Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Leveraging large language models through natural language processing to provide interpretable machine learning predictions of mental deterioration in real time","authors":"Francisco de Arriba-Pérez, Silvia García-Méndez","doi":"10.1007/s13369-024-09508-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-024-09508-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Based on official estimates, 50 million people worldwide are affected by dementia, and this number increases by 10 million new patients every year. Without a cure, clinical prognostication and early intervention represent the most effective ways to delay its progression. To this end, artificial intelligence and computational linguistics can be exploited for natural language analysis, personalized assessment, monitoring, and treatment. However, traditional approaches need more semantic knowledge management and explicability capabilities. Moreover, using large language models (<span>llm</span>s) for cognitive decline diagnosis is still scarce, even though these models represent the most advanced way for clinical–patient communication using intelligent systems. Consequently, we leverage an <span>llm</span> using the latest natural language processing (<span>nlp</span>) techniques in a chatbot solution to provide interpretable machine learning prediction of cognitive decline in real-time. Linguistic-conceptual features are exploited for appropriate natural language analysis. Through explainability, we aim to fight potential biases of the models and improve their potential to help clinical workers in their diagnosis decisions. More in detail, the proposed pipeline is composed of (i) data extraction employing <span>nlp</span>-based prompt engineering; (ii) stream-based data processing including feature engineering, analysis, and selection; (iii) real-time classification; and (iv) the explainability dashboard to provide visual and natural language descriptions of the prediction outcome. Classification results exceed 80% in all evaluation metrics, with a recall value for the mental deterioration class about 85%. To sum up, we contribute with an affordable, flexible, non-invasive, personalized diagnostic system to this work.</p>","PeriodicalId":8109,"journal":{"name":"Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142194131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimized Design of Floating Stone Columns for Enhanced Long-term Settlement Performance of Soft Soils","authors":"Khaoula Chenche, Meriem Fakhreddine Bouali, Jorge Castro","doi":"10.1007/s13369-024-09443-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-024-09443-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In two-dimensional axial symmetry finite element analyses, compressible clayey deposits improved by a large group of floating stone columns were performed using the unit cell idealization. The primary focus of this study is to assess the efficiency of floating stone columns in enhancing the consolidation rate of low-permeable soils. Additionally, it aims to evaluate the long-term stability of constructions built along marine coastal areas. To this end, two real case studies were investigated; the Béjaïa and Algiers Mediterranean harbors. Various geometric variables, pertaining to the design of floating stone columns, have been considered to analyze their effect in impacting the consolidation process and the long-term behavior emphasizing their fundamental importance in the design. Besides, a thorough comparison between the design in both short-term and long-term conditions, satisfying the admissible settlement, has been made, ultimately resulting in the optimized design selected. The results also indicate that increasing both the area improvement ratio and the floating column length leads to a speeding up of the consolidation rate. However, in contrast to the area substitution ratio, the column length has comparatively lesser importance in terms of reducing the settlement. Importantly, it is demonstrated that the design of floating stone columns for long-term conditions is significantly distinct from that for short-term conditions, requiring an approximate 40% increase in the area improvement ratio as designs based on the immediate settlement may not align with improved soft soil long-term behavior. Finally, the study reveals that the applied load ultimately governs the design of floating stone columns.</p>","PeriodicalId":8109,"journal":{"name":"Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142194161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic Risk Forecasting Based on Deep Learning and Collapse Risk Comprehensive Evaluation of Mountain Tunnel Portal Construction","authors":"Kun Lin, Yazhen Sun, Jinchang Wang, Fengbin Zhu, Longyan Wang","doi":"10.1007/s13369-024-09470-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-024-09470-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In this paper, a comprehensive risk assessment system is proposed to evaluate the risk of collapse in mountain tunnels. This system integrates risk source identification, dynamic and static risk classification, deep learning prediction, and engineering risk evaluation. Firstly, risk events and sources are identified, and a risk evaluation method combines the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP) and interval technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS). FAHP is used to calculate