Annals of Human Genetics最新文献

{"title":"Investigating the Effectiveness of Forensic Application and Population Genetic Diversity Using a Multi-InDel System in Chinese Hezhou and Southern Shaanxi Han Populations.","authors":"Xi Wang, Qiong Lan, Yifeng Lin, Xi Yuan, Shuyan Mei, Fanzhang Lei, Bonan Dong, Ming Zhao, Meiming Cai, Chunmei Shen, Bofeng Zhu","doi":"10.1111/ahg.70001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ahg.70001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Multi-insertion/deletion (multi-InDel) markers have greater potential in forensic genetics than InDel, and their efficacy in paternity testing, individual identification, DNA mixture detection, and ancestry inference remains to be explored.</p><p><strong>Material and method: </strong>We designed an efficient and robust system consisting of 41 multi-InDels to evaluate its efficacy in forensic applications in Chinese Hezhou Han (HZH) and Southern Shaanxi Han (SSH) populations and explore the genetic relationships among the SSH, HZH, and 26 reference populations.</p><p><strong>Results and conclusions: </strong>The obtained results showed that most of the 41 multi-InDels had relatively high genetic variations. The cumulative power of discrimination and probability of exclusion values of 40 multi-InDels (except MI38) in HZH and SSH populations both exceeded 1 - e^-25 and 1 - e^-6, respectively. The genetic compositions of HZH and SSH populations were similar to those of East Asian populations, and the multi-InDel system could well distinguish East Asians, Africans, and Europeans. These results indicated that the multi-InDel system can serve as an effective tool to provide important clue for the forensic practical application and also to better analyze the genetic background of Chinese Han population.</p>","PeriodicalId":8085,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Human Genetics","volume":" ","pages":"e70001"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144688695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Genetics of Acne","authors":"Maurice A. M. Van Steensel","doi":"10.1111/ahg.70014","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ahg.70014","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This review addresses the genetics of acne vulgaris, the most common skin disease. It is characterized by the presence of comedones (blackheads), papules, and pustules. The condition is associated with sebaceous glands in the face and chest, which produce an oily substance called sebum. In developed nations, acne affects over 80% of adolescents. Mild disease usually resolves spontaneously. More severe acne can leave permanent, disfiguring scarring and strongly affects quality of life. In those cases, medical intervention is warranted. To date, antibiotics and retinoids (synthetic vitamin A derivatives) are the mainstays of treatment. Depending on the severity of the condition, these drugs may be administered either topically or systemically.</p><p>Whilst generally effective, they do come with significant drawbacks. Antibiotic use for treating acne is contributing to antimicrobial resistance. In addition, indiscriminate eradication of the skin microbiome negatively impacts skin health. Retinoids are teratogenic and have other undesirable side effects, such as skin irritation and increased UV sensitivity. Thus, there is a clear need for effective interventions that target the underlying disease mechanism, minimizing side effects.</p><p>Rapid progress has recently been made in understanding the mechanisms underlying acne. For decades, it was assumed that blackhead formation results from the accumulation of sebum in the hair follicle opening, due to increased sebum production at the onset of puberty. Subsequent colonization by the commensal bacterium <i>Cutibacterium acnes</i> then was thought to cause inflammation. It was also postulated that this micro-organism could induce blackheads. There are, however, several problems with this supposed sequence of events, not the least of which is that it doesn't explain how retinoids work, or why sebaceous glands associated with blackheads are atrophic and hence produce less sebum, not more.</p><p>Both GWAS and single gene disorders unequivocally indicate stem/progenitor cell maintenance and cellular migration as the most important processes in the pathogenesis of acne. Together with insights from mouse models, this new perspective is transforming the way we think about acne and its treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":8085,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Human Genetics","volume":"89 5","pages":"333-341"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ahg.70014","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144673767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inherited Susceptibility to Cancer: Past, Present and Future","authors":"Shirley V. Hodgson,&nbsp;William D. Foulkes,&nbsp;Eamonn R Maher,&nbsp;Clare Turnbull","doi":"10.1111/ahg.70013","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ahg.70013","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Germline pathogenic variants (GPVs, ‘mutations’) causing inherited susceptibility to certain cancers (cancer susceptibility genes, CSGs) broadly belong to one of two main classes—loss of function variants in tumour suppressor genes (TSGs) or gain of function variants in proto-oncogenes (an over-simplification). Genomic analyses of tumours identify ‘driver mutations’ promoting tumour growth and somatic variants which contribute to ‘mutation signatures’ which, with histopathology, can be used to subclassify cancers with implications for causality and treatment. The identification of susceptible individuals is important, as they and their relatives may be at elevated risk of tumours, and this can influence optimal cancer treatment. Classically, cancer risk assessment utilises family history, lifestyle/environment factors, and any non-neoplastic clinical findings, followed by genetic testing of high/moderate penetrance CSGs. In cancer cases not caused by highly penetrant CSGs, multiple variants conferring relatively small risks play a major role. These were discovered by genome-wide association (GWAS) studies. The utility of polygenic risk scores (PRS) derived from multiple such variants for clinical risk profiling is being assessed. Access to genetic tests is improved by widening eligibility criteria for testing and empowering non-genetic clinicians to identify CSG GPVs and manage carriers. This will contribute to expanding programmes of screening, prevention and early detection (SPED), with personalised surveillance and prophylactic interventions, and exploit knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of cancer susceptibility to develop novel cancer therapies. In some jurisdictions, population testing is being considered, but GPV penetrance in this setting can be unclear, and the public health implications are complex.</p>","PeriodicalId":8085,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Human Genetics","volume":"89 5","pages":"354-365"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ahg.70013","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144673766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potential Causal Association Between Follicle-Stimulating Hormone and Alzheimer's Disease: Genetic Loci Study and Mendelian Randomization Study.","authors":"Chenchen Ding, Xiaohong Xu, Bangliang Xu, Jiali Wu","doi":"10.1111/ahg.70004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ahg.70004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Alzheimer's disease (AD) predominantly affects older women, with research suggesting elevated follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels in postmenopausal women correlate with AD risk and cognitive decline. Understanding the causal relationship between FSH and AD is essential.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>We selected single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) linked to FSH as instrumental variables (IVs) for Mendelian randomization (MR). Statistical methods, including inverse variance weighted (IVW), MR Egger, Weighted Median, Weighted Mode, and Simple Mode, were employed to assess causality and potential pleiotropy. Shared genetic loci between FSH and AD were explored.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We carefully identified and utilized a total of 20 valid SNPs as IVs to assess the potential causal relationship between FSH and AD. Our analysis revealed a significant causal association between genetically determined FSH levels and AD [beta = -0.004; OR = 0.996, 95% confident interval (CI): 0.994-0.999; p = 0.002]. We successfully identified 20 SNPs that correspond to 8 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between AD and non-demented (ND). These genes have not been previously reported to be linked to either FSH or AD. We conducted an in-depth analysis to explore the potential roles of these genes in the context of FSH and AD.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our MR study revealed that FSH potentially has a causal association with AD. Additionally, FSH might possess distinctive biological mechanisms that influence the development of AD.</p>","PeriodicalId":8085,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Human Genetics","volume":" ","pages":"e70004"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144658190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Fortunes of Genomic Medicine: A Quarter Century of Promise","authors":"Steve Sturdy","doi":"10.1111/ahg.70011","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ahg.70011","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The culmination of the Human Genome Project in the early 2000s came wreathed in promises of a revolution in medicine and healthcare. The ensuing quarter century has seen remarkable growth in genomic medicine, as well as notable shifts in the promissory rhetoric that accompanies it.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This essay draws on a contextualist close reading of scientific and policy literature published from the 1990s to the present, using thematic and narrative analysis informed by perspectives from the sociology of expectations, to examine the role of different kinds of promissory claims in shaping the development of genomic medicine in the UK, and particularly England, over that period.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Early promises about the medical benefits that will follow from the development of genomic medicine have been scaled back and refocused as the possibilities and limitations of genomic technologies have become apparent; while investment has shifted from basic discovery resources aimed at elucidating the genetics of common disorders to clinical facilities focused on the genomics of rare diseases and cancer. Research in these areas has delivered a range of highly-publicised diagnostic and therapeutic innovations, but so far the benefits to patients have generally been modest or confined to relatively small populations, and come at a high cost, both financial and human. Meanwhile, a rather different set of promises, focused on economic growth through biomedical innovation, has been instrumental in shaping how the field of genomic medicine has developed, especially within the National Health Service. One consequence has been a blurring of the distinction between medical care and biomedical research, with genomic medicine patients and their data increasingly being reframed as an economic resource for purposes of commercially-driven innovation.