Anticancer research最新文献

{"title":"Glymphatic Insights in Glioblastoma.","authors":"Ashwin Kumaria, Keyoumars Ashkan","doi":"10.21873/anticanres.17517","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21873/anticanres.17517","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8072,"journal":{"name":"Anticancer research","volume":"45 3","pages":"1301-1303"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143555651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of YAP Inhibitors and Activators on the Growth of Leukemia Cells.","authors":"Honoka Sezutsu, Mai Itoh, Shuji Tohda","doi":"10.21873/anticanres.17485","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21873/anticanres.17485","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/aim: </strong>The Hippo signaling pathway is involved in cell proliferation through the regulation of its downstream molecule YAP. The dysregulation of Hippo signaling is associated with cancer cell proliferation. This study aimed to investigate the effects of YAP inhibitors and activators on the proliferation of human leukemia cell lines <i>in vitro</i> to examine whether YAP functions as a tumor suppressor or promoter.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>In total, six leukemia cell lines (THP-1, HL-60, and U-937, derived from acute myeloid leukemia; K-562 from chronic myeloid leukemia; and KOPT-K1 and Jurkat from T-lymphoblastic leukemia) were treated with the YAP inhibitors CA3, Peptide17, and Verteporfin or YAP activators SBP-3264 and XMU-MP-1. Colorimetric assay was conducted to assess cell growth. Immunoblotting was used to evaluate the expression of signaling proteins.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Treatment with YAP activators suppressed cell growth in all cell lines, with apoptotic induction involving an increase in cleaved caspase-3. Moreover, the treatment down-regulated NOTCH1, cleaved NOTCH1, and MYC expression. Treatment with the YAP inhibitor CA3 suppressed the growth of HL-60 and KOPT-K1 cells without inducing apoptosis, accompanied by decreased MYC expression. As the other two YAP inhibitors did not suppress growth, off-target effects might contribute to inhibition by CA3.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>YAP activators suppressed the growth of leukemia cells through induction of apoptosis. This suggested that YAP might function as a tumor suppressor in leukemia. SBP-3264 and XMU-MP-1 could be novel candidate molecular-targeted drugs for leukemia; however, further investigations are required.</p>","PeriodicalId":8072,"journal":{"name":"Anticancer research","volume":"45 3","pages":"977-987"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143555461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anamorelin in the Management of Cancer Cachexia: Clinical Efficacy, Challenges, and Future Directions.","authors":"Hironori Fujii, Yunami Yamada, Hirotoshi Iihara, Ryo Kobayashi, Akio Suzuki","doi":"10.21873/anticanres.17475","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21873/anticanres.17475","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cancer cachexia, a systemic multifactorial syndrome that affects survival prognosis, occurs in 80% of patients with advanced cancer. Patients with cancer cachexia experience progressive functional disability and persistent loss of skeletal muscle mass associated with reduced quality of life. Cancer cachexia requires multidisciplinary early intervention, including drugs, exercise, nutrition, and psychotherapy. Anamorelin is an oral drug with ghrelin-like effects, including significant appetite stimulation, increase in food intake and weight, and stimulation of growth hormone secretion. This review provides an overview of basic drug information and clinical trial data on anamorelin, focusing on its role in the treatment of cancer cachexia, with the aim of achieving more effective anamorelin administration. In several randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials, anamorelin significantly improved lean body mass and appetite in patients with cancer cachexia. However, no improvement was observed in motor function (handgrip strength and 6-minute walk test). Clinical trials of anamorelin have shown approximately consistent trends in efficacy, but decisions on whether or not to approve anamorelin vary internationally. The treatment of cancer cachexia, including with anamorelin, requires consideration of the selection of target patients, burden of treatment on patients, and assessment tools used by healthcare providers that may affect treatment outcomes. Based on several retrospective datasets, the initiation of anamorelin at earlier stages of cancer cachexia, combined with nutritional and exercise therapy, should be considered. However, current evidence is insufficient, and results of future studies are awaited.</p>","PeriodicalId":8072,"journal":{"name":"Anticancer research","volume":"45 3","pages":"865-881"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143555553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Postoperative Therapy on Survival Outcomes in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Patients With Microscopic Residual Disease.","authors":"Hiroki Watanabe, Shota Nakamura, Yoshito Imamura, Shoji Okado, Yuji Nomata, Yuta Kawasumi, Yuka Kadomatsu, Harushi Ueno, Taketo Kato, Tetsuya Mizuno, Toyofumi Fengshi Chen-Yoshikawa","doi":"10.21873/anticanres.17506","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21873/anticanres.17506","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/aim: </strong>The aim of the study was to describe the specific characteristics of patients with microscopic residual disease (R1) after surgical resection for non-small cell lung cancer and to evaluate the effect of postoperative therapy in R1 patients.