Applied Geochemistry最新文献

{"title":"Petroleum-fuelled methanogenesis and microbial hydrocarbon oxidation at an abandoned oil well","authors":"Martin Blumenberg,&nbsp;Sebastian Jordan ,&nbsp;Georg Scheeder,&nbsp;Martin Krüger,&nbsp;Stefan Schloemer","doi":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2025.106589","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2025.106589","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Here, we present a geochemical study of the soil above a plugged oil well (‘Elwerath’), which was drilled in the early 1920s and is located near Hannover (Germany). At this site ∼40 mg methane per hour is emitted. Geochemical analyses of the soil gas confirm the presence of thermogenic natural gas (with up to 8 % methane and 600 ppm ethane in the soil gas) and the δ¹³C of the methane indicates that most of the emitted methane is thermogenic (δ¹³C −47.1 ‰ VPDB). In addition to natural gas, we also found petroleum in the soil, accounting for up to 80 % of the total soil organic carbon. Detailed soil gas and organic geochemical analyses of extracts from the soil confirm a strong similarity with the old petroleum reservoir. Our data suggest a complex mosaic of gas-altering effects that cannot be explained by admixture with biogenic methane alone, but are rather dominated by microbial degradation of oil and natural gas components (e.g. propane oxidation). Most likely O₂ availability controls the microbial degradation of petroleum close to the ‘Elwerath’ well, because the strongest degree of degradation, with the lowest petroleum content, is found in the upper, well aerated soil horizons. The gas geochemistry and isotopic composition of the soil gases also indicate anaerobic processes, such as methanogenesis, probably with petroleum as carbon source. These processes must have taken place significantly deeper than the top meter sampled, where O₂ was still detectable. CO₂ emissions appear to be negatively affected by the oil contamination, most likely due to the inhibition of natural microbial respiration by toxic effects. While processes in the deeper biosphere appear to play a role here, it is clear that the microbial processes in the soil surrounding the well also regulate the composition and quantity of oil and gas. In conclusion, (i) the high degree of degradation of natural gas and oil in the soil, and (ii) the low methane emissions, indicate that only little hydrocarbon is leaking and that a ‘microbial hydrocarbon filter’ is established and active.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8064,"journal":{"name":"Applied Geochemistry","volume":"194 ","pages":"Article 106589"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145413805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contrasting cadmium isotope compositions in sediments from the eastern and western new Britain Trench: Implications for source tracing and marine geochemical cycling","authors":"Qiang Dong ,&nbsp;Cailing Xiao ,&nbsp;Yong Liang ,&nbsp;Jingqian Xie ,&nbsp;Min Luo ,&nbsp;Yanwei Liu ,&nbsp;Yingying Guo ,&nbsp;Yingming Li ,&nbsp;Yongguang Yin ,&nbsp;Yong Cai ,&nbsp;Guibin Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2025.106632","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2025.106632","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Trench sediments are recognized as a major sink in the marine cadmium (Cd) budget, however, the sources and biogeochemical cycling of Cd in hadal environments remain poorly constrained. This study investigated Cd concentrations and isotope compositions (δ^114/110Cd) in surface sediments (1553–8931 m water depth) from the western and eastern New Britain Trench. Cd concentrations ranged from 105 to 245 μg kg⁻¹, with δ^114/110Cd from −0.26 ‰ to −1.34 ‰, significantly lighter than deep seawater. Isotope tracing reveals that detrital Cd (in the crystalline mineral matrix) accounts for 34–84 % in the western and 64–87 % in the eastern transect. The δ^114/110Cd_non-detrital in shallow sediments differed markedly between western (−0.39 ‰) and eastern (−2.18 ‰) trenches, suggesting distinct sources. Terrigenous inputs, relatively enriched heavy Cd isotopes, dominate in the west, while biogenic particles sinking are likely dominant source in the east. Sedimentary δ^114/110Cd increased in the eastern transect with depth due to stepwise scavenging of light isotopes, whereas in the western transect it first decreased and then increased, reflecting variations in sediment components and redox conditions. These findings underscore the combined effects of source heterogeneity and depositional processes on Cd isotopes composition in trench sediments, offering new insights into deep-ocean metal cycling.