weights, and a risk classification table based on five classical values is derived using traditional TOPSIS. The actual project’s risk value is then calculated using Interval TOPSIS to determine the risk level. Secondly, six models (BP, SVM, CNN, LSTM, PSO-SLTM, and EPL) are trained and tested to predict surface settlement at the tunnel portal and using RMSE, MAE, and maximum (minimum and average) error values for comparison; the best model is determined. The study concludes that a two-stage model, which uses ensemble empirical mode decomposition to process raw data and particle swarm optimization to optimize long short-term memory hyperparameters, provides the best predictive results. Finally, static and dynamic risks are combined for a comprehensive risk evaluation. The Aktepe Tunnel Project in Xinjiang, China, serves as a case study to successfully and accurately forecast surface settlement and evaluate the safety of the tunnel portal. This assessment confirms that this section of the tunnel is at average risk and that the current building conditions ensure the safety of the tunnel, the case study validates the rationality of the comprehensive evaluation system, offering a reference for tunnel portal risk evaluation.</p>","PeriodicalId":8109,"journal":{"name":"Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142194164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"One-Dimensional Rock and Soil Characteristic Parameters Prediction Method Based on SRR","authors":"Zeliang Wang, Rui Gao, Xiuren Hu","doi":"10.1007/s13369-024-09393-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-024-09393-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Acquiring precise geologic parameters for obstructed or complex geologic regions poses a difficult task in practical engineering. Current predictions depend on the expertise of engineers, leading to inadequate levels of precision. Therefore, in this study, geotechnical stratigraphic data were transformed into visualization images containing only red information corresponding to <i>R</i> values in RGB images. The generated visualization images were analyzed using a super-resolution convolutional neural network (SRCNN) for prediction and compared with linear interpolation-based prediction methods. Subsequently, a dataset containing 430,000 patches was generated using real geologic data from a specific project, and this dataset was used for SRCNN training to validate its prediction. The results showed that SRCNN yields a peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) of 40.22 dB, exceeding the linear interpolation on the geologic map (39.93 dB). The SRCNN training was successful and outperformed the linear interpolation. The PSNR values of the SRCNN were higher (34.69 dB, 37.68 dB, 38.79 dB, 37.56 dB, and 44.99 dB) compared to linear interpolation (34.53 dB, 37.43 dB, 38.38 dB, 37.29 dB, and 44.31 dB). These findings confirmed the significant potential of the application of super-resolution reconstruction for predicting soil distribution, and this method is expected to yield more precise soil prediction results as the dataset grows.</p>","PeriodicalId":8109,"journal":{"name":"Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141932736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of an Inline Mixer to Produce Surfactant-Free Biodiesel-diesel/Water Emulsion Fuel: An Analysis of Water Droplets Characteristics and Drive Cycle Emissions","authors":"Mohamad Qayyum Mohd Tamam, Wira Jazair Yahya, Hasbullah Abdul Rahman, Ahmad Muhsin Ithnin, Hasannuddin Abd Kadir, Md Mujibur Rahman, Hirofumi Noge, Tsuyoshi Koga, Dhani Avianto Sugeng","doi":"10.1007/s13369-024-09408-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-024-09408-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Water-in-diesel (W/D) emulsion is a promising alternative fuel candidate, as it can simultaneously reduce nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) while improving engine performance. Wide scale adoption of this fuel is difficult due to high production and storage costs. Hence, Real-Time Non-Surfactant Emulsion Fuel Supply System (RTES) is a proposed technology to solve these issues by mixing diesel and water in-line directly to the engine. This study presents an updated RTES prototype which incorporated a modular design, with a feedback system to control water injection rate. In this paper, RTES was installed to a common rail injection diesel-powered vehicle and the biodiesel-diesel W/D produced by RTES was analyzed to determine the effect of common rail pressure toward water droplet size and distribution. The vehicle was then tested under the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) to evaluate vehicle emissions, which will serve as the basis for evaluating the emissions profile of W/D produced by RTES under urban and extra-urban driving conditions. It was found that when subjected to high common rail pressures, W/D droplets produced by RTES reduced by 21.1% compared to freshly produced W/D. NEDC emissions data revealed that NOx emission was reduced to a maximum of 25.3% in urban driving conditions. Hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide increased marginally throughout urban driving phase; while, carbon dioxide emissions were comparable between biodiesel-diesel and W/D. However, extra-urban driving conditions were unfavorable for RTES activation, as substantial emission increases were observed during high-speed accelerations. Nonetheless, W/D reduced PM emissions by 51% throughout NEDC.