</p><p><strong>Patients and methods: </strong>We retrospectively reviewed the clinical data of 3,296 patients. Enrolled R1 patients were divided into two groups: those who received postoperative therapy (PT) and those who did not receive postoperative therapy (NPT).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 52 R1 patients were enrolled. Of those, 27 (51.9%) underwent extended resections in addition to the standard surgery, 37 patients were assigned to the PT group and 15 to the NPT group. The PT group exhibited significantly longer overall survival (OS) than the NPT group (<i>p</i><0.01, 5-year OS rate: 62.7% <i>vs.</i> 17.9%). There was no difference in progression-free survival (PFS) between the two groups (<i>p</i>=0.34, 5-year PFS rate: 38.7% <i>vs.</i> 22.2%). Age (<70 years old) and postoperative therapy positively impacted OS (<i>p</i>=0.03, and <i>p</i>=0.01, respectively).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>R1 resection after surgical resection for non-small cell lung cancer was more likely to occur in the patients receiving extended surgical resection. The PT group demonstrated a significantly better prognosis than the NPT group.</p>","PeriodicalId":8072,"journal":{"name":"Anticancer research","volume":"45 3","pages":"1193-1204"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143555570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mismatch Between Preoperative MRI Findings and Postoperative Histological Results in the Treatment of Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumor.","authors":"Johannes Neugebauer, Phillip Blum, Alexander Keiler, Markus SÜß, Patrick Reinbacher, Markus Neubauer, Gianpaolo Leone, Marko Bergovec, Dietmar Dammerer","doi":"10.21873/anticanres.17496","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21873/anticanres.17496","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/aim: </strong>Tenosynovial giant cell tumor (TGCT) is a rare disease of young adults with a high number of cases going unreported. Despite an international consensus meeting of experts in June 2022, the majority of such patients repeatedly pose problems, even for experienced clinicians. This study deals with the question of how often postoperative histopathological findings are consistent with preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings.</p><p><strong>Patients and methods: </strong>In a retrospective data analysis, we investigated 137 patients at our department who had undergone synovectomy between 1991 and 2019.</p><p><strong>Inclusion criteria: </strong>positive MRI findings with evidence of T1- and T2-weighted sequence low-signal representation of the TGCT with inhomogeneous contrast medium uptake because of hemosiderin, subsequent synovectomy and complete histological report showing inconsistency with MRI findings. Because of the heterogeneity of the study group, we can only report descriptive statistics.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The average age at diagnosis was 38 (range=9-73) years. Of 137 cases, 52 with complete data sets were included in the study. In 37 (71%) out of these 52 patients, MRI and histological findings were consistent. Of the 52 patients, 15 (29%) had a false-positive MRI finding for TGCT.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Although imaging showed pathognomonic characteristics, the diagnosis of TGCT was not confirmed histopathologically in almost 29%. We therefore recommend a preoperative biopsy, especially in case of doubt, and treatment of TGCT in designated centers.</p>","PeriodicalId":8072,"journal":{"name":"Anticancer research","volume":"45 3","pages":"1087-1096"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143555636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diagnosis and Treatment of Gestational Non-Epithelial Ovarian Cancer: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Temitayo Ahmadu, David B Olawade, Jennifer Teke, Michel-Elie Bachour, Rukhshana Dina Rabbani, Sumaya Akter, Elisabet Sanchez, Vasileios Papadopoulos, Saak V Ovsepian, Stergios Boussios","doi":"10.21873/anticanres.17473","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21873/anticanres.17473","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/aim: </strong>Ovarian cancer is categorized into epithelial ovarian cancer and non-epithelial ovarian cancer (NEOC), with NEOC accounting for approximately 10% of cases, predominantly affecting young women and adolescents. The incidence of gestational ovarian cancer is expected to rise in developed nations due to delayed childbearing. NEOC in pregnancy presents various risks, including spontaneous abortion, ventriculomegaly, respiratory distress, and maternal-fetal mortality. This review aims to evaluate the diagnostic tools and management strategies for early NEOC detection during pregnancy to improve maternal and fetal outcomes.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed and Embase, covering studies from January 2019 to January 2024. The search terms included \"pregnan*\" AND \"non-epithelial ovarian cancer\" AND \"diagnos*\" AND \"manage*\" to identify relevant studies. Only articles addressing the diagnosis and management of NEOC during pregnancy were included.