Life support & biosphere science : international journal of earth space最新文献

Near-term lander experiments for growing plants on Mars: requirements for information on chemical and physical properties of Mars regolith. 在火星上种植植物的近期着陆器实验:对火星风化层化学和物理特性信息的要求。

Life support & biosphere science : international journal of earth space Pub Date : 2002-01-01

Andrew C Schuerger, Douglas W Ming, Horton E Newsom, Robert J Ferl, Christopher P McKay

{"title":"Near-term lander experiments for growing plants on Mars: requirements for information on chemical and physical properties of Mars regolith.","authors":"Andrew C Schuerger, Douglas W Ming, Horton E Newsom, Robert J Ferl, Christopher P McKay","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"In order to support humans for long-duration missions to Mars, bioregenerative Advanced Life Support (ALS) systems have been proposed that would use higher plants as the primary candidates for photosynthesis. Hydroponic technologies have been suggested as the primary method of plant production in ALS systems, but the use of Mars regolith as a plant growth medium may have several advantages over hydroponic systems. The advantages for using Mars regolith include the likely bioavailability of plant-essential ions, mechanical support for plants, and easy access of the material once on the surface. We propose that plant biology experiments must be included in near-term Mars lander missions in order to begin defining the optimum approach for growing plants on Mars. Second, we discuss a range of soil chemistry and soil physics tests that must be conducted prior to, or in concert with, a plant biology experiment in order to properly interpret the results of plant growth studies in Mars regolith. The recommended chemical tests include measurements on soil pH, electrical conductivity and soluble salts, redox potential, bioavailability of essential plant nutrients, and bioavailability of phytotoxic elements. In addition, a future plant growth experiment should include procedures for determining the buffering and leaching requirements of Mars regolith prior to planting. Soil physical tests useful for plant biology studies in Mars regolith include bulk density, particle size distribution, porosity, water retention, and hydraulic conductivity.","PeriodicalId":81864,"journal":{"name":"Life support & biosphere science : international journal of earth space","volume":"8 3-4","pages":"137-47"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22154035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Potential integration of wetland wastewater treatment with space life support systems. 湿地污水处理与空间生命维持系统的潜在集成。

Life support & biosphere science : international journal of earth space Pub Date : 2002-01-01

M Nelson, A Alling, W F Dempster, M Van Thillo, J P Allen

{"title":"Potential integration of wetland wastewater treatment with space life support systems.","authors":"M Nelson, A Alling, W F Dempster, M Van Thillo, J P Allen","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"Subsurface-flow constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment and nutrient recycling have a number of advantages in planetary exploration scenarios: they are odorless, relatively low labor and low energy, assist in purification of water and recycling of atmospheric CO2, and can directly grow some food crops. This article presents calculations for integration of wetland wastewater treatment with a prototype ground-based experimental facility (\"Mars on Earth\") supporting four people showing that an area of 4-6 m2 may be sufficient to accomplish wastewater treatment and recycling. Discharge water from the wetland system can be used as irrigation water for the agricultural crop area, thus ensuring complete reclamation and utilization of nutrients within the bioregenerative life support system. Because the primary requirements for wetland treatment systems are warm temperatures and lighting, such bioregenerative systems can be integrated into space life support systems because heat from the lights may be used for temperature maintenance in the human living environment. Subsurface-flow wetlands can be modified for space habitats to lower space and mass requirements. Many of its construction requirements can eventually be met with use of in situ materials, such as gravel from the Mars surface. Because the technology does not depend on machinery and chemicals, and relies more on natural ecological mechanisms (microbial and plant metabolism), maintenance requirements (e.g., pumps, aerators, and chemicals) are minimized, and systems may have long operating lifetimes. Research needs include suitability of Martian soil and gravel for wetland systems, system sealing and liner options in a Mars base, and determination of wetland water quality efficiency under varying temperature and light regimes.","PeriodicalId":81864,"journal":{"name":"Life support & biosphere science : international journal of earth space","volume":"8 3-4","pages":"149-54"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22154036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Water cycles in closed ecological systems: effects of atmospheric pressure. 封闭生态系统中的水循环:大气压力的影响。