</p>","PeriodicalId":8109,"journal":{"name":"Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141932810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Aggregate Characteristics and Distribution on the Mechanical Characteristics of Recycled Concrete","authors":"Lixia Guo, Yuqing Yang, Ling Zhong, Jianwei Zhang","doi":"10.1007/s13369-024-09395-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-024-09395-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Recycled concrete is a green material composed of natural aggregate and recycled aggregate mixed with cementing material and water in a certain ratio. The random distribution of aggregate in concrete has a great impact on material properties due to its supporting effect. In order to explore the characteristics of aggregate and the influence of its random distribution on the compressive strength performance of recycled aggregate concrete, numerical simulation is adopted in this paper. By using RAND function in ANSYS software APDL, a five-phase random aggregate model of recycled aggregate concrete was generated based on Monte Carlo method, and numerical simulation of uniaxial compression mechanical properties of concrete specimens under different recycled aggregate substitution rates (0%, 35% and 100%) was carried out. On the basis of reliability of the numerical simulation method verified by laboratory tests, multiple groups of stress–strain characteristic curves were obtained, the failure characteristics and stress characteristics of recycled concrete were analyzed, and Weibull probability statistical distribution was introduced to characterize the randomness and heterogeneity of mechanical characteristic parameters of recycled aggregate concrete. The results show that the compressive strength of recycled aggregate concrete is subject to Weibull distribution under random distribution of aggregate, and the shape coefficient m in Weibull distribution parameter can characterize the randomness and complexity of the failure of recycled concrete. The dispersion of the compressive strength of recycled aggregate concrete shows a decreasing trend with the increase in the substitution rate of recycled aggregate.</p>","PeriodicalId":8109,"journal":{"name":"Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering","volume":"193 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141932809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biopolymer and Gypsum Added Na Bentonite for a More Effective Clay Liner","authors":"Ali Hossien Basheer Garoushi, Eris Uygar","doi":"10.1007/s13369-024-09386-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-024-09386-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Bentonite soil is frequently utilized as a compacted clay liner, which is a critical component of municipal waste landfill systems. This study aims to investigate the feasibility of treating sodium bentonite (NAB) with natural biopolymers to obtain an effective clay liner. The NAB was treated with three biopolymers: sodium alginate (SA), agar gum (A), and xanthan gum (X), at different replacement percentages (2%, 4%, 6%, and 8%). Additionally, an investigation was conducted to determine the extent to which replacing 50% of these additives with gypsum (G) would improve the biopolymer treatments. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), pH, one-dimensional swelling, and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) were carried out in this study. The FTIR results indicated the presence of intermolecular hydrogen bonding when NAB was treated with biopolymers and gypsum, which is crucial for enhancing the UCS. Furthermore, the thermal treatment of biopolymers significantly contributes to improving the UCS. Among the various biopolymers tested, agar gum demonstrated the most significant improvement, specifically, replacing 8% of the NAB with agar gum resulted in a 55% increase in UCS. Volume change behavior was most influenced by replacement of NAB with gypsum by 8%, which reduced the vertical swelling to 21% as opposed to 79% for the untreated NAB. The use of SA conversely resulted in an increased vertical swelling of 91%.</p>","PeriodicalId":8109,"journal":{"name":"Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141932744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-objective Optimal Antiwindup Compensation of Discrete-Time Nonlinear Systems Under Input Saturation","authors":"Faisal Iqbal, Muhammad Rehan, Muntazir Hussain, Ijaz Ahmed, Muhammad Khalid","doi":"10.1007/s13369-024-09385-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-024-09385-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper deals with the discrete-time antiwindup compensator (AWC) synthesis for nonlinear discrete-time systems under input saturation. The proposed method considers the objective of an optimal AWC design for fast convergence and for improved performance against the saturation nonlinearity. A discrete-time full-order AWC architecture is presented for nonlinear discrete-time systems to achieve an improved performance against the saturation nonlinearity. Additionally, an equivalent decoupled AWC architecture for nonlinear discrete-time system is derived through algebraic analysis and transformation of saturation to dead-zone function. To achieve fast convergence, a more generic Lyapunov function has been applied for the AWC design by incorporating an exponential term in the Lyapunov function. Then, new conditions for the AWC synthesis are revealed by application of the resultant decoupled discrete-time architecture, nonlinearity condition, a modified quadratic-exponential Lyapunov function, optimally exponential <span>(L_{2})</span> approach, and input saturation properties. The design conditions are provided for both global and local design scenarios, which can be applied to both stable and unstable plants. Compared with the conventional methods, the proposed approach deals with nonlinear systems, can be more practical due to discrete-time scenario, provides an optimal design for both fast convergence and performance, and applicable to both stable and unstable plants. A simulation example has been provided to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed nonlinear AWC design.