Aquatic Mammals最新文献

{"title":"Circulating Concentrations of Cortisol Encompassing Controlled Cessation of Suckling During Weaning Under Managed Care in Cow and Calf Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus)","authors":"D. Bergfelt, Maria Vences, Meghan Smallcomb, R. Sánchez-Okrucky, Rocio Canales","doi":"10.1578/am.49.4.2023.336","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1578/am.49.4.2023.336","url":null,"abstract":"The evaluation of circulating concentrations of cortisol associated with controlled cessation of suckling encompassing the weaning process in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) under managed care has fundamental and practical implications to enhance and improve management and welfare practices. This study involved five cow–calf pairs of which calves were 12 to 19 months at weaning and accustomed to a fish diet. Blood samples were collected from cows and calves between 0800 and 1100 h episodically for two weeks before weaning day (Day 0) and on Days 1, 3, 5, 8 12, 16, 20, and 31 post-weaning. Pre-weaning involved conditioning through positive reinforcement with respective trainers where cows moved freely from maternity to holding pens while calves remained in maternity pens. After 2 to 6 months, when cows and calves remained separated for at least several minutes without reuniting, weaning day was initiated, and gates between maternity and holding pens were closed. Physical separation resulted in cows and calves exhibiting different types and degrees of behavior dominated by increased vocalization and locomotor activities (rapid and erratic swimming, side jumping, breaching). While pre-weaning cortisol concentrations were at baseline and not different (p > 0.1) between cows and calves, post-weaning concentrations on Day 1 increased in cows (p = 0.0045) and calves (p = 0.0001), reaching higher (p < 0.07) concentrations in calves than in cows. Thereafter, cortisol decreased to pre-weaning concentrations on Day 5 (p = 0.0031) in cows and Day 12 (p = 0.0417) in calves. While stress-like behavior post-weaning returned to pre-weaning conditions by Day 5 in cows and calves, cortisol remained slightly higher (p < 0.1) in calves than in cows until the study ended on Day 31. Thus, although preliminary, the acute, temporal physiological and behavioral responses to the cessation of suckling encompassing weaning in dolphin cow–calf pairs are novel and provide a basis for future studies to comprehensively evaluate short- and long-term physiological and behavioral relationships associated with weaning in dolphins under managed care.","PeriodicalId":8219,"journal":{"name":"Aquatic Mammals","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42012227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effects of Age and Sex on the Energy Intake of Captive Sea Otters (Enhydra lutris): Implications for Captive Management and Species Conservation","authors":"Shannia Iskandar, Julia Adelsheim, D. Rosen","doi":"10.1578/am.49.4.2023.347","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1578/am.49.4.2023.347","url":null,"abstract":"Sea otters (Enhydra lutris) are known ecosystem engineers that have significant impacts on their kelp forest and rocky intertidal communities due to their high levels of food intake. Quantifying sea otter food biomass and energy intake is a valuable way to understand potential ecological impacts of sea otter populations on ecosystems and for predicting future population trends and potential for expansion. While detailed, fine-scale, age-specific food intake is difficult to quantify in wild sea otters, there is a wealth of potential information available from otters under human care. This study used food and energy intake data from husbandry records of 10 sea otters collected over three decades at the Vancouver Aquarium. Within these husbandry records, daily food biomass intake and body mass measurements were recorded and converted to annual average food mass and gross energy intake (GEI). Age-, sex-, and mass-specific trends were also observed. Young sea otters had the highest relative ingested food mass, equivalent to ~26% of body mass, which decreased to ~20% in adult otters. Young otters similarly had the highest mass-specific GEI, where measures from near birth to year 1 were ~40% higher than at year 3, the age of sexual and physical maturity. There were also key differences in trends between sexes. Captive adult male sea otters were 25 to 42% larger than females and their GEI was 23 to 58% higher, although mass-specific GEI was almost identical for male and non-reproductive female otters at all ages, plateauing at ~650 kJ kg-1 d-1. Despite high levels of ingested food mass, GEI was only 5 to 15% higher than for other captive marine mammals and was comparable to previous estimates for wild sea otters. These estimates of ingested food mass and energy