Phylon (1960)最新文献_第2页

Aesculapius was a white man: antebellum racism and male chauvinism at Harvard Medical School. 埃斯库拉皮乌斯是一个白人:在哈佛医学院，内战前的种族主义和大男子主义。

Phylon (1960) Pub Date : 1978-01-01 DOI: 10.2307/274507

R. Takaki

{"title":"Aesculapius was a white man: antebellum racism and male chauvinism at Harvard Medical School.","authors":"R. Takaki","doi":"10.2307/274507","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/274507","url":null,"abstract":"T HE DECLARATION that \"this is a white man's country\" has echoed time and again down the corridors of America's past, and expresses with appalling succinctness the fusion of racial and male chauvinisms and American nationality. Recently, due to the social ferment of our times, scholars have begun to give unprecedented attention to the oppression of American minorities, especially racial minorities and women. Long overdue, these studies have helped to fill very basic gaps in our knowledge of the total American experience. But one of the effects of these studies has been evasionary: they have tended to focus on the minorities rather than those responsible for the plight of the outgroups. While studies by scholars like C. Wright Mills and G. William Domhoff have demonstrated that power in America has been almost exclusively a monopoly of white men, they have neither analyzed the relationships of the oppressions of different outgroups nor explored adequately the motivations of white men in America. While studies by historians like Winthrop Jordan and Eleanor Flexnor have respectively analyzed the subordination of blacks and women, they have been fragmented by the specialization inherent in academic disciplines. Such a fragmented approach has discouraged comparative analysis of the stereotypes applied to blacks and women, and fails to recognize how the oppression of different groups served common needs of white men. Thus a fascinating and disturbing question still remains largely unanswered: Why have white men historically relegated people unlike themselves to specially defined \"places\"? Possibly a study of the admissions controversy at Harvard Medical School in 1850 can serve as a test to probe the linkages between racial and sexual oppression in American culture. Traditionally Harvard Medical School had been an institution for white men only. But in November 1850, the faculty admitted three black men Martin Delany, Daniel Laing, and Isaac Snowden, and a white woman Harriot K. Hunt.1 Actually the admission was hardly an expression of enlightened views on race and sex. The faculty understood that the black students would emigrate and practice medicine in Africa. Their application for admission probably would have been denied had they wished to remain in America. Oliver Wendell Holmes, Dean of the Harvard Medical School, asked Dr. H. H. Childs of the Pittsfield Medical School for advice on the admission of black, students. In his reply, dated December 12, 1850, Dr. Childs wrote that he was willing to train blacks sponsored by the American Colonization Society. \"We For the debate on Martin Delany and whether or not he received a degree from Harvard Medical School, see Theodore Draper, \"Martin Delany: The Father of American Black Nationalism,\" New York Review of Books, March 12, 1970; \"An Exchange on Black History,\" Ibid., May 21, 1970; \"Writing Black History,\" Ibid., July 2, 1970. 128","PeriodicalId":82317,"journal":{"name":"Phylon (1960)","volume":"34 1","pages":"128-34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1978-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83913668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Genetic screening programs and public policy. 基因筛查项目和公共政策。

Phylon (1960) Pub Date : 1977-06-01 DOI: 10.2307/274676

J. Bowman

引用次数: 34

The education of black health professionals. 黑人卫生专业人员的教育。

Phylon (1960) Pub Date : 1977-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4613-2886-5_12

L. Sullivan

引用次数: 7

The health of slaves and the health of freedmen: a Savannah study. 奴隶的健康和自由人的健康:一项萨凡纳研究。

