Annals of tropical medicine and parasitology最新文献

{"title":"In-vivo activity of dihydroartemisinin against Schistosoma japonicum.","authors":"H-J Li, W Wang, G-L Qu, Y-H Tao, Y-T Xing, Y-Z Li, J-Y Wei, J-R Dai, Y-S Liang","doi":"10.1179/136485911X12899838683287","DOIUrl":"10.1179/136485911X12899838683287","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8019,"journal":{"name":"Annals of tropical medicine and parasitology","volume":"105 2","pages":"181-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4084662/pdf/atm-105-02-181.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29734633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spontaneous haemothorax and haemoperitoneum in Plasmodium vivax malaria.","authors":"J S Kim, J S Hong, Y S Park, J-Y Ahn, Y-H Seo","doi":"10.1179/136485911X12899838413664","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/136485911X12899838413664","url":null,"abstract":"Although patients with Plasmodium vivax malaria usually recover from the disease without any sequelae, several complications do occasionally occur and these may need urgent invasive procedures, including surgery, and/or lead to fatal blood loss (Jacobs et al., 2005; Gockel et al., 2006; Maguire and Baird, 2010). Worryingly, the incidence of complications in P. vivax malaria, such as acute respiratory-distress syndrome or splenic rupture, appears to be increasing (Kasliwal et al., 2009). A case of P. vivax malaria complicated by spontaneous haemothorax (perhaps the first ever reported) is described below.","PeriodicalId":8019,"journal":{"name":"Annals of tropical medicine and parasitology","volume":"105 2","pages":"177-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1179/136485911X12899838413664","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29734632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The investigation of congenital infection by Trypanosoma cruzi in an endemic area of Chile: three protocols explored in a pilot project.","authors":"I Zulantay,&nbsp;G Corral,&nbsp;M C Guzman,&nbsp;F Aldunate,&nbsp;W Guerra,&nbsp;I Cruz,&nbsp;A Araya,&nbsp;V Tapia,&nbsp;F Marquez,&nbsp;C Muñoz,&nbsp;W Apt","doi":"10.1179/136485911X12899838413583","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/136485911X12899838413583","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Given the increasing travel of pregnant women from areas were Trypanosoma cruzi is endemic, the congenital transmission of the parasite has become a global public-health problem. In a recent pilot study, which ran in Chile from 2006 to 2010, three strategies for exploring and managing T. cruzi-infected mothers and their infected or uninfected neonates were investigated. Any protocols applied to the investigation of such mother-and-child pairs need to include the detection of infection in pregnant women, the detection of infection, if any, in the children born to the women, the appropriate treatment of the infected neonates, and the serological-parasitological follow-up of all of the neonates until their medical discharge.</p>","PeriodicalId":8019,"journal":{"name":"Annals of tropical medicine and parasitology","volume":"105 2","pages":"123-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1179/136485911X12899838413583","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29734645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Maximizing the chances of detecting pathogenic leptospires in mammals: the evaluation of field samples and a multi-sample-per-mammal, multi-test approach.","authors":"S M Tulsiani, G C Graham, M F Dohnt, M-A Burns, S B Craig","doi":"10.1179/136485911X12899838683205","DOIUrl":"10.1179/136485911X12899838683205","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Identification of wild animals that harbour the causative leptospires, and the identification of the most important of these 'wild reservoirs' (in terms of threat to human health), are key factors in the epidemiology of human leptospirosis. In an epidemiological investigation in the Australian state of Queensland, in 2007-2008, samples were collected from fruit bats (Pteropus conspicillatus) and rodents (to investigate the potential role of fruit bats in the maintenance and transmission of leptospires to ground-dwelling rodents) and checked for pathogenic leptospires. The results of these studies have now been carefully analysed in attempts to see which method of detection and type of test sample were best. The effects of pentobarbitone sodium used to euthanize wild mammals before collection of necropsy samples, on the survival and detection of leptospires in vitro, were also explored. In the earlier field investigation, serum, renal tissue and urine were collected from wild mammals, for the detection of pathogenic leptospires by culture, the microscopic agglutination test (MAT), real-time PCR and silver impregnation of smears. Although 27.6% of the rodents investigated were found leptospire-positive, culture only yielded four isolates, probably because many cultures were contaminated. The main aims of the present study were to quantify the performance of the individual diagnostic tests and examine the reasons behind the high incidence of culture contamination. The results of sensitivity and specificity analyses for the different diagnostic tests indicated that isolation by culture (the definitive diagnostic test for leptospiral shedding) had perfect (100%) sensitivity when compared with the results of the PCR but a low specificity (40%). The MAT performed poorly, with a sensitivity of 50% when compared against the results of culture. The prevalence of leptospiral carriage revealed by the PCR-based investigation of kidney and urine samples (59.2%) was higher than that revealed using any other method and far higher than the 2.0% revealed by culture. The results of the culture of renal tissue agreed fairly well with those of the PCR-based investigation of such tissue, with a Cohen's unweighted kappa coefficient (κ) of 0.5 (P = 0.04). The levels of agreement between other pairs of tests were generally poor. The presence of pentobarbitone sodium, at final concentrations of 27.8 or 167 mg/ml, did not affect the viability or the detection of leptospires in culture, and is therefore unlikely to reduce the chances of isolating leptospires from an animal that has been euthanized with the compound. It appears that collecting multiple samples from each mammal being checked will improve the chances of detecting leptospires (and reduce the chances of reporting an inconclusive result for any of the mammals). For the identification of a leptospiral carrier, however, the use of just two detection methods (culture and PCR) and one type of sample (renal tiss","PeriodicalId":8019,"journal":{"name":"Annals of tropical medicine and parasitology","volume":"105 2","pages":"145-62"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4084665/pdf/atm-105-02-145.