intake requirements are valuable when modelling the ecological impact of sea otter populations and for considering the potential effects of future environmental changes.","PeriodicalId":8219,"journal":{"name":"Aquatic Mammals","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42854426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Letter to the Editor: 2023 AMMPA Annual Meeting","authors":"K. Dezio","doi":"10.1578/am.49.4.2023.409","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1578/am.49.4.2023.409","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8219,"journal":{"name":"Aquatic Mammals","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48890399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Letter to the Editor: EAAM Symposium: Marine Mammals in Need: Let People Know that We Are Part of the Solution","authors":"M. Böye","doi":"10.1578/am.49.4.2023.407","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1578/am.49.4.2023.407","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8219,"journal":{"name":"Aquatic Mammals","volume":"51 24","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41258013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distribution and Abundance of California (Zalophus californianus) and Steller (Eumetopias jubatus) Sea Lions in the Inshore Waters of Washington, 2013-2016","authors":"T. Jefferson, M. Smultea, E. Ward","doi":"10.1578/am.49.4.2023.366","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1578/am.49.4.2023.366","url":null,"abstract":"Two species of sea lions occur in the in387land waters of Washington State: the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) and the Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus). Both species breed elsewhere, but they typically move into Puget Sound and adjacent waters of the Salish Sea from autumn through spring. There is a need for information on their current abundance and seasonal use patterns as both species prey heavily on threatened/endangered stocks of salmon and steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus spp.), and empirical abundance estimates of these species are lacking for inland Washington waters. From 2013 to 2016, we conducted 39,399 km of aerial surveys for marine mammals in this area, sighting 255 groups of sea lions. We used a subset of 7,841 km of effort and 165 sea lion sightings made during surveys in good sighting conditions to estimate in-water abundance using line-transect methods. Historical tagging data collected in Pacific Northwest waters were used to evaluate the proportions of time that each species spent on land and conducting dives, and then to develop correction factors to derive total abundance for both sea lion species, providing the first empirical abundance estimates for these waters. We estimated that between 33 and 442 California sea lions were found in Puget Sound/Hood Canal in different seasons, with nearly 3,000 being found in the broader inland Washington waters in the peak season (spring). Steller sea lions occurred in much smaller numbers, with a peak of 219 animals in Puget Sound/Hood Canal/Strait of Juan de Fuca in autumn (and possibly as many as 600 to 700 in the entire study area). While some estimates suffer from low precision, this study demonstrates that substantial numbers of sea lions use waters of the study area throughout much of the year. Our results provide an important step toward a better understanding of these two species in the inland waters of Washington, as well as their potential effects on protected salmonid prey species.","PeriodicalId":8219,"journal":{"name":"Aquatic Mammals","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46394755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First Humpback Whale Movement Between Ecuador and the South Sandwich Islands: Redefines the Easternmost Migration Point of Breeding Stock G","authors":"Cristina Castro, M. Engel, Anthony R. Martin","doi":"10.1578/am.49.4.2023.382","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1578/am.49.4.2023.382","url":null,"abstract":"The humpback whales ( Megaptera novaean-gliae ) of the Southern Hemisphere migrate long distances from their feeding grounds in Antarctic waters to the tropics (Matthews, 1937). At the end of the feeding season, each population (i.e., stock) migrates latitudinally towards the Equator to its own coastal or insular breeding ground in tropical or near-tropical waters. Seven humpback whale breeding stocks (A to G) and six management feeding areas (Areas I to VI) are recognized by the International Whaling Commission (IWC) (1998). Two breeding populations migrate along South America: Breeding Stock A is found in the coastal waters of Brazil, and Breeding Stock G is found on the west coast of South America from northern Peru to south Nicaragua (Pacheco et al., 2009; IWC, 2011; De Weerdt et al., 2020). These