Applied Geochemistry最新文献

{"title":"Dissolution behavior of mechanical synthetic carbonate mixtures from the system ZnCO3–PbCO3–H2O in aqueous solution at 25 °C","authors":"Zongqiang Zhu ,&nbsp;Chengyou Ma ,&nbsp;Xiaoling Yu ,&nbsp;Xinghang Liu ,&nbsp;Peijie Nong ,&nbsp;Fei Luo ,&nbsp;Xiaoke Nong ,&nbsp;Lihao Zhang ,&nbsp;Shen Tang ,&nbsp;Zhiqiang Kang ,&nbsp;Yinian Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2025.106383","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2025.106383","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding the ZnCO₃–PbCO₃–H₂O system is still a challenge for the thermodynamical modelling due to the different crystal structures of the two endmembers, rhombohedral smithsonite and orthorhombic cerussite. In the present work, a range of Pb-bearing smithsonite, Zn-bearing cerussite and their mixture having the bulk constituent Pb/(Zn + Pb) mole ratio (X_Pb) of 0.000–1.000 had been prepared and dissolved in water at 25 °C for 330 days. For dissolution in initially N₂-degassed water (NW) and CO₂-saturated water (CW), the average log IAPs (ion activity products) at the final stable state (≈log <em>K</em>_sp, solubility product constants) were computed to be −10.71 ± 0.07 ∼ −10.56 ± 0.06 and −10.88 ± 0.23 ∼ −10.89 ± 0.21 for smithsonite, −13.26 ± 0.04 ∼ −13.23 ± 0.08 and −12.72 ± 0.06 ∼ −12.69 ± 0.03 for cerussite, respectively. The incorporation of Pb into smithsonite would slightly increase the log IAPs for the Pb-smithsonite, while very small amount of the Zn incorporation into cerussite would significantly decrease the log IAPs for the Zn-cerussite. The Guggenheim parameters for the smithsonite (<em>R</em> <span><math><mrow><mover><mn>3</mn><mo>‾</mo></mover></mrow></math></span> <em>c</em>) – cerussite (<em>Pmcn</em>) solid solutions were estimated to be <em>a</em>₀ = 2.79 for the smithsonite-side and <em>a</em>₀ = 2.20 for the cerussite-side from the largest X_Pb in the Pb-smithsonite of 0.094 and the smallest X_Pb in the Zn-cerussite of 0.751. In the Lippmann diagrams for the smithsonite–cerussite–H₂O system, the (Zn_1-xPb_x)CO₃ solids dissolved incongruently, and the aqueous compositions evolved with time upward to the quasi-equilibrium curves for the Pb-smithsonite having a smaller X_Pb, and then along them from right to left, attained and intersected the <em>solutus</em> curve and the saturation curve for pure smithsonite, and finally moved upward to the saturation curve for cerussite. The Pb-poorer water solutions were finally at equilibrium with both the Zn-richer Pb-smithsonite and the Pb-richer Zn-cerussite. The result can offer a deep understanding of the geochemical and environmental behaviors of lead and zinc.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8064,"journal":{"name":"Applied Geochemistry","volume":"184 ","pages":"Article 106383"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143768593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Groundwater of the Eastern Egyptian Desert: age and salinity patterns","authors":"Manal Wannous ,&nbsp;Christian Siebert","doi":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2025.106367","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2025.106367","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increasing development of groundwater dependent irrigation projects and desalination activities along the Red Sea coast raises questions about its recharge mechanisms and the geochemical processes driving salinity variations. To address these questions, several wells and springs, along the Red Sea Hills have been sampled and analysed for radiocarbon, tritium, δ¹³C, δ¹⁸O, δ²H and their chemistry. For the same period between 2019-2021, rain and floodwater samples have been collected from sporadic rain events in the region. The sampling locations are geographically clustered and classified into six distinct groundwater types based on geochemical composition and isotopic signatures. The distinguished types exhibits a diverse range of geochemical and isotopic characteristics, reflecting variable flow paths, recharge periods, and lithological interactions. Freshwater springs in Wadi Araba are characterized by minimal salinization and light stable isotopes, suggesting Pleistocene recharge. These springs, emerge from fractures and are influenced by the weathering of Na-bearing minerals in the underlying Nubian Sandstone. In contrast, groundwater from the coastal plain shows significant contributions from seawater evaporation brines, with isotopic signatures following an evaporation trend. These waters vary widely in age, from recent to Pleistocene, indicating similar lithological interactions despite differing flow paths. Another group of groundwater is influenced primarily by the weathering of halite, gypsum, and dolostone, showing no significant brine contribution. Highly saline groundwater are rare and stands out with extreme brine contributions likely sourced from deep crustal formations. Groundwater with elevated Na/Cl ratios, found in regions of Wadi Araba and the Red Sea Hills, reflects the weathering of Na-bearing minerals such as feldspars in magmatic rocks or clastic sandstones. These waters contrast sharply with those influenced by seawater or evaporation brines, highlighting the complex interplay of lithology, recharge processes, and tectonic activity in shaping the region’s groundwater systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8064,"journal":{"name":"Applied Geochemistry","volume":"184 ","pages":"Article 106367"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143768592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating