Annals of Plastic Surgery最新文献

{"title":"Is Plastic Surgery Resident Learning and Assessment Consistent? A Comparison of American Society of Plastic Surgery Educational Network Topics, In-Service Examinations, and Residency Core Curriculums.","authors":"Daniel Najafali, Farrah C Liu, Thomas M Johnstone, Shannon Choi, Paige M Fox","doi":"10.1097/SAP.0000000000004433","DOIUrl":"10.1097/SAP.0000000000004433","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The Plastic Surgery In-Service Examination (PSISE) objectively compares plastic and reconstructive surgery (PRS) residents' knowledge, while the ASPS' Education Network (EdNet) is a \"gold standard,\" which programs use to design their curricula. This study aims to quantify the degree to which critical PRS learning modalities align. We also sought to understand the rationale behind how program leadership designed PRS residency core curricula.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Questions from ASPS EdNet resident courses and 2018 to 2022 PSISEs were tabulated and assigned to EdNet topics. Then, curricula from 15 PRS residencies were assigned to EdNet topics. Topic alignment between curricula, PSISEs, and EdNet courses was tested with Pearson's χ 2 and Fisher's exact tests. Program directors (PDs) and associate program directors (APDs) from PRS residencies were surveyed and/or interviewed regarding their PRS residency core curricula design.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 2038 questions corresponding to 102 topics were queried from EdNet. A total of 1170 PSISE questions and 910 curricula lectures were assigned to these topics. Program curricula taught 30 topics at significantly different frequencies than those taught by EdNet. The past 5 PSISEs tested 28 topics at significantly different frequencies than those taught by EdNet.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>One-third of gold-standard EdNet topics are taught and tested at significantly different frequencies. Comparison of these teaching tools shows that progress can be made to further align PRS educational modalities to improve resident learning and assessment.</p>","PeriodicalId":8060,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Plastic Surgery","volume":" ","pages":"408-416"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144473830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Large Language Model Misinformation: Could it Put Patients at Risk?","authors":"Robert Browne, Kevin C Cahill","doi":"10.1097/SAP.0000000000004428","DOIUrl":"10.1097/SAP.0000000000004428","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8060,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Plastic Surgery","volume":" ","pages":"343"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144473831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"One-Stage Procedure Using Free Internal Oblique Muscle of the Abdomen Flap for Longstanding Facial Paralysis: Experience With 13 Patients.","authors":"Zhuqiu Xu, Xiaonan Yang, Hong Du, Jiakang Hou, Wei Wang, Zuoliang Qi","doi":"10.1097/SAP.0000000000004366","DOIUrl":"10.1097/SAP.0000000000004366","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The transplantation of a free muscle flap represents a trusted method for restoring function and movement in paralyzed facial muscles. However, the choice of donor site is still controversial and can lead to many problems. Discovering appropriate muscle flap sources can effectively mitigate these problems, offering a wider array of options and novel approaches for treating facial paralysis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We dissected 11 cadavers to demonstrate the anatomical relationship of the internal oblique muscle of abdomen. Subsequently, 13 patients with long-term facial paralysis (duration > 12 months) underwent free muscle flap transplantation. The outcomes were assessed using eFACE software.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>All subjects demonstrated spontaneous activity of the transplanted muscle, and reconstruction of facial expression muscle function was achieved to varying degrees in all instances. In the results of eFACE, significant differences were noted in both static and dynamic facial scoring between pre and postoperative assessments.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Capitalizing on the abundant vascular and neural supply of the internal oblique muscle, a novel surgical technique involving ultralong anastomosis of multiple vascular and neural pedicles of the internal oblique muscle flap in cross-facial transplantation has been designed to treat late-stage facial paralysis. Long-term follow-up of postoperative patients shows significant improvement in facial static symmetry, restoration of facial expression muscle function, and assistance in the revival of eyelid closure capability.</p>","PeriodicalId":8060,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Plastic Surgery","volume":" ","pages":"394-401"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144109525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Comprehensive Cost of Pursuing Plastic Surgery: Unveiling Financial Burdens Along the Pipeline.","authors":"Maheen F Akhter, Priscila C Cevallos, Payton K Grande, Golddy M Saldana, Kometh Thawanyarat, Cybil S Stingl, Naomi A Cole, Christopher V Lavin, Abra H Shen, Rahim S Nazerali, Jeffrey B Friedrich","doi":"10.1097/SAP.0000000000004422","DOIUrl":"10.1097/SAP.0000000000004422","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Preparation for a career in plastic and reconstructive surgery (PRS) begins long before the residency application process. Given the challenging nature of matching into integrated PRS, the expectations for competitive applicants, including research productivity and networking at conferences, incur significant expenses. Our study is the first to detail the comprehensive costs of pursuing PRS, highlighting many hidden expenses that precede the application process.