populations feed in two Antarctic management areas. Feeding Area I goes from 120° to 60° W (IWC, 2005). South Georgia ( ∼ 54° S, 36° W) and the South Sandwich Islands ( ∼ 58° S, 26° W) in the Scotia Sea, South Atlantic (Feeding Area II), are known feeding grounds for Breeding Stock A (Stevick et al., 2006; Zerbini et al., 2006, 2020; Engel et al., 2008; Engel & Martin, 2009; Marcondes et al., 2021), whereas the western Antarctic Peninsula (Feeding Area I)","PeriodicalId":8219,"journal":{"name":"Aquatic Mammals","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42621167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of Antimicrobial Resistance in Faecal Microbes from Wild Dugongs (Dugong dugon)","authors":"A. M. McGowan, J. Seddon, J. Lanyon, Nicholas Clark, J. Gibson","doi":"10.1578/am.49.4.2023.395","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1578/am.49.4.2023.395","url":null,"abstract":"Estuarine and coastal waters are areas of potential concern for antimicrobial resistance because of the discharge of wastewater from sewage treatment plants and the run-off from urban and agricultural lands. Herein, we evaluate the antimicrobial resistance profiles in bacteria from dugongs (Dugong dugon), mammals that inhabit and feed in shallow coastal regions and, thus, are vulnerable to encountering water and sediment contaminated by human activities. Bacterial isolates were cultured from fresh faeces of four wild dugongs, as well as from one sediment sample from a dugong foraging ground in Queensland, Australia. Ten bacterial isolates underwent phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility testing using disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration testing, and genotypic resistance and virulence gene identification through whole genome sequencing. Four Staphylococcus warneri isolates and one Bacillus cereus isolate from dugong faeces were resistant to penicillin, with two S. warneri isolates also displaying resistance to trimethoprim. Four Escherichia coli isolates were all resistant to ampicillin. Resistance genes, including fosB, BcII, dfrC, blaZ, and mdfA, were identified in the isolates cultured from dugong faeces with two virulence genes (gad and lpfA) identified in all E. coli isolates. Lysinibacillus sphaericus cultured from the marine sediment and B. cereus from dugong faeces displayed phenotypic multidrug resistance (across categories of non-extended spectrum cephalosporins, penicillins and beta-lactamase inhibitors, and clindamycin; and for L. sphaericus, phosphonic acids). These results demonstrate the role that dugongs can play as a sentinel species for antimicrobial resistance in the coastal waters across their range, which includes both disturbed urban and rural regions.","PeriodicalId":8219,"journal":{"name":"Aquatic Mammals","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49037591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Northernmost Record of the Ginkgo-Toothed Beaked Whale (Mesoplodon ginkgodens)","authors":"Wojtek Bachara, Mika Kuroda, S. Nishida, Hajime Ishikawa, T. Matsuishi","doi":"10.1578/am.49.4.2023.356","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1578/am.49.4.2023.356","url":null,"abstract":"The ginkgo-toothed beaked whale (Mesoplodon ginkgodens) is one of the least-known cetaceans in the world, with a formerly recognised distribution that included temperate, subtropical, and tropical waters in the North and South Pacific and Indian Oceans. We report an additional specimen of this species, which also represents the northernmost-known specimen—an adult male found dead, stranded off Hokkaido, northernmost Japan.","PeriodicalId":8219,"journal":{"name":"Aquatic Mammals","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49035606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sperm Whale (Physeter macrocephalus) Behavioral Events Observed During Aerial Surveys in the New York Bight, 2017-2020","authors":"Ann M. Zoidis, K. Lomac-MacNair, Megan K. Blees, Meghan E. Rickard","doi":"10.1578/am.49.3.2023.308","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1578/am.49.3.2023.308","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8219,"journal":{"name":"Aquatic Mammals","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45049549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New Record of California Coastal Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in Offshore Waters","authors":"Marc A. Webber, W. Keener, Amanda C. Spears, Mark P. Cotter, Rebekah S. Lane, Alison R. Payne, T. Markowitz","doi":"10.1578/am.49.3.2023.241","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1578/am.49.3.2023.241","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8219,"journal":{"name":"Aquatic Mammals","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67096498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}