Gewina最新文献

{"title":"[Sebald Brugmans and hospital gangrene].","authors":"Teun van Heiningen","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sebald Justinus Brugmans, Professor at Leyden University and from 1795 on Director of the 'Geneeskundig Bureau der Bataafsche Republiek', organized all necessary facilities in the Leyden Military Hospital. His appointment, 1811, as inspector-general of the French Imperial Military Health-Service, seemed to be the next step in a brilliant career of more than 25 years. He became a leading expert in the fight against hospital-gangrene and its prevention, not in the least because of the enthusiastic reception of his treatise on gangrene (1814) in which he meticulously analyzed and explained the causes of this dreadful disease. He completed his entry with a thorough evaluation of all possible and well experienced sanitary regulations. He was convinced of the contagious character of the disease. Quite unusual at the time, he used the terms \"miasma\" and \"contagium\" interchangeably. Maybe partly for that reason, his work was instrumental in convincing most later authors that gangrene was a contagious disease. Brugmans' fame was established forever after tha Battle of Waterloo (June 1815).</p>","PeriodicalId":81331,"journal":{"name":"Gewina","volume":"26 4","pages":"216-33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24400470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[A battle of th health clubs in the Netherlands around 1840].","authors":"Loes van der Valk","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The discovery of a national inquiry into health funds in the 1840s gives cause to reconsider the traditional view on this subject. After a prosperous period under the guild regime commercial interests penetrated the health market. Its directors supposedly enriched themselves at the expense of both the insured and the professionals (general practitioners (gp's) and chemists). As things grew worse the government intervened and ordered an inquiry by a Select Committee. In reality things were slightly different. The debate on heath insurance was part and parcel of the pursuit of the medical profession to improve its standing. An alarming report on health funds by the Amsterdam medical commission spurred the Health Department to action. The national inquiry did not in fact corroborate the earlier report. In most parts of the Netherlands health insurance did not exist. In only two provinces - North and South Holland - taking out health insurance was an option and even there it was to a large extent in the cities. The three big cities - Amsterdam, Rotterdam and The Hague - accounted for 51.8 percent of all funds and as much as 72.2 percent of all persons insured. Nearly all complaints in the 1840s originated from gp's in Amsterdam. Only The Hague had the same experience i.e. infringements on private practice, enrichment by the fund governors etc. The complaints were not unlike those of the English club doctors at the end of the century. In both cities commercial health funds were important, while in Rotterdam gp's had very often been founding fathers. The author has tried to put the complaints into a wider perspective by comparing commercial funds with local clubs' and gp's own fund, the AZA, founded in 1847 to combat the disputed trend. Finally commercial funds have been compared with medical relief (number of patients and paid fees). The complaints about remuneration seem exaggerated as even AZA could not afford to pay higher fees. Commercialisation had only just started, but the new funds were more successful than the older clubs. AZA, however, proved to be even more successful. In close co-operation with poor law authorities a demarcation was introduced between medical relief and the working poor who had to take out a health insurance. AZA excluded the well-to-do from participating. Amsterdam developed a brand new health insurance policy in response to the threat of commercial funds. In the early twentieth century the story was repeated on a national level in response to proposals for compulsory sickness insurance.</p>","PeriodicalId":81331,"journal":{"name":"Gewina","volume":"26 1","pages":"22-39"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22389420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[The Dutch Red Cross and the ambulance for the Eastern Front Volunteers].","authors":"Leo van Bergen","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Netherlands between 1940 and 1945 offer a rare example of how humanitarian neutrality works during an occupation in wartime. The Red Cross theory of silence in case of violations of human rights or international law was combined with a Dutch Red Cross practice of rightwing, anti-communist sympathies and of obedience to political and military authorities. Consequently, 'to avoid an even worse scenario', in several instances co-operation with the German occupiers was chosen above abstinence. The main example of this attitude was the help in setting up an ambulance (a mobile hospital) for the SS Eastern-Front Volunteers (EVF), against the will of some members of the DRC-board, who claimed the work of this ambulance would be all but neutral or humanitarian. But in the eyes of the most important decision-makers, medical aid was always neutral and humanitarian. Therefore the Red Cross could not do otherwise than to respond favorably to the request of the EFV. When reports were received on 'the good' the ambulance did in Southern Russia, the DRC was proud. This proves how easily a policy of medical neutrality can in times of war alter in a policy that is in fact all but neutral. After the war a discussion was started on how medical neutrality should be achieved in times of occupation. Some defended the idea that in such cases national interest should prevail above medical neutrality. However, although guidelines were set up, this position was not embraced. Medical neutrality remained the primary goal of the Dutch Red Cross, also in times of war and occupation.