</p><p><strong>Design and setting: </strong>A branched logic survey was created to inquire about respondents' demographics, personal finances, expenses related to education and research, and opinions on the comprehensive costs of pursuing PRS. Qualitative and quantitative data were collected and analyzed using descriptive statistics.</p><p><strong>Participants: </strong>The survey was distributed to PRS residency applicants in the 2023-2024 cycle and to senior members of a virtual PRS research group. The survey achieved a 28.9% response rate.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Most respondents were fourth-year medical students (57.3%) and attended a school without a home integrated residency program (42.7%). Of students who pursued a research year (37.1%), 40.7% were unpaid, and 53.3% reported living expenses exceeding their income. Most attended more than 5 PRS conferences (29.9%), corresponding to a median total cost of $2000 to $3000. Fourth-year students typically participated in 3 away rotations (40.0%) at a cost of $6000 to $9000. The financial burden of pursuing a career in PRS, including PRS-related extracurricular activities and application-associated costs, is estimated to be $33,400-$45,479. Nearly all respondents (96.6%) believed this cost was too high or excessively high; however, 93.3% determined that it was probably or definitely worth a career in PRS.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The lofty costs associated with pursuing PRS are unsustainable for many. Additional efforts should be made to reduce financial barriers for PRS applicants. Ensuring funding to all students pursuing a research year, diversifying scholarships for conference attendance and away rotations, increasing loan forgiveness opportunities, and expanding use of lower-cost application options such as the Plastic Surgery Common Application are potential solutions to offset the cost of pursuing PRS.</p>","PeriodicalId":8060,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Plastic Surgery","volume":" ","pages":"344-349"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144939354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the Rise in Adolescent Reduction Mammaplasty: An 11-Year National Analysis.","authors":"Ethan Fung, Bernice Z Yu, Maxwell Godek, Jacquelyn M Roth, Peter Shamamian, Carissa Patete, Keisha E Montalmant, Peter J Taub","doi":"10.1097/SAP.0000000000004351","DOIUrl":"10.1097/SAP.0000000000004351","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>As the obesity epidemic continues to grow, symptomatic macromastia at earlier ages has become increasingly common.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The present study aims to explore trends, risk factors, and postoperative complications in adolescent reduction mammaplasty (ARM) over an 11-year period.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program-Pediatrics (NSQIP-P) was queried to identify ARM cases between 2012-2022 in patients 18 years or younger. Patient demographics, procedure details, and postoperative outcomes were collected. Trend analysis and predictors for postoperative complications were performed via linear regression and multivariable logistic regression, respectively.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Between 2012 and 2022, 3158 patients underwent ARM. The overall complication rate was 4.4%, with superficial surgical site infections at 3.0%. Among those who underwent ARM, elevated body mass index (adjusted odds ratio 1.04, P < 0.001) and higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) class predicted complications (ASA1: adjusted odds ratio 0.34, P = 0.01). The prevalence of ARM increased by 482%, while overall obesity rates increased by 58% over the years. Total operation time ( P = 0.005), anesthesia duration ( P = 0.02), and length of stay ( P < 0.001) decreased throughout the years, while superficial surgical site infections increased ( P = 0.04).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>As obesity rates rise, the prevalence of ARM has increased even more rapidly, with elevated body mass index and higher ASA individuals at an increased risk for complications. Operative time, anesthesia duration, and length of stay decreased over time, with low overall complication rates. Plastic surgeons should note these trends to provide adequate care for patients requesting ARM.</p>","PeriodicalId":8060,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Plastic Surgery","volume":" ","pages":"253-257"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143959862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pectoralis Major Flaps for Sternal Reconstruction: Multidisciplinary Considerations and Patient Outcomes.","authors":"David Chi, Rachel Skladman, Reme E Arhewoh, Sarah N Chiang, Linh Vuong, Ryan J Sachar, Muhammad F Masood, Ida K Fox","doi":"10.1097/SAP.0000000000004409","DOIUrl":"10.1097/SAP.0000000000004409","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Sternal wounds following cardiothoracic surgery are a challenging surgical problem, and pectoralis muscle flaps are a mainstay for reconstruction. Multiple variations of this strategy exist, and this study seeks to characterize key decision factors and patient outcomes to increase accessibility of this technique to surgeons.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This is a retrospective cohort study of adult sternal wound patients at a tertiary referral center between 2010-2020. Patient demographics, comorbidities, wound characteristics, and perioperative data were collected. Multinomial logistic regression determined factors significantly associated with reconstructive technique. Binomial logistic regression was used to analyze 90-day readmission and reoperation for sternal wounds.