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Four relevant articles published between 2019 and 2021 were identified, reporting a total of 44 NEOC cases during pregnancy. In 34 of these cases, NEOC was diagnosed at International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage I, primarily through routine ultrasonography. Fertility-sparing unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (USO), often combined with adjuvant platinum-based chemotherapy, was the standard treatment for stage I cases.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Currently, no standardized management guidelines exist for NEOC during pregnancy, due to factors such as FIGO staging, gestational age, and maternal preferences. Routine ultrasonography is effective for the early identification of NEOC, particularly in asymptomatic patients. For pregnant women with stage I NEOC who wish to continue their pregnancy and preserve fertility, fertility-sparing surgery with chemotherapy represents a promising treatment approach.</p>","PeriodicalId":8072,"journal":{"name":"Anticancer research","volume":"45 3","pages":"843-853"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143555457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Male Breast Cancer: A Single Institutional Clinicopathological Profiling.","authors":"Shubha DE Sarkar, Soirindhri Banerjee, Ayden Ismail, Avenie Mavadia, Sunyoung Choi, Aruni Ghose, Stergios Boussios","doi":"10.21873/anticanres.17497","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21873/anticanres.17497","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/aim: </strong>Male breast cancer (MBC) is an infrequent occurrence accounting for <1% of overall breast cancers. With limited data, MBC remains a therapeutic challenge, warranting the need for meticulous recording of all cases encountered.</p><p><strong>Patients and methods: </strong>A retrospective observational study in an Indian tertiary public hospital where 29 MBC cases registered between August 2020 and July 2023 were recorded and their epidemiological data, clinical profile, treatment history and survival data were analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>MBC was 3% of all breast cancer cases reported in three years, and the most common age group affected was between 41 and 60 years. Most cases presented at Stage IIIB, with the majority showing axillary nodal involvement. Invasive ductal carcinoma was the most frequent histology with luminal B and triple-negative variants having the highest incidence. Most patients underwent upfront surgery followed by adjuvant chemotherapy. At the end of one year, 50% of patients were found to survive with no disease progression.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our results corroborate with previously recorded experience with MBC in terms of age distribution, stage of presentation, histology and treatment offered. However, our results demonstrated a higher proportion of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cases, as compared to previous literature. The increment of TNBC cases among males, therefore, reassures the need for breast cancer (<i>BRCA</i>) gene testing among all males afflicted with breast cancer.</p>","PeriodicalId":8072,"journal":{"name":"Anticancer research","volume":"45 3","pages":"1097-1104"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143555633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Appropriate Conditions for the Cell Sparing (FLASH) Effect Exist in Ultra-high Dose Rate Carbon Ion Irradiation.","authors":"Kazumasa Minami, Masashi Yagi, Kazuki Fujita, Kana Nagata, Ryo Hidani, Noriaki Hamatani, Toshiro Tsubouchi, Masaaki Takashina, Masumi Umezawa, Takuya Nomura, Masaki Shimizu, Yoshiaki Kuwana, Jiro Fujimoto, Shinichi Shimizu, Kazuhiko Ogawa","doi":"10.21873/anticanres.17483","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21873/anticanres.17483","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/aim: </strong>Ultra-high dose rate irradiation (uHDR) (>40 Gy/s), commonly referred to as FLASH, has garnered attention in radiation therapy research due to its potential to mitigate damage to normal tissues while maintaining tumoricidal effects. Research on FLASH therapy using electron beams, X-rays, and proton beams has preceded studies using carbon ion beams. However, the clinical potential of FLASH carbon ion irradiation is increasingly being recognized, similar to other radiation modalities. This study aimed to evaluate the cell-sparing effect of carbon ion beams under normoxic conditions - a phenomenon that has not been previously reported.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Human salivary gland cell line (HSGc-c5), human dermal fibroblast (HDF) and human lung bronchial epithelial cell line (Nuli-1) were employed. In this study, we compared two types of linear energy transfer (19 and 50 keV/μm) and two oxygen concentrations (4% and 21%) to thoroughly investigate the cell-sparing effect, with cell death as the endpoint.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A significant cell-sparing effect was observed with carbon ion beam uHDR irradiation under normoxic conditions. Linear energy transfer (LET) influenced the manifestation of the sparing effect, with higher LET (50 keV/μm) demonstrating a stronger protective effect compared to lower LET (19 keV/μm). DNA damage, as indicated by γH2AX foci, was significantly reduced under uHDR compared to conventional dose rates.