</p>","PeriodicalId":8109,"journal":{"name":"Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141968804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Large-Eddy Simulation of Turbulent Airflow and Pollutant Dispersion from a Ground-level Point-Source in a Model Urban Area","authors":"Sadia Siddiqa, Sahrish Batool Naqvi, Muhammad Azam, Md. Mamun Molla","doi":"10.1007/s13369-024-09371-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-024-09371-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study aims to comprehensively investigate pollutant dispersion within a scaled urban model and assess associated risks from emissions. Specifically, we focus on a ground-level point-source in the first row of buildings, continuously releasing a tracer gas for passive scalar transport analysis. The research seeks to understand flow patterns and pollutant dispersion considering the diverse heights and rooftop configurations typical of urban environments. Turbulence significantly influences pollutant dispersion and airflow around structures, prompting large-Eddy simulation (LES) to quantify these effects within the urban model’s regularly spaced buildings. We utilize the dynamic Smagorinsky subgrid-scale (SGS) model to resolve the instantaneous flow field and passive scalar transport. Artificial turbulent structures are generated at the inlet using the synthetic inflow generator method. The validation shows that, the average deviations from the wind tunnel measurements for Wall A at positions <span>(x_2/H=0)</span> and <span>(x_2/H=3.79)</span> are approximately 12.09% and 16.52%, respectively. We found that, as free-stream flow encounters the first high-rise buildings in the urban canyon, high streamwise velocity is experienced, followed by the formation of a wake region around obstacles, causing flow separation due to boundary layer detachment from building rooftops. Pollutants released from the ground-level point-source are transported from primary recirculations to secondary ones through turbulent diffusion and advection until evacuated from the urban area. Velocity and concentration contours reveal that in-canyon vortex dynamics and pollutant distribution are highly sensitive to rooftop configurations. The height and shape of buildings not only influence in-canyon vortex structure, but also determine vortex strength. Furthermore, pollutant dispersion characteristics and pollution levels vary across buildings, with distinct regions near high- and low-rise structures showing differing patterns.</p>","PeriodicalId":8109,"journal":{"name":"Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering","volume":"85 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141932889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Novel Method Based on Stepwise Variational Modal Decomposition and Gramian Angular Difference Field for Bearing Health Monitoring","authors":"Yong Li, Hongyao Zhang, Sencai Ma, Gang Cheng, Qiangling Yao, Chuanwei Zuo","doi":"10.1007/s13369-024-09320-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-024-09320-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The health status of bearings seriously affects the operational efficiency of equipment, and it is important to carry out bearing health status detection. A bearing fault diagnosis method based on stepwise variational modal decomposition (SVMD) with adaptive initialization center frequency and Gramian angular difference field is proposed. Firstly, a method of center frequency initialization base on frequency energy distribution characteristics is proposed to improve the decomposition speed and stability. Secondly, SVMD with single component decomposition and local decomposition is proposed to improve decomposition efficiency. It can effectively avoid inconsistency in different signal parameter settings and ensures consistency in the number of signal components, which is very suitable for batch processing of signals. Finally, Gramian angular field (GAF) and convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are combined to extract features of the reconstructed signal spectrum and enhance the differential characteristics between different signal spectrum. The experiment shows that the center frequency initialization method can shorten the single decomposition time from 11.13 to 6.71 s. The overall recognition rate can reach 95.2%, which is at least 1.9% higher than other decomposition methods.</p>","PeriodicalId":8109,"journal":{"name":"Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering","volume":"369 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141932898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}