Life support & biosphere science : international journal of earth space Pub Date : 2002-01-01

Vadim Y Rygalov, Philip A Fowler, Joannah M Metz, Raymond M Wheeler, Ray A Bucklin

{"title":"Water cycles in closed ecological systems: effects of atmospheric pressure.","authors":"Vadim Y Rygalov, Philip A Fowler, Joannah M Metz, Raymond M Wheeler, Ray A Bucklin","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"In bioregenerative life support systems that use plants to generate food and oxygen, the largest mass flux between the plants and their surrounding environment will be water. This water cycle is a consequence of the continuous change of state (evaporation-condensation) from liquid to gas through the process of transpiration and the need to transfer heat (cool) and dehumidify the plant growth chamber. Evapotranspiration rates for full plant canopies can range from ~1 to 10 L m-2 d-1 (~1 to 10 mm m-2 d-1), with the rates depending primarily on the vapor pressure deficit (VPD) between the leaves and the air inside the plant growth chamber. VPD in turn is dependent on the air temperature, leaf temperature, and current value of relative humidity (RH). Concepts for developing closed plant growth systems, such as greenhouses for Mars, have been discussed for many years and the feasibility of such systems will depend on the overall system costs and reliability. One approach for reducing system costs would be to reduce the operating pressure within the greenhouse to reduce structural mass and gas leakage. But managing plant growth environments at low pressures (e.g., controlling humidity and heat exchange) may be difficult, and the effects of low-pressure environments on plant growth and system water cycling need further study. We present experimental evidence to show that water saturation pressures in air under isothermal conditions are only slightly affected by total pressure, but the overall water flux from evaporating surfaces can increase as pressure decreases. Mathematical models describing these observations are presented, along with discussion of the importance for considering \"water cycles\" in closed bioregenerative life support systems.","PeriodicalId":81864,"journal":{"name":"Life support & biosphere science : international journal of earth space","volume":"8 3-4","pages":"125-35"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22154034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Airtight sealing a Mars base. 密封火星基地。

Life support & biosphere science : international journal of earth space Pub Date : 2002-01-01

William F Dempster

引用次数: 0

Enzyme-based CO2 capture for advanced life support. 基于酶的二氧化碳捕获，用于高级生命维持。

Life support & biosphere science : international journal of earth space Pub Date : 2002-01-01

Jijun Ge, Robert M Cowan, Chingkuang Tu, Martin L McGregor, Michael C Trachtenberg

{"title":"Enzyme-based CO2 capture for advanced life support.","authors":"Jijun Ge, Robert M Cowan, Chingkuang Tu, Martin L McGregor, Michael C Trachtenberg","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"Elevated CO2 levels in air can lead to impaired functioning and even death to humans. Control of CO2 is critical in confined spaces that have little physical or biological buffering capacity (e.g., spacecraft, submarines, or aircraft). A novel enzyme-based contained liquid membrane bioreactor was designed for CO2 capture and certain application cases are reported in this article. The results show that the liquid layer accounts for the major transport resistance. With addition of carbonic anhydrase, the transport resistance decreased by 71%. Volatile organic compounds of the type and concentration expected to be present in either the crew cabin or a plant growth chamber did not influence carbonic anhydrase activity or reactor operation during 1-day operation. Alternative sweep method studies, examined as a means of eliminating consumables, showed that the feed gas could be used successfully in a bypass mode when combined with medium vacuum pressure (-85 kPa) to achieve CO2 separation comparable to that with an inert sweep gas. The reactor exhibited a selectivity for CO2 versus N2 of 1400:1 and CO2 versus O2 is 866:1. The CO2 permeance was 1.44 x 10(-7) mol m-2 Pa-1 s-1 (4.3 x 10(-4) cm3 cm-2 s-1 cmHg-1) at a feed concentration of 0.1% CO2. These data show that the enzyme-based contained liquid membrane is a promising candidate technology that may be suitable for NASA applications to control CO2 in the crew or plant chambers.","PeriodicalId":81864,"journal":{"name":"Life support & biosphere science : international journal of earth space","volume":"8 3-4","pages":"181-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22154040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A management information system to study space diets. 研究太空饮食的管理信息系统。