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29734648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae, Phlebotominae) in military camps in northern Afghanistan (2007-2009), as identified by morphology and DNA 'barcoding'.","authors":"A Krüger, L Strüven, R J Post, M Faulde","doi":"10.1179/136485911X12899838683241","DOIUrl":"10.1179/136485911X12899838683241","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>As part of a continuous, standardized programme of monitoring the Leishmania vectors in German military camps in northern Afghanistan between 2007 and 2009, a detailed taxonomic analysis of the endemic sandfly fauna, as sampled using light and odour-baited traps, was conducted. Of the 10 sandfly species that were recorded, six may serve as enzootic and/or zooanthroponotic vectors of parasites causing human leishmaniasis. The use of a simple DNA-'barcoding' technique based on the mitochondrial cyt b gene, to identify the collected sandflies to species level, revealed (1) a clear discrimination between the potential vector species, (2) clustering of species within most subgenera, and (3) particularly high heterogeneity within the subgenus Paraphlebotomus (Phlebotomus alexandri being grouped with Ph. papatasi rather than with other Paraphlebotomus species). The data also indicate a high level of genetic heterogeneity within the subgenus Sergentomyia but close similarity between Sergentomyia sintoni and Sergentomyia murgabiensis. The morphological similarity of many medically important sandflies can make species identification difficult, if not impossible. The new DNA-barcoding techniques may provide powerful discriminatory tools in the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":8019,"journal":{"name":"Annals of tropical medicine and parasitology","volume":"105 2","pages":"163-76"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4084661/pdf/atm-105-02-163.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29734649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unravelling the relationships between Anopheles darlingi (Diptera: Culicidae) densities, environmental factors and malaria incidence: understanding the variable patterns of malarial transmission in French Guiana (South America).","authors":"R Girod,&nbsp;E Roux,&nbsp;F Berger,&nbsp;A Stefani,&nbsp;P Gaborit,&nbsp;R Carinci,&nbsp;J Issaly,&nbsp;B Carme,&nbsp;I Dusfour","doi":"10.1179/136485911X12899838683322","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/136485911X12899838683322","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Anopheles darlingi, one of the main malaria vectors in the Neotropics, is widely distributed in French Guiana, where malaria remains a major public-health problem. Elucidation of the relationships between the population dynamics of An. darlingi and local environmental factors would appear to be an essential factor in the epidemiology of human malaria in French Guiana and the design of effective vector-control strategies. In a recent investigation, longitudinal entomological surveys were carried out for 2-4 years in one village in each of three distinct endemic areas of French Guiana. Anopheles darlingi was always the anopheline mosquito that was most frequently caught on human bait, although its relative abundance (as a proportion of all the anophelines collected) and human biting rate (in bites/person-year) differed with the study site. Seasonality in the abundance of human-landing An. darlingi (with peaks at the end of the rainy season) was observed in only two of the three study sites. Just three An. darlingi were found positive for Plasmodium (either P. falciparum or P. vivax) circumsporozoite protein, giving entomological inoculation rates of 0·0-8·7 infectious bites/person-year. Curiously, no infected An. darlingi were collected in the village with the highest incidence of human malaria. Relationships between malaria incidence, An. darlingi densities, rainfall and water levels in the nearest rivers were found to be variable and apparently dependent on land-cover specificities that reflected the diversity and availability of habitats suitable for the development and reproduction of An. darlingi.</p>","PeriodicalId":8019,"journal":{"name":"Annals of tropical medicine and parasitology","volume":"105 2","pages":"107-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1179/136485911X12899838683322","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29734644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In a trial of the use of miltefosine to treat HIV-related cryptosporidiosis in Zambian adults, extreme metabolic disturbances contribute to high mortality.","authors":"E Sinkala, M Katubulushi, S Sianongo, A Obwaller, P Kelly","doi":"10.1179/136485911X12899838683160","DOIUrl":"10.1179/136485911X12899838683160","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There is still no effective treatment for cryptosporidiosis even though the disease has a significant impact on HIV-infected adults and children. Following evidence of the drug's promising efficacy in vitro, a phase-1-phase-2 study of miltefosine (given at 2.5 mg/kg for 14 days, with the dose capped at 100 mg/day) was recently initiated among Zambian adults with HIV-related cryptosporidiosis. Seven patients were recruited before the trial was terminated prematurely because of lack of efficacy and the development of severe adverse events. The latter may have been entirely drug-related or the result of extreme metabolic abnormalities already present in the patients enrolled in the trial. In future trials of miltefosine, attention will have to be paid to the possibility of metabolic abnormalities in the subjects investigated.