experiment with bivalves (<i>Sinanodonta woodiana</i> Lea 1834) was conducted to test if filter-feeding bivalves suspended in pelagic habitats would improve water quality more efficiently than stocked bivalves in benthic habitats. Nutrients, suspended solids, light intensity, biomass of phytoplankton in different size fractions, and zooplankton were measured. Bivalves reduced the biomasses of total phytoplankton and nanophytoplankton and decreased the total phosphorus, total suspended solids, and organic suspended solids in both the benthic and the pelagic habitats. Bivalves also increased the light intensity and the biomass of periphyton and benthic algae. However, we found significantly higher ammonium nitrogen concentrations and higher periphyton biomass in the suspended bivalve treatment than in the benthic bivalve treatment. In both habitats, bivalve introduction reduced the abundance of cladocerans, increased the abundance of copepods but had no effect on the abundance of rotifers. The abundances of total zooplankton, cladocerans, copepods, and rotifers were similar in the treatments with suspended and benthic bivalves. These results confirm the strong effect of filter-feeding bivalves on plankton communities and their potential for the improvement of water quality whether suspended or occurring in the sediment, they indicate a potential of using filter-feeding bivalves in lake rehabilitation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8262,"journal":{"name":"Aquatic Ecology","volume":"59 1","pages":"53 - 66"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143361757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aquatic EcologyPub Date : 2024-10-23DOI: 10.1007/s10452-024-10145-y
Leticia Nery, Bruno Carvalho, Karina Dias-Silva, Thiago Bernardi Vieira, Felipe Ferraz Figueiredo Moreira
{"title":"Distribution and conservation of semiaquatic bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Gerromorpha) in the states of Alagoas and Sergipe, northeastern Brazil","authors":"Leticia Nery, Bruno Carvalho, Karina Dias-Silva, Thiago Bernardi Vieira, Felipe Ferraz Figueiredo Moreira","doi":"10.1007/s10452-024-10145-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10452-024-10145-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Aquatic and semiaquatic Heteroptera (Insecta: Hemiptera) are globally distributed and inhabit a wide range of lentic and lotic water bodies. Most semiaquatic bugs (Heteroptera: Gerromorpha) live on the water surface, among hydrophytes, or on the margins of limnic habitats. These predatory insects are particularly diverse in the Neotropical Region, but they are still very poorly known in the northeastern region of Brazil, especially in the Caatinga biome. Their distribution and conservation in the area have very recently started being explored. Based on literature data and samples obtained in the northeastern Brazilian states of Alagoas and Sergipe, we present here potential geographic distribution models for 17 species of semiaquatic bugs and a potential species richness map. We designed fieldwork to reduce sampling bias by including different mesoregions of the states and areas both within and outside local protected areas (PAs). Our results reveal that gerromorphan populations exhibit distinct distribution patterns in the study area, with several species showing high habitat specificity. Furthermore, they are generally well covered by the existing PAs and higher potential richness is likely related to the environmental integrity of these areas, which might play a crucial role in locally conserving aquatic insects. Furthermore, we show that a less dense vegetal cover negatively influenced the richness found in lotic systems. This highlights the importance of maintaining and effectively managing the PAs already established in these states.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8262,"journal":{"name":"Aquatic Ecology","volume":"59 1","pages":"21 - 37"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143362184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aquatic EcologyPub Date : 2024-10-23DOI: 10.1007/s10452-024-10146-x
Marissa Netti, Suzannah J. Bozarth, Jared W. Dickson, Marsha G. Williams, Lance R. Williams, Matthew J. Greenwold
{"title":"Niche partitioning of food resources by freshwater mussels in a multispecies mussel bed in the Sabine River, Texas","authors":"Marissa Netti, Suzannah J. Bozarth, Jared W. Dickson, Marsha G. Williams, Lance R. Williams, Matthew J. Greenwold","doi":"10.1007/s10452-024-10146-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10452-024-10146-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Freshwater mussels are filter feeders that play an integral role in keeping our water systems healthy. Filter feeding influences the entire ecosystem through the transfer of energy, cycling of nutrients, and purification of water. Freshwater mussels form multispecies assemblages which may lead to food resource competition among species. This study focuses on determining which suspended food resources freshwater mussels consume and evaluates if, and to what extent, mussels in a multispecies bed are partitioning available food resources. We examined the available food resources consumed by four species of freshwater mussels, Bleufer (<i>Potamilus purpuratus</i>), Pistolgrip (<i>Tritogonia verrucose</i>), Texas Pigtoe (<i>Fusconaia askewi</i>), and Yellow Sandshell (<i>Lampsilis teres</i>), from a single mussel bed in the upper Sabine River of East Texas. Using eDNA as a measure of food availability, we found that bacteria were consumed at a higher richness and diversity than phytoplankton or zooplankton. Furthermore, we found low niche overlap of bacteria between mussel species suggesting niche partitioning may be common for freshwater mussels despite being found in a flowing river environment with potentially unlimited resources. We also found that the richness and diversity of bacteria consumed by the Yellow Sandshell is statistically higher than Pistolgrip and that these species have moderate niche overlap (0.556). These data and previous habitat data indicate that the Pistolgrip can be classified as an ecological specialist species and the Yellow Sandshell as an ecological generalist species. Overall, these results support ecological theory that mussels co-exist in the same environment because they utilize different resources.