the applicability of the VERHIB model to a 2600-year peat sequence from Central Germany","authors":"Carrie L. Thomas ,&nbsp;Boris Jansen ,&nbsp;E. Emiel van Loon ,&nbsp;Guido L.B. Wiesenberg","doi":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2025.106338","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2025.106338","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Plant-derived biomarkers have been used extensively for source identification of organic matter in soil, peat, and sediments. These are chemical components, primarily of leaf waxes, that are naturally more resistant to degradation than most organic molecules and can be preserved in depositional archives for hundreds to thousands of years. However, using biomarkers for vegetation reconstruction can be complicated because individual compounds or compound classes do not necessarily indicate specific plant sources. The composition across multiple compounds must be holistically evaluated to develop accurate reconstructions. The VERHIB model was developed to enable a range of <em>n</em>-alkane and <em>n</em>-alkanol data to be evaluated simultaneously and estimate past vegetation development using the biomarker signature of leaves and roots from present-day specimens of the plant species of interest compared to the preserved, mixed signature of a soil or peat core. In this study, we have applied the VERHIB model to data gathered from the Beerberg peatland in Central Germany. A previous study characterized plant macrofossils, pollen, <em>n</em>-alkane, <em>n</em>-alkanol, and <em>n</em>-fatty acid composition in the Beerberg peat. We have collected modern plant samples from the peatland and measured their biomarker composition to use as input for the model. Despite many overlapping biomarker signatures across plant species and parts, our results show that the model could recreate a reasonable vegetation development pattern for most of the peat core if <em>n</em>-fatty acid data were included alongside <em>n</em>-alkane data. The model had difficulty recreating the transition from poor fen vegetation to <em>Sphagnum</em> bog, which was evident in the plant macrofossil records, so further calibration is needed. This was the first attempt at considering <em>n</em>-fatty acid data in a reconstruction using the VERHIB model; previous reconstructions only included <em>n</em>-alkanes or a combination of <em>n</em>-alkanes and <em>n</em>-alkanols. Our study shows that <em>n</em>-fatty acids are a valuable compound class to add to the VERHIB model and provides recommendations for future development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8064,"journal":{"name":"Applied Geochemistry","volume":"184 ","pages":"Article 106338"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143740074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mineralogical and geochemical characterization of mine tailings in the King river delta, Western Tasmania: Implications for long-term stability of trace elements","authors":"Sibele C. Nascimento ,&nbsp;David R. Cooke ,&nbsp;Matthew J. Cracknell ,&nbsp;Clare B. Miller ,&nbsp;Anita Parbhakar-Fox","doi":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2025.106366","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2025.106366","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nearly a century of mining activities at the Mount Lyell Cu-Zu-Au mine has resulted in the accumulation of ∼14 Mt of fine-grained tailings at the mouth of the King River, Western Tasmania. The tailings consist primarily of sulfides (<em>i.e.,</em> pyrite, chalcopyrite, molybdenite, galena), silicates, and amorphous phases such as Fe-oxyhydroxides and sulphates. The long-term weathering of these anthropogenic-deltaic sediments has influenced the geochemical distribution and mineralogical hosts of trace metal(loid)s that are of both environmental concern and economic interest (i.e., Cu, Co, Au, Ag, Mo, As). In this study, the mineralogy, element deportment, and metal(loid) enrichment of variably altered delta sediments were investigated to understand how natural weathering processes influenced the environmental mobility and amenability to reprocessing these waste products.</div><div>Micro-scale compositional and textural domains were assessed using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), where metal(loid) relationships revealed a complex multi-stage diagenesis within the sediment. Generation of grain-scale geochemical domains through machine learning cluster analysis support the interpretation of in-situ mineralogical growth zones that influence the distribution of trace metal(loid)s. Eight clusters were identified by their unique mineralogical and chemical composition, revealing that metal(loids), initially bound to primary sulfides, have been remobilized and sequestered by authigenic material. This study demonstrates that the complex hydrodynamic and geochemical processes within the delta continue to influence the mobility and long-term stability of legacy contaminants within this deposit. Results demonstrate that machine learning cluster analysis provides a robust tool to understand the distribution of trace metal(loid)s within unconsolidated mining-impacted sediment that have been altered by complex hydrodynamic and geochemical processes. Knowledge generated in this study is relevant for assessing the feasibility of various remediation strategies, including reprocessing of tailings as an alternative management option.