</p>","PeriodicalId":8019,"journal":{"name":"Annals of tropical medicine and parasitology","volume":"105 2","pages":"129-34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4084659/pdf/atm-105-02-129.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29734646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tick paralysis in Australia caused by Ixodes holocyclus Neumann.","authors":"S Hall-Mendelin, S B Craig, R A Hall, P O'Donoghue, R B Atwell, S M Tulsiani, G C Graham","doi":"10.1179/136485911X12899838413628","DOIUrl":"10.1179/136485911X12899838413628","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ticks are obligate haematophagous ectoparasites of various animals, including humans, and are abundant in temperate and tropical zones around the world. They are the most important vectors for the pathogens causing disease in livestock and second only to mosquitoes as vectors of pathogens causing human disease. Ticks are formidable arachnids, capable of not only transmitting the pathogens involved in some infectious diseases but also of inducing allergies and causing toxicoses and paralysis, with possible fatal outcomes for the host. This review focuses on tick paralysis, the role of the Australian paralysis tick Ixodes holocyclus, and the role of toxin molecules from this species in causing paralysis in the host.</p>","PeriodicalId":8019,"journal":{"name":"Annals of tropical medicine and parasitology","volume":"105 2","pages":"95-106"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4084664/pdf/atm-105-02-095.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29734643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Childhood Cryptosporidium infection among aboriginal communities in Peninsular Malaysia.","authors":"H M Al-Mekhlafi, M A K Mahdy, M Y 'Azlin, M S Fatmah, M Norhayati","doi":"10.1179/136485911X12899838683368","DOIUrl":"10.1179/136485911X12899838683368","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cryptosporidium is a coccidian parasite that is prevalent worldwide, some species of which cause morbidity in both immunocompromised and immunocompetent individuals. The prevalence and predictors of Cryptosporidium infection, and its effect on nutritional status, have recently been explored among 276 children (141 boys and 135 girls, aged 2-15 years) in aboriginal (Orang Asli) villages in the Malaysian state of Selangor. Faecal smears were examined by the modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining technique while socio-economic data were collected using a standardized questionnaire. Nutritional status was assessed by anthropometric measurements. Cryptosporidium infection, which was detected in 7.2% of the aboriginal children, was found to be significantly associated with low birthweight (≤2.5 kg), being part of a large household (with more than seven members) and prolonged breast feeding (>2 years). The output of a binary logistic regression confirmed that large household size was a significant predictor of Cryptosporidium infection (giving an odds ratio of 2.15, with a 95% confidence interval of 1.25-5.02). Cryptosporidium infection is clearly a public-health problem among the aboriginal children of Selangor, with person-to-person the most likely mode of transmission.</p>","PeriodicalId":8019,"journal":{"name":"Annals of tropical medicine and parasitology","volume":"105 2","pages":"135-43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4084658/pdf/atm-105-02-135.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29734647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hospitalization of Cuban children for giardiasis: a retrospective study in a paediatric hospital in Havana.","authors":"A A Escobedo, P Almirall, M Alfonso, Y Salazar, I Avila, S Cimerman, F A Núñez, I V Dawkins","doi":"10.1179/136485911X12899838413420","DOIUrl":"10.1179/136485911X12899838413420","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The medical records of the 185 children who, in 2007, were admitted to the Academic Paediatric Hospital 'Centro Habana', in the Cuban capital of Havana, because of giardiasis were analysed retrospectively. A standardized form was used to collect data on the socio-demographic characteristics, clinical features, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and length of stay of each child. Information on the 15 children who had incomplete medical records was excluded from the data analysis. Of the remaining 170 children, 85 (50·0%) were aged 1-4 years, 97 (57·1%) were male, and 106 (62·4%), 92 (54·1%) and 69 (40·6%) had presented with diarrhoea, vomiting, and/or abdominal pain, respectively. Most (91·2%) of the cases had been diagnosed by the microscopical examination of a duodenal aspirate, and the drugs that had been most used frequently were quinacrine and tinidazole, which had been given to 72 (42·4%) and 62 (36·5%) of the cases, respectively. The mean length of hospital stay was 4·9 days. Such information on the clinical characteristics of giardiasis among children living in an endemic area may be valuable to paediatricians and public-health officials who wish to screen for the disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":8019,"journal":{"name":"Annals of tropical medicine and parasitology","volume":"105 1","pages":"47-56"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1179/136485911X12899838413420","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29648681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}