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8064,"journal":{"name":"Applied Geochemistry","volume":"195 ","pages":"Article 106632"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145577442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimation of flow dynamics of saline groundwater in a coastal geothermal region based on B–Li–Cl classification and geochemical measurements","authors":"Tsuyoshi Shintani ,&nbsp;Keiichi Tomita ,&nbsp;Noritoshi Morikawa","doi":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2025.106625","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2025.106625","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Coastal geothermal saline groundwater (SGW) in Quaternary volcanic regions represents an important geothermal resource, but its complex chemical compositions often obscure its origin and dynamics. This study aims to elucidate the SGW dynamics in the coastal plain of Hakodate, Hokkaido, in Japan using the B–Li–Cl to delineate water-rock interactions and diagenesis, and to classify SGW type. Major dissolved components and stable isotopes (δ²H, δ¹⁸O) are susceptible to freshwater dilution, limiting their diagnostic utility. The B–Li–Cl composition allowed for the classification of SGW into three types (Type 1, 2, and 3). Types 1 and 2 were influenced by direct seawater contributions and other origins such as diagenesis and volcanic gas, respectively. Type 3, with higher B (Boron) and Li (Lithium) concentrations than the other SGW, is distributed in the geothermal region, and reflects seawater modified by interaction with rocks at 175 ± 25 °C. Integration of chemical equilibrium modeling and geothermometer supports this geochemical evolution of the SGWs. Additionally, hydrogeological analyses have estimated that the flow dynamics of Type 3 waters are recharged through fractures near offshore submarine volcanic vents that migrate to deeper subsurface regions. These findings offer new insights into coastal hydrothermal systems in the study area. The Li and B concentrations serve as effective tracers for elucidating the origin of SGW in coastal geothermal regions, and their application is expected to lead to a more comprehensive understanding of SGW flow dynamics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8064,"journal":{"name":"Applied Geochemistry","volume":"195 ","pages":"Article 106625"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145577443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mineral-driven persulfate activation: the role of recycled concrete alkalinity in oxidative water treatment","authors":"Chiara Cappelli ,&nbsp;Albert Fernández-Lagunas ,&nbsp;María Usieto ,&nbsp;Mònica Rosell ,&nbsp;Clara Torrentó ,&nbsp;Cristina Domènech ,&nbsp;Jordi Palau ,&nbsp;Albert Soler","doi":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2025.106590","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2025.106590","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The dissolution of concrete—a prevalent anthropogenic material—generates hyperalkaline, Ca-rich leachates that may influence redox processes in subsurface environments. The knowledge of these geochemical processes serves as theoretical framework for the application of recycling concrete material to circular economy systems, providing sustainable alternatives to the concerning issue of the construction waste management while positively acting on specific environmental settings. This study investigates the potential of recycled concrete as a long-term alkaline activator for sodium persulfate in In Situ Chemical Oxidation groundwater treatments, with a focus on application in groundwater-recharge interception trenches in the vadose zone. A laboratory-scale study was conducted using flow-through columns filled with crushed recycled concrete, which was exposed to contaminated groundwater. The research assessed (i) the ability of concrete to generate and maintain alkaline conditions for persulfate activation, (ii) its mineralogical composition to determine reactivity and surface passivation, and (iii) chemical changes occurring upon persulfate addition at two different dosages. Results showed that recycled concrete effectively maintained high pH and buffered the system after persulfate injection, enabling efficient activation of the oxidant and substantial degradation of dissolved organic carbon. The system was controlled by the dissolution of concrete aggregates and cement phase together with the carbonation and (re)precipitation of new phases. The role of calcium and aluminium/magnesium silicate hydrates was proven to be crucial for the stability of the concrete microstructure and for maintaining the alkalinity. These findings demonstrate the dual role of recycled concrete for providing