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8262,"journal":{"name":"Aquatic Ecology","volume":"59 1","pages":"39 - 51"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143362188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aquatic EcologyPub Date : 2024-10-10DOI: 10.1007/s10452-024-10140-3
Quehui Tang, Lei Xu, Lianggen Wang, Jiajia Ning, Delian Huang, Yafang Li, Shuangshuang Liu, Feiyan Du
{"title":"Positive linear relationship between phytoplankton diversity and productivity in an artificial reef ecosystem","authors":"Quehui Tang, Lei Xu, Lianggen Wang, Jiajia Ning, Delian Huang, Yafang Li, Shuangshuang Liu, Feiyan Du","doi":"10.1007/s10452-024-10140-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10452-024-10140-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning (BEF) is one of the central themes of ecological research. Phytoplankton play important ecological functions in aquatic ecosystems. Although the BEF in phytoplankton communities was found in various types of natural aquatic ecosystems, it has not been examined in artificial ecosystems at small scale. Artificial reef, a submerged device built by human, can pump nutrient-rich bottom water to the surface, mimicking natural upwelling to feed phytoplankton. Here we quarterly investigated the phytoplankton communities in the artificial reef zone and its adjacent water in a subtropical bay. Our results showed positive linear relationship of phytoplankton richness to productivity in the artificial reef zone. The slope of richness-productivity relationship increased with water temperature and was relatively higher in the summer. Phytoplankton resource use efficiency (RUE) was positively correlated with richness but negatively correlated with evenness in the artificial reef zone. Compared to the adjacent natural zone, the artificial reef zone had more diverse phytoplankton communities and higher productivity during the growing season. The phytoplankton BEF pattern we found provides evidence for the role of artificial reef in the functioning of subtropical bay ecosystem.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8262,"journal":{"name":"Aquatic Ecology","volume":"58 4","pages":"1267 - 1279"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142595516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aquatic EcologyPub Date : 2024-10-09DOI: 10.1007/s10452-024-10141-2
Antonio Almazán-Becerril, Benjamín Delgado-Pech, Jorge Carlos Peniche-Pérez, Juan Manuel Arana-Ravell, José Adán Caballero-Vázquez
{"title":"A case of fish mortality caused by Prymnesium parvum in inland waters in Yucatan, Mexico","authors":"Antonio Almazán-Becerril, Benjamín Delgado-Pech, Jorge Carlos Peniche-Pérez, Juan Manuel Arana-Ravell, José Adán Caballero-Vázquez","doi":"10.1007/s10452-024-10141-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10452-024-10141-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A case of massive fish mortality is reported in an aquatic body in the municipality of Izamal in Yucatan, Mexico. The fish analyzed exhibited signs of hemorrhage and suffocation. Analysis of the phytoplankton samples revealed the presence of a flagellated microalga with characteristics consistent with <i>Prymnesium parvum</i>, particularly due to the presence of the haptonema. The average densities of the microalgae were approximately 16 × 10<sup>6</sup> cells L<sup>−1</sup>. The documentation of this species in the Yucatán Peninsula and the observed effects represent an emerging risk for the aquatic ecosystems of the region. This risk is linked to the extensive connectivity between aquatic systems in the region, combined with the significant dispersion capability of the species, which is magnified by the increasing eutrophication conditions in these bodies of water.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8262,"journal":{"name":"Aquatic Ecology","volume":"58 4","pages":"1281 - 1285"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142595473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Primary colonization and small-scale dynamics of non-indigenous benthic species: a case study","authors":"Salvatore Giacobbe, Cosentino Andrea, Rosso Antonietta","doi":"10.1007/s10452-024-10138-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10452-024-10138-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>An investigation aimed at recording NIS settlement by the employment of a bare artificial substratum constituted by caged lightweight expanded clay (EC) has been carried out in a confined marine basin. Packaged substratum, submitted to different organic treatments and a control was positioned in spring both in the water column and into the bottom sediment. Two months experiment provided 17 non-indigenous (NIS) versus 154 indigenous species (IS). Eleven “slow” colonizing NIS occurred at mean density of 0.2 ± 0.08 ind. L<sup>−1</sup>, whereas six species of “fast” colonizing NIS reached a mean density of 34.5 ± 13.0 ind. L<sup>−1</sup> (individual organisms) and a coverage of 37.1 ± 31.6 cm<sup>2</sup> L<sup>−1</sup> (modular organisms). PCoA plots ordered assemblages according to time (from 48% up to 75% total variation) and to organic treatment (about 22%) both for individual and modular organisms. In