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8064,"journal":{"name":"Applied Geochemistry","volume":"184 ","pages":"Article 106366"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143735091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanistic model for the cotransport of colloids and radionuclides in saturated porous systems based on the interaction forces between colloids","authors":"Qi Tan ,&nbsp;Qingfeng Tang ,&nbsp;Xinyi Shi ,&nbsp;Hongjie Zhao ,&nbsp;Shuyang Li ,&nbsp;Yuan Chen ,&nbsp;Xiaoyan Wei ,&nbsp;Zhen Xu ,&nbsp;Duoqiang Pan ,&nbsp;Wangsuo Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2025.106381","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2025.106381","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The presence of colloids in groundwater can enhance radionuclide transport by adsorbing them. In general, colloid transport dominates the process of cotransport. Ripening and site-blocking are two common behaviors in the colloid transport process that are essentially affected by intercolloid forces. In this work, a finite difference model was constructed to describe the cotransport behaviors of radionuclides and colloids in saturated porous media by focusing on the forces between colloids. The proposed model was formulated based on the assumption that the presence of nuclides did not influence colloid transport and ignored the decay of radionuclides in a short period. The one-dimensional advection-dispersion transport of nuclides was coupled with the transport of nuclides in the form of pseudo-colloids. The adsorption and desorption processes of nuclides on media, as well as on mobile or filtered colloids, were considered. Moreover, ripening in the presence of attractive forces between colloids and site-blocking in the presence of repulsive forces between colloids were investigated. The distribution ratios of nuclides in the free solute and in colloidal states during cotransport were reported, and the ripening and site-blocking mechanisms were unified through the force field between colloids. The model was verified by comparing the calculated results with the experimental data. In addition, a parameter sensitivity study was carried out to explore the influence of each parameter on the cotransport process. The model proposed in this paper could be helpful to predict the transport and retention risks of nuclides in porous media containing many colloids.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8064,"journal":{"name":"Applied Geochemistry","volume":"184 ","pages":"Article 106381"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143746344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring abiotic non-catalytic polyphenol-Maillard humification in light-limited environment","authors":"Afzaal Ashraf ,&nbsp;Wu Haoyu ,&nbsp;Zhang Baijia ,&nbsp;Chu Aodan ,&nbsp;Yang Yue ,&nbsp;Fanping Zhu ,&nbsp;Zhifeng Li ,&nbsp;Shengli Lian ,&nbsp;Zhen Hu ,&nbsp;Yang Zeng","doi":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2025.106368","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2025.106368","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Abiotic humification involving polyphenol-maillard precursors leads to the formation of Humic-like substances (HLSs). Previous research has been conducted on catalytic or mineral-associated pathways, although the physicochemical role of noncatalytic abiotic pathway in light-limited environments remains unexplored. Current study investigates the noncatalytic polycondensation reaction between catechol (free polyphenol) and Maillard precursors (glucose &amp; glycine) to synthesize HLSs. In the presence of catechol, singlet oxygen (¹O₂) production solely derived the reaction at mild temperature and light-limited conditions, independent of photochemical or Fenton-type reactions. Spectroscopic analyses revealed a dominant presence of aliphatic moieties, consistent with ultra-high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHRMS) data. Polycondensation reaction released elevated CO₂ levels and decline in pH, indicating aromatic ring cleavage, carboxyl group formation and transformation of aromatics into aliphatic fragments. Additionally, Van Krevelen analysis showed increased O/C ratio in HLS. Notably, the key components included acidic and glucose oxidation products, along with some Maillard reaction intermediates (confirmed with Kendrick Mass analysis). This study provides a novel noncatalytic abiotic humification pathway, corroborating with environments where light-assisted and photochemical processes are minimal such as subsurface soils and underground water.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8064,"journal":{"name":"Applied Geochemistry","volume":"184 ","pages":"Article 106368"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143725988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Properties of solid bitumen formed during hydrous, anhydrous, and brine pyrolysis of oil shale: Implications for solid bitumen reflectance in source-rock reservoirs","authors":"Paul C. Hackley ,&nbsp;Justin E. Birdwell ,&nbsp;Ryan McAleer","doi":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2025.106365","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2025.106365","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Solid bitumen reflectance (BR_o in %) is widely used as a thermal maturity proxy in source-rock reservoirs, yet solid bitumen texture and physical attributes may be affected by varying environmental constraints during its formation, e.g., water saturation, mineral catalysis, or salinity. Herein we investigated the development of solid bitumen properties during artificial maturation using