long-term alkaline activation of persulfate and mitigating clogging risks, supporting is practical use in groundwater remediation strategies promoting circular economy principles. Furthermore, these findings mirror processes observed in different hyperalkaline systems (e.g., radioactive waste repositories, CO₂ storage) where mineral-driven redox reactions control contaminant fate and/or carbon sequestration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8064,"journal":{"name":"Applied Geochemistry","volume":"194 ","pages":"Article 106590"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145360155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Radon levels in soil and in groundwater in the Alhama de Murcia fault area, Spain","authors":"Victòria Moreno ,&nbsp;Joan Bach ,&nbsp;Mario Zarroca ,&nbsp;Eulàlia Masana ,&nbsp;Lluís Font ,&nbsp;Rogelio Linares","doi":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2025.106612","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2025.106612","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Radon and CO₂ in groundwater, radon and thoron in soil, soil radon exhalation rates, and electrical resistivity imaging were measured in the Alhama de Murcia Fault area. The study aims to (i) characterize radon levels in groundwater and soil and (ii) assess whether variations in gas emissions are related to the presence of an active fault. Forty water sampling points exhibited ²²²Rn concentrations ranging from 0.4 to 66.8 Bq/L, while 22 soil points along two profiles crossing the fault showed low annual mean values of (8 ± 1) kBq m⁻³ and (12 ± 2) kBq m⁻³. Soil radon exhalation rates at the two profiles, (36 ± 8) and (53 ± 12) Bq m⁻² h⁻¹, respectively, are consistent with these concentrations. Spatial variability of soil radon along both profiles, [1–22] kBq m⁻³, appears associated with the main fault location. Temporal variations of ²²²Rn recorded at a monitoring station from early 2013 to mid-2015 closely match punctual measurements. While fluctuations are largely controlled by barometric pressure and atmospheric temperature, detailed analyses combining multiple radon anomaly detection methods indicate a possible influence of nearby seismic events.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8064,"journal":{"name":"Applied Geochemistry","volume":"195 ","pages":"Article 106612"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145465125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interactions between basalt and CO2-saturated water at varying temperatures (100°C–300 °C) in a duplex reactor","authors":"Heejun Yang ,&nbsp;Akira Ueda ,&nbsp;Hideki Kuramitz ,&nbsp;Amane Terai","doi":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2025.106593","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2025.106593","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study experimentally investigated basalt–CO₂–water interactions at temperatures between 100 °C and 300 °C through flow-through experiments, with a focus on changes in solution composition and the formation of secondary minerals under varying temperature conditions relevant to enhanced geothermal systems (EGSs). A duplex reactor system was developed for the first time to simulate temperature variations in the reservoir, particularly in the vicinity of caprock.</div><div>The Mg²⁺ and Fe²⁺ concentrations were higher at lower temperatures (100 °C and 150 °C), whereas the other major cations exhibited an increasing trend with temperature. In the duplex reactor test (reactor 1 = 100 °C; reactor 2 = 250 °C; Fr6), the Mg²⁺ and Fe²⁺ concentrations were lower, suggesting potential Mg²⁺ and Fe²⁺ precipitation in high-temperature conditions. The SEM-EDS results primarily identified aluminium oxyhydroxide and clay minerals at temperatures above 250 °C, which were mainly oversaturated in beidellite, montmorillonite, illite, kaolinite, and boehmite. Conversely, at temperatures below 150 °C, primarily aluminium oxyhydroxide minerals were identified, which were oversaturated in boehmite. However, among the clay minerals, kaolinite mainly exhibited oversaturation, while the other minerals remained undersaturated.</div><div>The results of the duplex reactor test suggest that Mg²⁺ and Fe²⁺, which dissolved under lower-temperature conditions, may lead to the precipitation of clay minerals upon migration to higher-temperature regions within the EGS reservoir. This behavior is attributed to the decreasing solubility constants of these minerals with increasing temperature.