Phylon (1960) Pub Date : 1977-01-01 DOI: 10.2307/274680

A. S. Lee, E. Lee

引用次数: 6

Trends in black health. 黑人健康趋势。

Phylon (1960) Pub Date : 1977-01-01 DOI: 10.2307/274675

J. Reid, D. Jedlicka, E. Lee, Y. Shin

{"title":"Trends in black health.","authors":"J. Reid, D. Jedlicka, E. Lee, Y. Shin","doi":"10.2307/274675","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/274675","url":null,"abstract":"DEATH is, contrary to the proverbial wisdom, a respecter of persons. It comes earlier to the poor than to the rich, earlier to the illiterate than to the lettered, earlier to the laborer than to the lawyer, earlier to the divorced and separated than to the married. For these and for other reasons it comes earlier to blacks than to whites. The disadvantage of blacks is apparent even before birth. The death of the fetus within the womb is more common among blacks than among whites, and newly born black babies are more likely than white babies to die during that dangerous first year. As they grow up, black children are faced with more dangers than other children, both from parasites and from society. Adulthood makes matters worse, and it is not until old age that the greatly thinned black survivors are as likely to live from one year to the next as are other Americans. For all of the major groupings of causes of death save one, blacks have relatively high rates. Blacks are more likely than the general population to die from heart attacks or from strokes. Though a darker skin protects against skin cancer, neoplasms in general claim more black than white victims. One of the mysteries of modern medicine is the great incidence of hypertension among black Americans. Infectious diseases, once the greatest killer of blacks, are no longer of such import, but influenza and pneumonia still wreak havoc, as do venereal diseases. Of special importance to blacks are accidents and homicide, the latter of which increases yearly. The one exception to this gloomy litany is suicide. Blacks, male and female, are still more reluctant than whites to perform this final act, but rates of self-destruction among blacks are moving toward those of whites. Age by age, and almost cause by cause, death is more common among black males than among black females, and this in itself is a deterrant to economic improvement. Even in the womb death is selective of the","PeriodicalId":82317,"journal":{"name":"Phylon (1960)","volume":"21 1","pages":"105-16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74072769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 4

Doctor Thomas Hamilton: two views of a gentleman of the Old South. 托马斯·汉密尔顿博士:老南方绅士的两种看法。

Phylon (1960) Pub Date : 1967-01-01

F N Boney

引用次数: 0

Frontmatter

Phylon (1960) Pub Date : 1960-12-31 DOI: 10.1515/9783112475867-fm

引用次数: 0

Individuelle architektonische Differenzen der Area striata 根据最新研究

Phylon (1960) Pub Date : 1960-12-31 DOI: 10.1515/9783112519981-004

K. Busch

{"title":"Individuelle architektonische Differenzen der Area striata","authors":"K. Busch","doi":"10.1515/9783112519981-004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783112519981-004","url":null,"abstract":"Bis zur Mitte des 19 . Jahrhunderts erfolgte die Untersuchung des Zentralnervensystems ausschließlich makroskopisch. In diese Epoche fiel z. B. die Entdeckung des uns bekannten Hirnrindenstreifens im Bereiche der Fissura calcarina durch Gennari und Vicq D'Azyr (1781) . Histologische Untersuchungen zunächst an ungefärbten Gehirnschnitten begannen 1850 durch K ö 11 i k e r . Die Einführung histologischer Färbemethoden, wie wir sie in den Arbeiten von v . Gerlach und Berlin (1858) niedergelegt finden, gab der Histologie, speziell der Neurohistologie, einen starken Aufschwung . Dadurch wurden die grundlegenden Forschungen Meynerts (1868-1872) sowie Arndts (1867, 1868 und 1869) möglich, welche als Begründer der Cytoarchitektonik der Großhirnrinde anzusprechen sind . M e y n e r t beschäftigte sich u. a . mit der feineren Struktur der Sehrinde . In den folgenden Jahrzehnten sehen wir eine große Reihe von Forschern cytoarchitektonisch arbeiten . Als wichtigste im Rahmen des Themas seien genannt Henschen (1890-1896), der mit Bolton (1900) und Campbell (1905) die Rinde der Fissura calcarina als sensorisches Zentrum auffaßte . Ferner Brodmann (1903), der die Großhirnrinde in cytoarchitektonisch unterscheidbare Areae einteilte und die heute am meisten gebrauchte Hirnkarte schuf . Besonderen Wert für die Vertiefung der um die Jahrhundertwende aufgekommenen Lokalisationslehre erbrachten die Arbeiten von C. und O. Vogt, die grundlegende reizphysiologische und anatomische Untersuchungen mit dem Ziele durchführten, für bestimmte Funktionen das anatomische Substrat aufzudecken . C . und U. Vogt fanden eine große Zahl von Nervenzellarten, die sich durch bauliche Merkmale voneinander unterscheiden und die an bestimmte Hirngebiete gebunden sind. Eine oder mehrere Nervenzellarten bilden ein meist gegen die Umgebung gut abgegrenztes Einzelgrau, das in zwei","PeriodicalId":82317,"journal":{"name":"Phylon (1960)","volume":"109 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1960-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85222007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

VIII. LITERATURGESCHICHTE

Phylon (1960) Pub Date : 1960-12-31 DOI: 10.1515/9783112518427-007

引用次数: 0

Frontmatter

Phylon (1960) Pub Date : 1960-12-31 DOI: 10.1515/9783112475744-fm

引用次数: 0