three diverse (lacustrine to marine) oil shale samples containing abundant amorphous H-rich sedimentary organic matter (bituminite). The oil shales were treated via pyrolysis (320 °C, 72 h) using hydrous, anhydrous, and brine conditions, causing the development of a newly formed solid bitumen in the experiment residues from the thermal conversion of bituminite. The properties of the newly formed solid bitumen then were evaluated via geochemical screening tests, optical and electron microscopy, and infrared spectroscopy. Experimental residues also were treated via solvent extraction, allowing characterization of the effects of extraction on solid bitumen. Results showed that bituminite with higher resin and asphaltene components evolved to a solid bitumen with higher reflectance (as a percentage of the original value) when exposed to the same heat treatment, relative to bituminite with higher saturate and aromatic components. Aromatization of solid bitumen also was generally more pronounced in the presence of deionized water relative to anhydrous conditions, supporting prior observations. These results suggest the compositions of primary sedimentary organic matter, and the local concentration of water, affect the development of solid bitumen during thermal advance, potentially explaining the origin of multiple solid bitumen populations with varying reflectance in source-rock reservoir samples or in a single microscope field. Experiments using brine were inconclusive regarding enhanced/decreased aromatization, which could be attributed to the salinities of the brines used in the tests. Extraction of residues caused a consistent increase in BR_o values, suggesting that migrating or expelled oils could cause an increase in BR_o via natural solvation and absent an increase in temperature. This work provides insights into the development and evolution of BR_o in source-rock reservoirs as a function of the composition of the original bituminite and changing environmental conditions, with potentially broad application for petroleum prospecting and resource estimation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8064,"journal":{"name":"Applied Geochemistry","volume":"185 ","pages":"Article 106365"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143826356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Major and rare earth elements geochemistry of the Cretaceous ocean red beds: Implications for the terrestrial silicate weathering and marine sedimentary environment","authors":"Yuanchuan Li ,&nbsp;Wenjing Liu ,&nbsp;Xiangli Wang ,&nbsp;Jiangyi Zhang ,&nbsp;Xi Chen ,&nbsp;Hanwei Yao ,&nbsp;Zhifang Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2025.106364","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2025.106364","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>During the Cretaceous, global ocean redox state fluctuated dramatically, resulting in the deposition of black shales and Cretaceous Ocean Red Beds (CORB). Herein, the chemical weathering intensity indexes calculated by major elements and the geochemical behaviors of rare earth elements (REE) were investigated in the late CORBs and the underlying shales deposited in southern Tibet and the Northern Atlantic. The original deposition environment of CORBs from both sites showed intensified chemical weathering extent under relatively warm and humid conditions, despite an overall global cooling trend during the late Cretaceous. The large variations of Ce anomalies (0.65–1.46) and LREE/HREE ratios (0.60–0.94) normalized by Post-Archean Australian Shale (PAAS) in the shale layers were the results of Fe mineral transformation, and the generally positive PAAS-normalized Eu anomalies (0.93–1.50) were likely controlled by the material sources. The CORBs displayed higher contents of total REE and Fe₂O₃ than the underlying shales, and had a similar covariant relationship with the chemical weathering intensity. This study suggested that a large amount of terrigenous iron was transported into the oxic Cretaceous Ocean by continental weathering, and REE fractionations were potential indicators to reflect sedimentary location and relatively sedimentation rate of ocean red beds formation across the Ediacaran and Phanerozoic.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8064,"journal":{"name":"Applied Geochemistry","volume":"184 ","pages":"Article 106364"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143716000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of 3D hydrogeochemistry and particle tracking in detecting groundwater flow patterns within an aapa mire–outwash plain system in a boreal environment at a mining development site","authors":"Åberg Annika Katarina ,&nbsp;Korkka-Niemi Kirsti ,&nbsp;Åberg Susanne Charlotta ,&nbsp;Rautio Anne","doi":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2025.106360","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2025.106360","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A combination of statistical hydrogeochemical methods, PCA, correlation calculations and SiroSOM clustering, as well as groundwater flow modelling with particle tracking, was applied in the 3D hydrogeochemical characterization of the Sakatti mining development site, located in an area of complex Quaternary sediments and weathered/fractured bedrock in northern Finland. This study enhanced the understanding of the groundwater flow paths through the subsurface–mire complex, recharge areas of the study site, and chemical signatures of different water types.