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8064,"journal":{"name":"Applied Geochemistry","volume":"194 ","pages":"Article 106593"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145360235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geochemical evolution of sediments in Huanghua Depression, North China Plain: Implications for weathering, provenance, and paleoclimate since the Oligocene","authors":"Jianzhou Yang ,&nbsp;Yong Li ,&nbsp;Zhuang Duan ,&nbsp;Jianguo Li ,&nbsp;Kai Li ,&nbsp;Jingjing Gong","doi":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2025.106585","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2025.106585","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a geochemical analysis of 91 sediment samples from the CZKZ01 borehole in the Huanghua Depression, North China Plain, to explore paleoclimatic evolution and sediment provenance since the Oligocene. Major, trace, and rare earth elements (REEs) were analyzed to assess chemical weathering intensity, provenance characteristics, and paleoenvironmental changes. Results show that the Oligocene sediments experienced intense chemical weathering (CIA = 80.1), which gradually decreased over time (CIA = 67.4 in the Pliocene, 66.4 in the Miocene, and 63.0 in the Quaternary). The primary source of sediments was felsic igneous rocks, with REE patterns indicating contributions from metamorphosed sedimentary-volcanic rocks and Mesozoic acidic igneous rocks of the Taihang Mountains, along with nearby uplifted Mesozoic sedimentary units, resulting in compositions resembling the upper continental crust (UCC). Above 120 m depth, elemental compositions become more homogeneous, reflecting increasing input from the modern Yellow River. Redox-sensitive elemental ratios indicate generally oxic depositional conditions since the Oligocene, with a gradual shift from brackish to freshwater environments beginning in the Miocene. Paleoclimatic proxies suggest a transition from warm, humid conditions in the Oligocene–Pliocene to colder, drier climates in the Quaternary, linked to the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau and global cooling events. This study provides crucial insights into sedimentary processes and climate evolution in the late Cenozoic North China Plain.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8064,"journal":{"name":"Applied Geochemistry","volume":"194 ","pages":"Article 106585"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145326809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physicochemical, hydromechanical, and Cs retention properties of Ca-bentonite treated with Ca(OH)2 saturated solution at 150°C for up to 2 years","authors":"Ji Hoon Lee ,&nbsp;Ho Young Jo ,&nbsp;Jang-Soon Kwon","doi":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2025.106586","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2025.106586","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding the performance of bentonite buffer materials in the presence of cement leachates at &gt; 100°C is required for optimizing the design of deep geological repositories for high-level radioactive wastes. This study investigated the effects of exposure to a Ca(OH)₂ saturated solution at 150°C on Ca-bentonite, focusing on how mineralogical changes in the bentonite affect its physicochemical, swelling and hydraulic, and cesium (Cs) retention properties, which are key attributes for buffer materials. Analytical techniques, including X-ray diffraction, nuclear magnetic resonance, thermal gravimetry and differential thermal analyses, indicated calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) formation. Despite this alteration, cation exchange and Cs retention capacities were largely unaffected. Swelling pressure tests on compacted bentonite specimens (dry density: 1.6 Mg/m³) prepared from hydrothermally treated bentonite showed a reduction in swelling pressure. However, no significant difference in the hydraulic conductivity occurred. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis of the compacted bentonite specimen indicated consistent Cs retention across the specimen with no effluent detected over a one-year permeation period, suggesting that the specimens were still absorbing fluid. Overall, Ca-bentonite treated with a Ca(OH)₂ saturated solution at 150°C for up to two years showed minimal CSH formation and minor changes in physicochemical, hydraulic, and Cs retention properties, with a slight reduction in swelling pressure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8064,"journal":{"name":"Applied Geochemistry","volume":"194 ","pages":"Article 106586"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145326436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chemical and isotopic variations of geothermal water record the enhanced water-rock interactions after seismicity in the western capital region of China","authors":"Shujuan Su ,&nbsp;Chang Lu ,&nbsp;Ying Li ,&nbsp;Xiaocheng