general, organic contamination exerted negative effect both on NIS and IS, and the reference condition was preferred. Among individual NIS, the best colonizer in terms of density and biomass was primarily the sphaeromatid <i>Paracerceis sculpta</i> for both sediment-buried (64.78 ind-cm<sup>2</sup> L<sup>−1</sup> and 217.43 mg L<sup>−1</sup>) and suspended artificial substratum (143.94 ind-cm<sup>2</sup> L<sup>−1</sup> and 483.14 mg L<sup>−1</sup>). The amphinomid <i>Linopherus canariensis</i> prevailed in the buried artificial substratum (52.27 ind-cm<sup>2</sup> L<sup>−1</sup> and 92.81 mg L<sup>−1</sup> respectively). Sessile and modular NIS appeared more susceptible to the initial organic contamination and the artificial substratum suspended into the water column was more suitable for these colonizers. <i>Celleporaria brunnea</i> (79.74 ind-cm<sup>2</sup> L<sup>−1</sup>), <i>Paraleucilla magna</i> (66.69 ind-cm<sup>2</sup> L<sup>−1</sup>), <i>Hydroides elegans</i> (12.49 ind-cm<sup>2</sup> L<sup>−1</sup>) prevailed in the mean surface coverage among other NIS and IS species. The organic enrichment reduced to four up to five times the colonization rate of the first two species.</p><p>Experimental data showed the great competitive capacity of NIS in the early stages of fouling, both under control and organically-enriched conditions, although this type of disturbance affected the whole fouling assemblage.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8262,"journal":{"name":"Aquatic Ecology","volume":"58 4","pages":"1237 - 1254"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142595529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aquatic EcologyPub Date : 2024-10-01DOI: 10.1007/s10452-024-10139-w
A. Janakiraman, S. Thangaraj, V. Gokula, A. Stalin
{"title":"Report on high density population of a Cladoceran, Moina macrocopa and their gut microbes in anoxic sewage water: a potential bio-indicator of aquatic pollution","authors":"A. Janakiraman, S. Thangaraj, V. Gokula, A. Stalin","doi":"10.1007/s10452-024-10139-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10452-024-10139-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Zooplankton are essential components of the aquatic food chain. Their density and composition are influenced by abundant of particular nutrients which promotes planktonic bloom. Domestic sewage is mostly anoxic to hypoxia in nature that favours largely pollution resistant species of zooplankton. The present study deals with the density, biochemical composition and gut microbes of Cladoceran (<i>Moina macrocopa</i>) from domestic sewage water monthly and seasonally. Hydrological parameters and zooplankton density in sewage water showed much variation in different seasons. The monthly variations of <i>M. macrocopa</i> density showed minimum (766.67 ± 152 Ind./L) during December 2019 and maximum (11,600.00 ± 360 Ind./L) during March 2020. Further, seasonal mean density was minimum during monsoon (1444.44 ± 185 Ind./L) and maximum during post-monsoon (9744.44 ± 725 Ind./L) showed distinct seasonal variations. Untreated sewage water in canal boost up solitary zooplankton <i>M. macrocopa</i> abundantly even in anoxic condition with optimum nutrients during the post-monsoon season. Total proteins and carbohydrates of <i>M. macrocopa</i> were maximum during post-monsoon and minimum during monsoon whereas total lipids were maximum during pre-monsoon and minimum during monsoon season. Present finding reveal that, <i>M. macrocopa</i> was found in untreated domestic sewage waste water solitarily in high density in different seasons. Physico-chemical parameters and availability of rich nutrients were the key factors which favouring high density and biochemical profiles of <i>M. macrocopa</i>. Further, abundant anaerobic coli form bacterial strains viz. <i>Klebsiella pneumonia</i>, <i>Exiguobacterium profundum</i>, <i>Escherichia coli</i> JSG and <i>Escherichia coli</i> JSG2 in gut of <i>M. macrocopa</i> indicates its preferred food in anoxic condition and reflect well adaptation in polluted environment.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8262,"journal":{"name":"Aquatic Ecology","volume":"58 4","pages":"1255 - 1265"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142595313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aquatic EcologyPub Date : 2024-09-28DOI: 10.1007/s10452-024-10134-1
Naghme Sadegh, Mohammad Reza Shokri
{"title":"First observation of Acropora downingi spawning in Kish Island, northern Persian Gulf","authors":"Naghme Sadegh, Mohammad Reza Shokri","doi":"10.1007/s10452-024-10134-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10452-024-10134-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Despite some research on coral reproduction from the southern Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, no known studies have been published investigating coral reproduction in the northern Persian Gulf. This study examined the spawning time for a scleractinian branching coral “<i>Acropora downingi</i>” in Kish Island, the northern Persian Gulf. All investigated <i>A. downingi</i> colonies (100% of colonies) contained premature oocytes with cream in color at 11th March 2022 to mature oocytes with orange in color at 9th, 15th, and 16th April 2022. On April 17, 2022, there were no traces of eggs in the sections of the branches, indicating that the spawning occurred on 16th April 2022. The moon reached its full phase at 23:25 on 16th April 2022. These are the first records of spawning by <i>Acropora</i> corals in northern reefs in the Persian Gulf.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8262,"journal":{"name":"Aquatic Ecology","volume":"58 4","pages":"1193 - 1199"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142595478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}