Revue des questions scientifiques最新文献

{"title":"Des probabilités négatives ?","authors":"Jean-Pierre Fréché","doi":"10.14428/qs.v193i1-2.70203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14428/qs.v193i1-2.70203","url":null,"abstract":"Jusqu’en 1932, les probabilités, tant en mathématique qu’en physique, étaient positives. Mais cette année-là, Wigner publia un article qui introduisait en physique statistique quantique une distribution de probabilités prenant aussi bien des valeurs négatives que des valeurs positives. Le texte qui suit établit d’abord brièvement un parallèle entre l’avènement des nombres négatifs et des nombres complexes au XVIe siècle d’une part, et l’avènement des probabilités négatives au XXe siècle d’autre part. Puis il décrit un « dispositif de pensée » qui propose des probabilités positives et négatives ; il en donne une critique. Ensuite, il expose une expérience plus réelle — diffusion de particules le long d’une tige infinie — qui fait apparaître des probabilités négatives et spécifie le type d’événements auxquelles elles sont attachées dans ce cas. Une comparaison est faite avec le « dispositif de pensée ». Enfin, il explique en quoi la distribution de Wigner étend à la mécanique quantique la distribution classique de Liouville attachée à l’espace de phase de la physique statistique classique. Il conclut en décrivant les pistes sur lesquelles s’est engagée la recherche dans le domaine des probabilités négatives et revient sur le parallèle initialement établi avec les nombres négatifs et les nombres complexes. \u0000* * * \u0000Until 1932, in both mathematics and physics, probabilities were positive. In the course of that year, however, Wigner published an article that introduced a probability distribution which incorporated negative values along with positive ones into quantum statistical physics. The present article opens by drawing a succinct parallel between the emergence of negative numbers and complex numbers in the 16th century, on the one hand, and the advent of negative probabilities in the 20th century, on the other hand. It then goes on to describe a “thought model” offering positive and negative probabilities, which is evaluated. Next, a more concrete experiment is addressed — the diffusion of particles along an infinite line —, which reveals the negative probabilities and specifies to which events these are linked in this particular case. This experiment is then compared to the “thought model”. Lastly, an explanation of how the Wigner distribution extends to quantum mechanics, through the standard Liouville distribution associated with the phase space of mainstream statistical physics, is presented. The conclusion expounds upon the various paths of research within the field of negative probabilities, and revisits the initial parallel established between negative numbers and complex numbers.","PeriodicalId":82550,"journal":{"name":"Revue des questions scientifiques","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48970138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Compte rendu de «Mathématiques pour les sciences de l’ingénieur: 120 fiches de cours, 120 exercices d’application, 580 exercices d’entraînement»","authors":"Jean-Baptiste Coulaud","doi":"10.14428/qs.v193i1-2.70993","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14428/qs.v193i1-2.70993","url":null,"abstract":"Mathématiques pour les sciences de l’ingénieur : 120 fiches de cours, 120 exercices d’application, 580 exercices d’entraînement / sous la direction de Frédéric Bertrand, Myriam Maumy-Bertrand, Sandie Ferrigno, Didier Marx, Aurélie Muller-Gueudin et Yacoubou Rabba Idi. – 2e édition. – Malakoff : Dunod, 2019. – 564 p. – (Tout en fiches : le cours). – 1 vol. broché de 19,5 × 25 cm. – 29,50 €. – isbn 978-2-10-079103-3.","PeriodicalId":82550,"journal":{"name":"Revue des questions scientifiques","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45783267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Compte rendu de Donald R. Askeland et Wendelin J. Wright : «Science et génie des matériaux»","authors":"Marc Blétry","doi":"10.14428/qs.v193i1-2.70983","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14428/qs.v193i1-2.70983","url":null,"abstract":"Askeland (Donald R.) - Wright (Wendelin J.), Science et génie des matériaux / traduit et adapté par Nicole R. Demarquette et Ricardo J. Zednik. – Cachan : Lavoisier, 2020. – xiv + 493 p. – 1 vol. broché de 21,5 × 27,5 cm. – isbn 978-2-7430-2556-4.","PeriodicalId":82550,"journal":{"name":"Revue des questions scientifiques","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48474229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Compte rendu de Christian Lévêque : «Quelles rivières pour demain ? Réflexions sur l’écologie et la restauration des cours