Zhou ,&nbsp;Mingbo Yang ,&nbsp;Zhaofei Liu ,&nbsp;Jia Ren","doi":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2025.106592","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2025.106592","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Earthquake-related hydrochemical and isotopic changes are widely reported in active seismic areas. To investigate the hydrochemical anomalies related to earthquake events in the Beijing region of China (capital area), 960 water samples were collected from the Houhaoyao and Songshan geothermal wells, and the Chicheng spring every three days between 2022 and 2024. Major ion concentrations and stable isotope compositions (δ²H and δ¹⁸O) in the geothermal water were determined. The results showed anomalies in Na⁺, SO₄²⁻ and Cl⁻ concentrations during seismic activity periods. The δ²H and δ¹⁸O values ranged from −95 ‰ to −84 ‰ and from −13.5 ‰ to −11.0 ‰, respectively, indicating a meteoric origin for the sampled water. Variations in δ²H and δ¹⁸O values of 0.2 ‰–0.8 ‰ emerged one or two months before and after low-magnitude seismicity within 50 km of quake epicentres between November 2023 and January 2024. The helium and carbon isotopic compositions of the water samples suggested that He and CO₂ gases released from the geothermal wells mainly originated from the mantle and crustal, indicating a relationship between local deep faults and geothermal water circulation. It was concluded that the variations of the hydrochemical and isotopic compositions in geothermal waters were related to crustal fractures caused by seismic activity. Ground water stored in different reservoirs would flow along active faults, forming a channel system, then mix together. This resulted in changes to the water's chemical composition during earthquakes. By capturing anomalies in long-term geothermal observation wells during seismic evolution, this work provides insights into fault-fluid coupling in the capital area of China and other similar active seismic areas.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8064,"journal":{"name":"Applied Geochemistry","volume":"194 ","pages":"Article 106592"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145360234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative analysis of one-dimensional convolutional neural network and predictive raster averaging for MVT Pb–Zn mineralization using the weighted class distribution evaluation framework","authors":"Soran Qaderi,&nbsp;Abbas Maghsoudi","doi":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2025.106595","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2025.106595","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study explores the use of geochemical and remote sensing data to predict areas with high mineralization potential in Mississippi Valley-Type (MVT) Pb–Zn deposits in western Semnan, Iran. Two methods were applied: 1DCNN (1D Convolutional Neural Network) and PRA (Predictive Raster Averaging). The 1DCNN model, known for its capacity to learn complex spatial patterns from high-dimensional data, was trained on satellite imagery and geochemical data, producing a probability map indicating potential mineralized zones. The simpler PRA method combined multiple raster layers through averaging, providing a computationally efficient alternative for generating prospectivity maps. Evaluation metrics, including Weighted Class Distribution (WCD) Method, ROC-AUC, and Feature Importance, were used to assess the performance of both methods. The WCD method was applied to evaluate the distribution of known mineral deposits across different probability classes, while ROC-AUC was used to measure the 1DCNN model's ability to distinguish between mineralized and non-mineralized areas. Feature Importance analysis helped identify which geochemical and remote sensing features contributed most to the predictions made by the 1DCNN model. Results showed that the 1DCNN model had higher accuracy in identifying the most promising mineralization zones, with 68.75 % of known deposits falling into the highest probability class, occupying 8 % of the study area. The PRA model, though less refined, successfully highlighted regions with mineral potential, albeit with a broader spread across probability classes. This research contributes to understanding the trade-offs between artificial intelligence-based and traditional mapping methods for mineral exploration, providing valuable insights for future studies in resource prospectivity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8064,"journal":{"name":"Applied Geochemistry","volume":"194 ","pages":"Article 106595"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145360153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}