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In this context, efforts to persuade patients of the personal or public value of research participation, and especially proposals to abandon the principle of clinical non-directiveness in genomic healthcare, raise uncomfortable questions about just whose interests genomic medicine, as currently constituted, is best designed to serve.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":8085,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Human Genetics","volume":"89 5","pages":"342-353"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ahg.70011","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144658191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Power and Limitations of Inferring Genetic Ancestry","authors":"Nancy Bird,&nbsp;Turi King,&nbsp;Garrett Hellenthal","doi":"10.1111/ahg.70007","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ahg.70007","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The recent emergence of technologies that capture and analyse genetic variation patterns obtained from a person's DNA sample has led to numerous academic and commercial endeavours to infer individuals' ancestries. In theory, a person's genome contains a wealth of readily accessible information regarding their ancestors, despite only some of our ancestors contributing to the DNA we carry. This makes genetic tests an attractive alternative to the painstaking reconstruction of family trees or directly contacting long-lost relations, particularly when, unless there are notable individuals in the tree, historical and genealogical records tend to diminish in frequency with each generation. However, while powerful, there are limits to what genetic data can unearth, as well as important assumptions underlying these analyses.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This review describes some of the early history and latest advances in techniques and data used to infer ancestry using genetics, highlighting both the power and limitations of current studies.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>While genetics is a powerful means of exploring aspects of people's ancestry, a stronger focus on conveying uncertainty will allow both academics and non-academics to avoid the ever-present risks of over-interpretation.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":8085,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Human Genetics","volume":"89 5","pages":"264-273"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ahg.70007","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144641602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From Expert Judgment to Structured Guidelines: A Brief History and Bright Future of DNA Variant Interpretation","authors":"Andreas Laner,&nbsp;Bin Alwi Zilfalil,&nbsp;Sherifa Ahmed Hamed,&nbsp;Huy Do,&nbsp;Iscia Lopes-Cendes,&nbsp;Tilak Shrestha,&nbsp;Edward Tobias,&nbsp;Angela Solano,&nbsp;Ada Hamosh,&nbsp;Dhavendra Kumar","doi":"10.1111/ahg.70009","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ahg.70009","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The classification of sequence variants is at the core of human genetic diagnostics and is the basis for clinical guidance - incorrectly classified variants may cause great harm to patients and their families.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We provide an overview of the evolution of ideas and algorithms that have led to the formulation of elaborate classification systems over the last decades, culminating in the ACMG/AMP classification system. Furthermore, we address a still unsolved problem in the clinical translation of DNA analyses: variants of unclear significance (VUS).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Rigorous data sharing and the sub-categorisation of VUS could facilitate a clearer interpretation of VUS.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This review underscores the efforts of the HUGO Education Committee to empower professional—sespecially in resource-limited settings—with the expertise needed for high-quality variant interpretation, fostering equitable access to the transformative potential of genomic medicine.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":8085,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Human Genetics","volume":"89 5","pages":"372-383"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ahg.70009","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144636014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"AI-Based Facial Dysmorphism Assessment in Diverse Populations: Advancements and Future Directions.","authors":"Tung Chao Li, Lien-Chung Wei","doi":"10.1111/ahg.70010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ahg.70010","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The recent study by Makay et al. significantly advances our understanding of artificial intelligence (AI)-based tools for evaluating facial dysmorphism, particularly within underrepresented populations such as Central African children. This commentary underscores the importance of integrating AI phenotyping technologies with traditional clinical assessments, emphasizing their complementary roles rather than replacement. The commentary further explores methodological enhancements, including the integration of three-dimensional facial analysis, and highlights the necessity for ongoing validation studies in diverse ethnic cohorts to optimize algorithmic precision and clinical applicability. These refinements are essential for improving dysmorphology evaluations globally, particularly in regions with limited genetic healthcare resources.