</p>","PeriodicalId":81331,"journal":{"name":"Gewina","volume":"26 2","pages":"77-95"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22547416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[On the artful, yet pernicious body. A cultural-historical interpretation of Bidloo's anatomical atlas].","authors":"Rina Knoeff","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Among historians of science and medicine it is well known that early modern anatomical representations, in addition to illustrating ideas on the body, also teach a moral lesson. The anatomical cabinets of Frederik Ruysch (1638-1731) are exemplary. His exhibits show 1) the divine design of the body and 2) the fragility of life and man's dependence on God for his existence. Govard Bidloo (1649-1713), in his anatomical atlas, the Anatomia humani corporis (1685), does not seem to answer this standard view on the 'moral teaching' of anatomy. It has been argued that his depictions of dead and mutilated (parts of) bodies indicate a more realistic way of representation, devoid of metaphor and morality. Yet, taking the fierce controversy between Bidloo and Ruysch as my starting point, I show that in fact there is a moral lesson in Bidloo's anatomy. It reflects two important aspects of Bidloo's Mennonite faith, i.e. the aversion against beautiful decoration and the fascination with suffering and death found in martyr stories.</p>","PeriodicalId":81331,"journal":{"name":"Gewina","volume":"26 4","pages":"189-202"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24398497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Current thought on hereditary transmission and human genetics].","authors":"Stephen Snelders,&nbsp;Toine Pieters","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>On the basis of a review of the historiography on thought about hereditary transmission and human genetics in the 20th century in Britain, the United States, Germany, Russia, Sweden, and the Netherlands, a new research perspective is formulated. Concepts of heredity and their use in society have been various and diverse. Definitions of heredity and of the influence of 'nature' and 'nurture' in shaping genetic material have significantly changed. In the new research perspective the focus is directed to the role of a broad range of concepts of heredity in framing debates and practices around health, disease, and behaviour, including but not exclusively the concepts of Mendelian genetics, neo-Lamarckism', and concepts prevalent in eugenic movements. A research programme is outlined that is directed at specific problem fields in health care (e.g. alcoholism), and uses various sources to examine the historical dynamics in medical and public spheres.</p>","PeriodicalId":81331,"journal":{"name":"Gewina","volume":"26 4","pages":"203-15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24398366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[O-Ine, the first trained woman physician in Japan].","authors":"E de Jong,&nbsp;M Mulder,&nbsp;T M van Gulik","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":81331,"journal":{"name":"Gewina","volume":"25 3","pages":"160-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22174331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[The theatrum anatomicum: a public-communicative fossil or an archetype?].","authors":"Jan C C Rupp","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Public anatomy theaters are seen as the earliest form of popularizing medical science. In the seventeenth-century Netherlands they functioned as civic cultural centres, where, in wintertime, professors of anatomy presented anatomical demonstrations to a large and varied audience. During the remainder of the year the theatre was a museum of naturalia and artificialia, while it was also a meeting-place for scientists and artists. Although the anatomy lesson possibly was a moral-philosophical lesson about the relativity and fragility of the earthly existence rather than a public lesson in medicine, its sustained tradition certainly advanced the status and the development of the medical profession, and bred curiosity about medical insights in large sections of the population. Institutional aspects of this history, such as regulations and public accountability for ongoing medical experimentation, are still worth considering when designing current medical education.