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Carbon ion uHDR irradiation induces a cell-sparing effect under normoxic conditions, which is influenced by LET and oxygen concentration. These findings provide essential insights into the mechanisms underlying the FLASH effect and pave the way for advancing the clinical application of uHDR carbon ion therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":8072,"journal":{"name":"Anticancer research","volume":"45 3","pages":"955-963"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143555644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The CONUT Score Can Predict the Prognosis of Gastric Cancer Patients After Curative Treatment.","authors":"Ryuki Esashi, Toru Aoyama, Sosuke Yamamoto, Yukio Maezawa, Itaru Hashimoto, Keisuke Kazama, Jyunya Morita, Shinnosuke Kawahara, Kazuki Otani, Keisuke Komori, Tetsushi Ishiguro, Suguru Nukada, Kiyoko Shimada, Ayako Tamagawa, Aya Saito, Norio Yukawa","doi":"10.21873/anticanres.17512","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21873/anticanres.17512","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/aim: </strong>Malnutrition is a reported prognostic factor in patients with cancer. The controlling nutritional status (CONUT) score, an index calculated from routine laboratory tests, is correlated with the prognosis of various cancers. This study examined the relationship between the CONUT score and prognosis of patients with gastric cancer (GC) after radical gastrectomy.</p><p><strong>Patients and methods: </strong>Patients with GC who underwent curative gastrectomy were retrospectively reviewed. Patient characteristics, laboratory data, pathological findings, perioperative clinical course, and survival outcomes were recorded. The CONUT score was calculated using serum albumin (mg/dl), total cholesterol (mg/dl), and lymphocyte count (cells/mm³). Based on previous studies, patients were categorized into normal (CONUT score <2) and malnutrition (CONUT score ≥2) groups. Prognostic factors were compared between the groups.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In total, 155 patients were included (median age, 69 years; male, n=110; female, n=45). Five-year overall survival (OS) was significantly lower in the malnutrition group (malnutrition group, 42.2%; normal group, 82.7% <i>p</i><0.001). A multivariate analysis identified the CONUT score as an independent prognostic factor for OS [HR=2.506; 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.288-4.873, <i>p</i>=0.007]. Similar results were obtained for recurrence-free survival (RFS). Additionally, postoperative complications were more frequent (malnutrition group, 44.2%; normal group, 25.9%; <i>p</i>=0.027) and the chemotherapy introduction rate for pStage III or III was lower (malnutrition group, 55.6%; normal group, 78.8%, p=0.054) in the malnutrition group.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The CONUT score may be an independent prognostic factor for OS and RFS in patients with GC after curative gastrectomy. CONUT scores of ≥2 were associated with higher postoperative complications and lower chemotherapy rates, which may contribute to a poor prognosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":8072,"journal":{"name":"Anticancer research","volume":"45 3","pages":"1251-1260"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143555647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9 Induction in Hypercholesterinemic Patients With Primary and Metastatic Liver Tumors.","authors":"Thomas S Weiss, Christa Buechler","doi":"10.21873/anticanres.17504","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21873/anticanres.17504","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/aim: </strong>Serum proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) levels are positively associated with serum cholesterol levels, which contribute to the growth of cancers. PCSK9 levels are low in patients with liver cirrhosis, with a high incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). PCSK9 expression is increased in colorectal cancer (CRC), but serum levels in these patients have not been analyzed. Therefore, serum PCSK9 may serve as a diagnostic marker to differentiate between liver metastases from CRC and HCC.</p><p><strong>Patients and methods: </strong>Serum PCSK9 was measured by ELISA in 36 patients with CRC metastases, 32 patients with HCC and 59 healthy controls.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The serum PCSK9 levels of these three cohorts were similar. Serum PCSK9 levels were not associated with the tumor node metastasis (TNM) stage. Liver steatosis, inflammation and fibrosis scores did not correlate with serum PCSK9 levels. Cancer patients with hypercholesterolemia had elevated PCSK9 levels. These patients had higher TNM stages and Union for International Cancer Control scores in both cohorts. PCSK9 levels were also elevated in patients with viral hepatitis. When patients with hepatitis and hypercholesterolemia were excluded, serum PCSK9 levels were low in cancer patients compared to controls. Serum PCSK9 levels did not correlate with the tumor markers carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) in HCC and CRC patients. In the latter cohort, PCSK9 and alpha-fetoprotein were positively correlated.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Serum PCSK9 is increased in patients with CRC metastases or HCC with hypercholesterolemia. This suggests that patients with high cholesterol levels may benefit most from PCSK9 blockage.</p>","PeriodicalId":8072,"journal":{"name":"Anticancer research","volume":"45 3","pages":"1171-1180"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143555662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}