d’eau»","authors":"J. Micha","doi":"10.14428/qs.v193i1-2.71013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14428/qs.v193i1-2.71013","url":null,"abstract":"Lévêque (Christian), Quelles rivières pour demain ? Réflexions sur l’écologie et la restauration des cours d’eau. – Versailles : Éditions Quae, 2021. – 288 p. – 1 vol. relié de 16 × 24 cm. – 36,00 €. – isbn 978-2-7592-3319-9.","PeriodicalId":82550,"journal":{"name":"Revue des questions scientifiques","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47964901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"quête de l’origine","authors":"J. Maldame","doi":"10.14428/qs.v193i1-2.70283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14428/qs.v193i1-2.70283","url":null,"abstract":"Analyse critique de : \u0000Nouvel (Pascal), Avant toutes choses : enquête sur les discours d’origine. – Paris : CNRS éditions, 2020. – 432 p. – 1 vol. broché de 15 × 23 cm. – 26,00 €. – isbn 978-2-271-12252-0.","PeriodicalId":82550,"journal":{"name":"Revue des questions scientifiques","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47606215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Compte rendu de «Interpreting Mach: Critical Essays» / edited by John Preston","authors":"S. Bordoni","doi":"10.14428/qs.v193i1-2.70913","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14428/qs.v193i1-2.70913","url":null,"abstract":"Interpreting Mach : Critical Essays / edited by John Preston. – Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2021. – xii + 287 p. – 1 vol. relié de 15 × 23 cm. – 75,00 £. – isbn 978-1-108-47401-6.","PeriodicalId":82550,"journal":{"name":"Revue des questions scientifiques","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45545641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Compte rendu de Bianca Petrignani, Giovanna Clavarino et Bruno Lemaitre : «Immunologie-Exercices: qcm, questions de cours et problèmes résolus»","authors":"L. Vincent","doi":"10.14428/qs.v193i1-2.71003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14428/qs.v193i1-2.71003","url":null,"abstract":"Petrignani (Bianca) - Clavarino (Giovanna) - Lemaitre (Bruno), Immunologie-Exercices : qcm, questions de cours et problèmes résolus. – Lausanne : Presses polytechniques et universitaires romandes, 2020. – 304 p. – 1 vol. broché de 16 × 24 cm. – 39,85 €. – isbn 978-2-88915-361-9.","PeriodicalId":82550,"journal":{"name":"Revue des questions scientifiques","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41664360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Copernic et Galilée en tant que lecteurs de Platon","authors":"Maurice A. Finocchiaro, Charlotte Vyt","doi":"10.14428/qs.v193i1-2.70263","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14428/qs.v193i1-2.70263","url":null,"abstract":"Analyse critique de : \u0000De Pace (Anna), Galileo lettore di Copernico. – Firenze : Olschki, 2020. – xlii, 638 p. – 1 vol. broché de 17 × 24 cm. – 50,00 €. – isbn 978-8822267115.","PeriodicalId":82550,"journal":{"name":"Revue des questions scientifiques","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48981039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"complément marginal à la bibliographie d’Alexandre Koyré (1924-2017)","authors":"Jonathan Wenger","doi":"10.14428/qs.v193i1-2.70243","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14428/qs.v193i1-2.70243","url":null,"abstract":"Ce complément met sommairement à jour la bibliographie d’Alex­andre Koyré, apportant une quarantaine de références actuellement non répertoriées (textes, rééditions et traductions) et illustrant l’intérêt toujours pérenne de l’œuvre de cet historien des idées. \u0000* * * \u0000This complement updates Alexander Koyré’s bibliography : about forty unknown references (newly discovered texts, reeditions and translations) are illustrating the constant interest for the work of the historian of ideas.","PeriodicalId":82550,"journal":{"name":"Revue des questions scientifiques","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47450401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Compte rendu de Nanda International : «Diagnostics infirmiers 2021-2023: définitions et classification»","authors":"C. Gaillet","doi":"10.14428/qs.v193i1-2.71033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14428/qs.v193i1-2.71033","url":null,"abstract":"NANDA International (collectif de chercheurs), Diagnostics infirmiers 2021-2023 : définitions et classification / traduction par AFEDI, AQCSI. – 12e édition. – Issy-les-Moulineaux : Elsevier Masson, 2021. – 632 p. – 1 vol. broché de 14 × 21 cm. – 25,90 €. – isbn 978-2294-77519-2.","PeriodicalId":82550,"journal":{"name":"Revue des questions scientifiques","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49024914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}