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In total, 114 patients underwent reconstruction with pectoralis flaps. Bilateral advancement flaps were the most common strategy (64%) followed by bilateral advancement/turnover (15%), unilateral advancement (11%), unilateral turnover (8%), and bilateral turnover (2%). The absence of the internal mammary artery was significantly associated with bilateral vs unilateral pectoralis flap reconstruction ( P < 0.01). Deep space sternal wounds were most likely to be treated with a turnover flap component ( P < 0.001). Type of flap reconstruction was associated with sternal wound recurrence ( P < 0.03). However, multivariable logistic regression modeling identified coronary artery disease [odds ratio (OR) = 8.18, P < 0.02], prior cardiothoracic surgeries (OR = 2.95, P < 0.01), and discharge before plastic surgery consultation (OR = 3.73, P < 0.04) as significant predictors of 90-day readmission or reoperations for sternal wound recurrence.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Multiple configurations of the pectoralis major can be utilized for treating sternal wounds. The absence of the internal mammary artery is an important factor given its association with bilateral flap reconstruction, while the turnover pectoralis is more frequently used for deep space wounds. Internal mammary artery patency should be clearly communicated to improve multidisciplinary management of these challenging problems.</p>","PeriodicalId":8060,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Plastic Surgery","volume":" ","pages":"301-307"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144324344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Patient Satisfaction Level of the Functional and Aesthetic Outcome of Secondary Rhinoplasty in Patients With Secondary Deformity of the Nose After Lip Repair in Hospital Kuala Lumpur and Hospital Pakar Universiti Sains Malaysia.","authors":"Satbir S Gill, Fatimah Mat Johar, Hamidah Mohd Zainal","doi":"10.1097/SAP.0000000000004496","DOIUrl":"10.1097/SAP.0000000000004496","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Cleft lip and palate are common congenital conditions that often result in nasal deformities, affecting both aesthetics and functionality. Secondary rhinoplasty plays an important role in correcting these deformities, bringing about an improvement in the function of the nose, facial harmony, and quality of life. Surgical techniques have advanced with time, but limited research has highlighted the patient-reported satisfaction levels with the aesthetic and functional outcome of secondary rhinoplasty. This study evaluated the aesthetic, functional, and overall satisfaction among cleft lip and palate patients who underwent secondary rhinoplasty.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 44 cleft lip and palate patients 18 years and older who had undergone secondary rhinoplasty between 2016 and 2022 at 2 tertiary hospitals. The validated Rhinoplasty Outcome Evaluation questionnaire, which measures physical, emotional, and psychosocial domains, was used to assess satisfaction levels. Preoperative and postoperative scores were analyzed using paired-samples t tests to assess changes in satisfaction levels.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean age of participants was 24.16 years (SD, 3.40), with a gender distribution of 54.5% female and 45.5% male. Preoperative satisfaction scores for nasal aesthetics and function were 0.93 (SD, 0.73) and 2.23 (SD, 0.74), respectively. Postoperative scores showed significant improvements, increasing to 3.02 (SD, 0.51) for aesthetics and 3.50 (SD, 0.51) for function (P < 0.001). The total Rhinoplasty Outcome Evaluation score, which measures the overall satisfaction, improved from 30.87 (SD, 6.68) to 80.30 (SD, 9.90) (P < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Significant improvement was seen in the aesthetics and function of the nose in cleft lip and palate patients after secondary rhinoplasty, leading to high levels of overall satisfaction. These findings highlight the importance of patient-reported outcomes in assessing success of a surgical procedure. Future studies should focus on larger cohorts and the use of advanced technologies to further optimize outcomes for patients with cleft-related nasal deformities.</p>","PeriodicalId":8060,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Plastic Surgery","volume":"95 3","pages":"273-278"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144939326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing Cadaveric Soft-Tissue Dissection Training for Plastic Surgery Residents: A Feasibility Study of a Novel Soft-Embalming Solution Versus Formaldehyde and Thiel Methods.","authors":"Joseph K Abraham, Anne D Souza, Anil K Bhat, Joseph Thomas, Carlsen Bernard Pereira, Subramania Iyer, Minnie Pillay","doi":"10.1097/SAP.0000000000004461","DOIUrl":"10.1097/SAP.0000000000004461","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Cadaver-based learning remains a cornerstone of anatomic and surgical training, particularly in plastic surgery, where tissue fidelity and pliability are crucial. Although formaldehyde-based embalming is widely used, it presents health risks and compromises tissue quality. Alternatives like Thiel and saturated salt solutions offer improvements but may not perform optimally in tropical climates.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study evaluated the feasibility and effectiveness of a novel soft-embalming solution as a safer, more realistic alternative to formaldehyde and Thiel methods for cadaver preservation in plastic surgery education.