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The flow paths of the site are variable and occur at three scales: large-scale (&gt;1000 m), medium-scale (1000–100 m) and small-scale flow (&lt;100 m). Large-scale flow paths start from mire islands, continuing through subpeat sediments and the weathered and fractured bedrock, ending in the River Kitinen. Medium-scale flow paths go from the outwash plain areas and adjacent finger-like mire areas via the subsurface to the river. Small-scale flow occurs in the banks of the River Kitinen and in the Viiankiaapa mire and is related to variation in the topography, as well as the string and flark pattern of the mire. The average backward (BW)-tracked residence time is ca. 150, 25, 6 years for the large, medium, and small-scale flow paths, respectively.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The &lt;em&gt;d&lt;/em&gt;-excess distribution displays areas with evaporated (&lt;5), meteoric (&gt;8), and mixed water signals. Particle tracking and &lt;em&gt;d&lt;/em&gt;-excess values indicate that groundwater recharges in outwash plain areas and in the Viiankiaapa mire area. The low &lt;em&gt;d&lt;/em&gt;-excess values in springs of the river bank and shallow bedrock wells indicate water flow from the Viiankiaapa mire.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The simulated BW tracking in outwash plain areas indicated average residences times corresponding to CFC-12 and &lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;H/&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;He ages. Evaluation of the likely recharge area with BW tracking based on a &lt;em&gt;d&lt;/em&gt;-excess limit (&lt;5 for evaporated waters) showed the best correspondence in GW wells and mire porewaters and was related to flow paths longer than 20 m. Surface water samples and spring samples displayed intermediate or low correspondence.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Most of the waters represent Ca–HCO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; water types. SiroSOM analysis grouped the water samples into seven hydrogeochemical clusters including groundwaters with elevated concentrations to diluted surface waters. In general, the concentrations of elements were lowest in groundwater travelling through peat unit and highest in groundwater flowing in bedrock due to the longer residence time and flow path. The hydrogeochemical signal of anoxic, Fe- and Mn-rich mire (pore) waters is not evident in spring samples due to the oxidation of water in the springs and the precipitation of Fe and Mn.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Understanding of the groundwater flow patterns, as well as the recharge and discharge areas in a mining development site enables successful planning and positionin","PeriodicalId":8064,"journal":{"name":"Applied Geochemistry","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 106360"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143905866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of naturally altered archaeological glasses from a marine environment with accelerated laboratory tests; implications for modelling long-term corrosion","authors":"Clare L. Thorpe ,&nbsp;Nick Aldred ,&nbsp;Stuart Creasey-Gray ,&nbsp;Martin C. Stennett ,&nbsp;Eperke A. Rencz ,&nbsp;Susan Nehzati ,&nbsp;Latham T. Haigh ,&nbsp;Garry Manifold ,&nbsp;Nishta Vallo ,&nbsp;Christoph Lenting ,&nbsp;Claire L. Corkhill ,&nbsp;Russell J. Hand","doi":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2025.106363","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2025.106363","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Glass ingots of lead silicate composition from the shipwreck of the <em>Albion</em> were studied to ascertain the chemistry and mineralogy of alteration products after exposure to seawater for 220 years. Alteration observed on natural samples was compared to that of the same glasses exposed to short-term, high temperature, laboratory dissolution tests in synthetic seawater and significant differences were observed. Alteration layers on natural samples were more chemically complex having sequestered high concentrations of elements present only at trace quantities in seawater. Electron microprobe analysis and microfocus x-ray absorption spectroscopy shows that P, most likely released by biological activity in the vicinity of the wreck, accumulated in naturally altered samples to form Pb–Ca-phosphate phases whilst Pb-sulphate phases formed in laboratory tests. Meanwhile Fe, present at &lt; 0.3 wt % in the glass and ppb concentrations in seawater, accumulated to form Fe-silicates whilst Mg-silicates predominated in laboratory tests. Biologically induced corrosion of naturally altered samples was also considered. Experiments conducted to test barnacle settlement rates suggest that biotoxic elements within the glass, primarily Pb but potentially also Cu, Co and Ni deterred barnacle settlement. Despite this toxicity, some colonisation of the glass surface by both barnacles and bryozoan did occur and, whilst barnacles appeared to protect against chemical attack, bryozoan colonies caused increased cracking, possibly due stress created at the glass surface. Results highlight the challenges in recreating open, natural systems in laboratory settings and demonstrate that elements present at low concentrations can have a significant impact over long timescales.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8064,"journal":{"name":"Applied Geochemistry","volume":"184 ","pages":"Article 106363"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143684158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}