</p>","PeriodicalId":81331,"journal":{"name":"Gewina","volume":"25 4","pages":"191-209"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22330010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Medical communication about the management of depression, anxiety and sleeplessness in the Dutch women's magazine 'Margriet' between 1950 and 1960].","authors":"Jan Uttien,&nbsp;Toine Pieters,&nbsp;Frans J Meijman","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The reporting of health and medicine in the media played an important role in the way people perceived, defined and coped with everyday health problems in the second half of the twentieth century. It was and still is predominantly a supply-market which is dominated by the medical approach; creating a medical aura of progress and the self-evidence of a cure. Although the medical approach figured also prominently in women's magazines, the reporting of illness and health is far more a product of supply and demand with a lively interaction between readers and the editorial office by the means of topic-related letter columns. As such women's magazines not only offer a gender-specific but also a more balanced source for acquiring a better understanding of how public definitions and perceptions of illness and health changed over time. In this article we will focus on the communication about the management of health problems related to depression, anxiety and sleeplessness in the prototypical Dutch women's magazine 'Margriet' between 1950 and 1960. Our guiding research question has been: how do notions about depression, anxiety and and about responsive health behaviour, of which psychotropic drug use is a part, change over time in the reporting of health problems in Margriet? This question is of particular interest to learn more about the historical dynamics of the culture- and gender-specific public interplay between patients and doctors in terms of conceptualising the aforementioned health problems and defining medical coping strategies. Among other things we show that although there was hardly any mention of any 'functional division of labour' between mind and body in 1950, the mind-body dichotomy started to play an important role in the way health problems were perceived in 1960.</p>","PeriodicalId":81331,"journal":{"name":"Gewina","volume":"25 4","pages":"260-74"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22334947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[P. J. Vinken's science column in the weekly Vrij Nederland: 1959-1963].","authors":"Frans Meulenberg","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pierre Vinken (1927) began his professional career as a consultant neurosurgeon and ended it as chairman of the Reed Elsevier publishing company. Only a few insiders have ever known, however, that, in his younger days, he was an anonymous contributor to Vrij Nederland, at the time one of the two most widely read weekly newspapers in the Netherlands. During the period 1959-1963, the paper published a total of 175 of his articles. Though dealing with the wide range of subjects, ranging from linguistics to iconology, the majority of them were devoted to aspects of medical science. In retrospect, he was remarkably modern in the focus he brought to bear: spread the net wide in the choice of subject; rely strictly on tested research; seek always to keep an open mind; think logically and attack prejudice and superstition. Vinken's name does not feature in any work on Dutch journalism. However, bearing in mind the fact that he made his debut in the field as long as 14 May 1959, he must rightly be considered to be one of the pioneers of scientific journalism in the Netherlands.</p>","PeriodicalId":81331,"journal":{"name":"Gewina","volume":"25 4","pages":"275-88"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22332614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Images of patients in a modernising society: the Netherlands, 1880-1920].","authors":"Frank Huisman","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this essay it is argued that advertisements for medicines in the lay press constitute an important source for the patient in medical history. At first sight, advertisements only seem to document the supply side of the medical market. However, the image of the proactive manufacturer offering his goods to passive consumers is a misleading one. For a manufacturer to get and remain in business, it was crucial to develop a sensitive antenna for the needs of the public. In a highly commercial domain like health care around 1900 production, distribution and consumption of medicines constituted an interactive cycle of which advertisements were a part. They mirror a subtle play with dormant notions about health, illness and healing. When looking at it this way, the health care system (or rather: the medical market) becomes a place where meaning is being constructed, negotiated and exchanged. Thus, by taking a closer look at advertisements, the demand side comes in sight as well. By using advertisements for medicines in the lay press as a source, it seems possible to overcome the objection that much patient history is still too much focused on the academy and on physicians.</p>","PeriodicalId":81331,"journal":{"name":"Gewina","volume":"25 4","pages":"210-25"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22330011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}