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Cadavers embalmed with the novel solution were compared to those preserved using formaldehyde and Thiel technique. Plastic surgery training sessions involving postgraduate students, residents, and expert instructors were conducted to assess tissue color, texture, pliability, skin integrity, and overall suitability of cadavers for surgical procedures.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The novel soft-embalming solution demonstrated superior performance over formaldehyde in anatomical realism, tissue flexibility, odor control, and feasibility for plastic surgical training, particularly in procedures requiring detailed neurovascular dissection and flap elevation, as opined by the residents. Although its performance was comparable primarily to Thiel method, the novel solution offered advantages such as better skin integrity and reduced fungal growth, with minor limitations noted in distal tissue preservation and joint flexibility.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This novel soft-embalming solution presents a viable, safer, and climate-adapted alternative to traditional methods. Its enhanced realism and reduced toxicity make it particularly suited for plastic surgery training and may significantly improve surgical skills development in anatomy and medical education.</p>","PeriodicalId":8060,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Plastic Surgery","volume":"95 3S Suppl 1","pages":"S42-S48"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145005848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Historical Evolutions and Emerging Applications of Diffusion Tensor Imaging in Peripheral Nerve Assessment.","authors":"Barite Gutama, Ronald M Cornely, Emma J B Nordahl, Erin Lee, Ricardo A Torress-Guzman, Benjamine Savitz, Erin Abbott, Anthony Hoang, Isaac V Manzanera Esteve, Wesley Thayer","doi":"10.1097/SAP.0000000000004458","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/SAP.0000000000004458","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) has revolutionized neuroimaging by enabling a noninvasive visualization of tissue microstructure through the analysis of the apparent diffusion of water molecules. Originating from the foundational principles of Brownian motion and Fick's law, DTI evolved from early diffusion magnetic resonance imaging into an advanced diagnostic tool for in vivo characterization of axonal pathways. This review traces the historical development of DTI and evaluates its expanding clinical applications, particularly in assessing peripheral nerve pathologies. In this review, we conducted an extensive literature review focusing on key aspects of DTI, including its mathematical framework, image acquisition protocols, core parameters, and clinical applications. The review highlighted DTI's advancements, technical challenges, and diagnostic potential with a focus on peripheral nerve imaging. While DTI has been widely adopted for central nervous system disorders, it has recently demonstrated utility in peripheral nerve imaging. Peripheral nerve-specific protocols yield higher resolution and improved accuracy; however, motion artifacts, small nerve size, non-Gaussian diffusion behavior, and lack of standardization continue to limit DTI's implementation in this area. Overall, DTI offers a robust, noninvasive method for assessing peripheral nerve integrity and pathology, with growing clinical value in early detection and diagnosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":8060,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Plastic Surgery","volume":"95 3S Suppl 1","pages":"S11-S20"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145005823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advances in Care for Burn and Hypertrophic Scar: Innovations in Prevention and Dermal Regeneration.","authors":"Benjamin L Savitz, Vignesh Chennupati, Oliver Alexander, Erin N Abbott, Ronald M Cornely, Elizabeth L Dale Slater","doi":"10.1097/SAP.0000000000004448","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/SAP.0000000000004448","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Hypertrophic scarring (HTS) remains a critical challenge in burn care, often resulting in debilitating contractures, chronic pain, and significant psychosocial burden. While current treatment emphasizes structural repair, recent advances underscore the importance of addressing the biological drivers of fibrosis. This review synthesizes evolving strategies in burn scar prevention, highlighting tissue-engineered matrices, autologous cell therapies, and predictive molecular tools that shift care from reactive to regenerative. Innovations such as biologic and synthetic dermal matrices (eg, Integra, BTM, Restrata) and autologous skin cell suspensions (eg, ReCell) have demonstrated improved dermal architecture restoration and reduced donor site morbidity. Concurrently, emerging genetic and proteomic biomarkers including transforming growth factor β1, interleukin-6, and vitamin D receptor polymorphisms offer the potential to stratify patients by HTS risk, enabling personalized therapeutic interventions. Biologic agents like rhPDGF and mesenchymal stem cells represent additional avenues for modulating fibroblast activity and enhancing regenerative outcomes. Looking forward, integration of machine learning with real-time biomarker profiling may enable dynamic, patient-specific care pathways. Because burn management continues to evolve, the convergence of predictive diagnostics, biologic modulation, and engineered skin replacements holds the promise of not only minimizing fibrosis but also restoring functional, native-like skin-marking a paradigm shift toward precision burn reconstruction.</p>","PeriodicalId":8060,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Plastic Surgery","volume":"95 3S Suppl 1","pages":"S37-S41"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145005883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}