</p>","PeriodicalId":8085,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Human Genetics","volume":" ","pages":"e70010"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144636013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Promise and Challenges of Genomics for Patients and Families Affected by Rare Conditions","authors":"Claire A. Andersen,&nbsp;Anna L. Pelling,&nbsp;Sarah L. Wynn","doi":"10.1111/ahg.70008","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ahg.70008","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Availability and implementation of genetic testing on a national and global level have advanced exponentially over the last few decades. While having a diagnosis of a rare genetic condition can have a plethora of effects on those concerned, the delivery of a diagnosis can often be accompanied by little information and no obvious care path for the future.</p><p>Continued advancements in genomics have curtailed often lengthy diagnostic odysseys but also highlighted inequities and the need for extended support and provision of related information.</p><p>Unique, a UK-based charity serving the global community of people and families affected by rare chromosome and gene disorders associated with developmental delay and/or intellectual disability, aims to bridge the knowledge and care gap between diagnosis and follow-up care.</p><p>Bringing together patients, families, research scientists, clinical geneticists and other professionals involved in the care of individuals with a rare genetic condition can have a powerful impact on the progress of targeted support.</p><p>With a community of over 30,000 member families, sharing knowledge and experience of rare genetic disorders, and also experiences of diagnosis delivery and follow-up care, this community provides an important source of insights and actionable concerns of those experiencing a rare disease journey, from diagnosis and throughout life.</p>","PeriodicalId":8085,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Human Genetics","volume":"89 5","pages":"366-371"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ahg.70008","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144567009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bidirectional Mendelian Randomization Study: Unraveling the Link Between Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis and Cardiovascular Disease.","authors":"Lijuan Hu, Ruoyu Liu, Liang Yang, Mingyuan Xu, Yun Zhou, Yongtong Cao","doi":"10.1111/ahg.12605","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ahg.12605","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), the predominant idiopathic interstitial pneumonia, is marked by progressive, irreversible lung damage with a 3-year median survival rate in the elderly. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the most common disease in the elderly population and its incidence is increasing all the time, especially in the Asia-Pacific region, coinciding with the rise in global mortality. Despite clinical indications of a link between IPF and CVD, the mechanisms are not well understood. This study applies a bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) approach to explore potential causalities between IPF and CVD.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Summary data from public genome-wide association study (GWAS) databases for IPF (27,449 participants) and CVD were utilized. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) served as instrumental variables in MR analysis, employing inverse variance-weighted (IVW), weighted median (WM), and MR-Egger methods. Heterogeneity was assessed with Cochran's Q test, and sensitivity analyses were conducted using MR-PRESSO.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The IVW analysis revealed no significant associations between genetically predicted IPF and CVD, except for a significant negative association with large artery atherosclerosis stroke and IPF. The WM method supported this inverse relationship. MR-Egger intercept indicated pleiotropy in the link between IPF and heart failure, with no outliers detected by MR-PRESSO. Cochran's Q test showed no significant heterogeneity for the relationships.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The bidirectional MR study suggests a potential negative influence of large artery atherosclerosis stroke on IPF, hinting at a protective role of IPF in stroke incidence. The absence of significant associations with other CVDs and IPF implies a more complex relationship than previously considered. Further research is needed to clarify the intricate connections between IPF and CVD.</p>","PeriodicalId":8085,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Human Genetics","volume":" ","pages":"e12605"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144558899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}