Life support & biosphere science : international journal of earth space Pub Date : 2002-01-01

Sukwon Kang, A J Both

{"title":"A management information system to study space diets.","authors":"Sukwon Kang, A J Both","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"A management information system (MIS), including a database management system (DBMS) and a decision support system (DSS), was developed to dynamically analyze the variable nutritional content of foods grown and prepared in an Advanced Life Support System (ALSS) such as required for long-duration space missions. The DBMS was designed around the known nutritional content of a list of candidate crops and their prepared foods. The DSS was designed to determine the composition of the daily crew diet based on crop and nutritional information stored in the DBMS. Each of the selected food items was assumed to be harvested from a yet-to-be designed ALSS biomass production subsystem and further prepared in accompanying food preparation subsystems. The developed DBMS allows for the analysis of the nutrient composition of a sample 20-day diet for future Advanced Life Support missions and is able to determine the required quantities of food needed to satisfy the crew's daily consumption. In addition, based on published crop growth rates, the DBMS was able to calculate the required size of the biomass production area needed to satisfy the daily food requirements for the crew. Results from this study can be used to help design future ALSS for which the integration of various subsystems (e.g., biomass production, food preparation and consumption, and waste processing) is paramount for the success of the mission.","PeriodicalId":81864,"journal":{"name":"Life support & biosphere science : international journal of earth space","volume":"8 3-4","pages":"191-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22155187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Light, plants, and power for life support on Mars. 光，植物，和火星上维持生命的能源。

Life support & biosphere science : international journal of earth space Pub Date : 2002-01-01

F B Salisbury, W F Dempster, J P Allen, A Alling, D Bubenheim, M Nelson, S Silverstone

{"title":"Light, plants, and power for life support on Mars.","authors":"F B Salisbury, W F Dempster, J P Allen, A Alling, D Bubenheim, M Nelson, S Silverstone","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"Regardless of how well other growing conditions are optimized, crop yields will be limited by the available light up to saturation irradiances. Considering the various factors of clouds on Earth, dust storms on Mars, thickness of atmosphere, and relative orbits, there is roughly 2/3 as much light averaged annually on Mars as on Earth. On Mars, however, crops must be grown under controlled conditions (greenhouse or growth rooms). Because there presently exists no material that can safely be pressurized, insulated, and resist hazards of puncture and deterioration to create life support systems on Mars while allowing for sufficient natural light penetration as well, artificial light will have to be supplied. If high irradiance is provided for long daily photoperiods, the growing area can be reduced by a factor of 3-4 relative to the most efficient irradiance for cereal crops such as wheat and rice, and perhaps for some other crops. Only a small penalty in required energy will be incurred by such optimization. To obtain maximum yields, crops must be chosen that can utilize high irradiances. Factors that increase ability to convert high light into increased productivity include canopy architecture, high-yield index (harvest index), and long-day or day-neutral flowering and tuberization responses. Prototype life support systems such as Bios-3 in Siberia or the Mars on Earth Project need to be undertaken to test and further refine systems and parameters.","PeriodicalId":81864,"journal":{"name":"Life support & biosphere science : international journal of earth space","volume":"8 3-4","pages":"161-72"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22154038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Swiss chard: a salad crop for the space program. 瑞士甜菜:一种用于太空计划的沙拉作物。

Life support & biosphere science : international journal of earth space Pub Date : 2002-01-01

Logan S Logendra, Matthew R Gilrain, Thomas J Gianfagna, Harry W Janes

引用次数: 0

Bioregenerative food system cost based on optimized menus for advanced life support. 生物再生食品系统成本基于高级生命支持的优化菜单。

Life support & biosphere science : international journal of earth space Pub Date : 2002-01-01

Geoffrey C R Waters, Ammar Olabi, Jean B Hunter, Mike A Dixon, Christophe Lasseur

引用次数: 0

Special section from the workshop "Ecosynthesis: creating open and closed ecosystems on Mars". 研讨会“生态合成:在火星上创建开放和封闭的生态系统”的特别部分。

Life support & biosphere science : international journal of earth space Pub Date : 2002-01-01

引用次数: 0