Annals of tropical medicine and parasitology最新文献

{"title":"Strongyloides stercoralis infection in a patient with sickle cell disease.","authors":"D E Ferastraoaru, N N Jariwala, S P Jariwala","doi":"10.1179/2047773211Y.0000000009","DOIUrl":"10.1179/2047773211Y.0000000009","url":null,"abstract":"Strongyloides stercoralis is a common intestinal parasitic nematode that infects a large portion of the world’s population, and is endemic to tropical and sub-tropical regions. Infected individuals are often asymptomatic, but may have abdominal pain, diarrhea and other nonspecific findings. Immunocompromised hosts may develop massive invasion of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts, which represents a constellation of symptoms known as hyperinfection syndrome. This condition is most commonly seen in immunosuppressed individuals including renal allograft recipients, patients with human T-lymphotropic virus, and patients using corticosteroids. Along these lines, sickle cell anaemia (SCA) is a condition that is marked by functional asplenia and a relative state of immunocompromise, which may increase the incidence of hyperinfection. \u0000 \u0000Along with the predisposition to encapsulated organisms, SCA patients may be unusually susceptible to parasitic infections, which may trigger sickle cell crises (Sodipo et al., 1997). Furthermore, blood samples from SCA patients have demonstrated increased eosinophil numbers and adhesion properties, which may also contribute to the vasoocclusive state (Canalli et al., 2004). Given the observations that strongyloidiasis is characterized by eosinophilia and eosinophils in SCA individuals may be implicated in vasoocclusive crisis (VOC), further data are necessarily to investigate the association between SCA and S. stercoralis infection. We describe a patient with SCA and chronic eosinophilia who presented to our hospital with diarrhea and VOC. She was found to have S. stercoralis infection, and experienced symptomatic improvement following the administration of ivermectin.","PeriodicalId":8019,"journal":{"name":"Annals of tropical medicine and parasitology","volume":"105 8","pages":"647-50"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1179/2047773211Y.0000000009","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30452908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the effectiveness and compliance of intermittent preventive treatment (IPT) in the control of malaria in pregnant women in south eastern Nigeria.","authors":"F O Nduka, E Nwosu, R M Oguariri","doi":"10.1179/2047773211Y.0000000015","DOIUrl":"10.1179/2047773211Y.0000000015","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Controlling malaria in pregnancy has been an important component of the millennium development goal and intermittent preventive treatment (IPT) is considered an important tool in controlling malaria among pregnant women. In this study, we evaluated the level of compliance to IPT use as well as its effect on malaria infection among pregnant women attending antenatal clinic in south eastern Nigeria. Peripheral blood smears and placental histology were used as diagnostic tools to determine infection rate. Our data show that compliance to IPT use was poor (33%) when compared with non-compliance (67%). Infection rate was significantly lower among IPT users (39%) than in non-users (71%) (X(2) = 39·95; P<0·05). Maternal anaemia was also lower in IPT users (4%) than in non-users (18%). Taken together, IPT use appears to be important in reducing infection rate and maternal anaemia. Therefore, its adoption is highly recommended and this could be improved through public enlightenment campaign and adequate funding.</p>","PeriodicalId":8019,"journal":{"name":"Annals of tropical medicine and parasitology","volume":"105 8","pages":"599-605"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1179/2047773211Y.0000000015","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30452904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of Strongyloides stercoralis infection among HIV-positive immigrants attending two Italian hospitals, from 2000 to 2009.","authors":"M Mascarello, F Gobbi, A Angheben, M Gobbo, G Gaiera, M Pegoraro, M Lanzafame, D Buonfrate, E Concia, Z Bisoffi","doi":"10.1179/2047773211Y.0000000006","DOIUrl":"10.1179/2047773211Y.0000000006","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In patients with Strongyloides stercoralis infection, a dysregulation of host immunity can lead to hyperinfection syndrome (HS) and disseminated strongyloidiasis (DS), characterized by high fatality rate. HS has been reported in HIV-positive patients following use of corticosteroids or during immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS). A retrospective study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of S. stercoralis infection among HIV-positive immigrants, attending two Italian hospitals. From January 2000 to August 2009, 138 HIV-positive immigrants were systematically screened for strongyloidiasis, as a part of their routine care, with an indirect immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT) developed at the Centre for Tropical Diseases, Sacro Cuore Hospital of Negrar, Verona. The majority were also submitted to stool examination. Fifteen (11%) resulted infected by S. stercoralis, of whom four (27%) had a negative serology (diagnosis made with stool examination). A higher eosinophil count (0·94 versus 0·24×10(9)/l, P<0·01) and more frequent gastrointestinal and cutaneous symptoms (odds ratio: 4·8 and 5·8, respectively) were found in patients with strongyloidiasis compared with controls. The IFAT is more sensitive than direct parasitological methods. The proportion of false negative results was higher than expected based on the theoretical test sensitivity. Considering the high prevalence detected and the apparent, lower sensitivity of serology, we propose a systematic screening for Strongyloides infection, with both serology and stool culture, for all HIV-positive immigrants coming from endemic areas.</p>","PeriodicalId":8019,"journal":{"name":"Annals of tropical medicine and parasitology","volume":"105 8","pages":"617-23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4089805/pdf/atm-105-08-617.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30452906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thrombocytopenia in vivax and falciparum malaria: an observational study of 131 patients in Karnataka, India.","authors":"K Saravu, M Docherla, A Vasudev, B A Shastry","doi":"10.1179/2047773211Y.0000000013","DOIUrl":"10.1179/2047773211Y.0000000013","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Thrombocytopenia has been reported in the majority of malaria studies. Some but not all studies suggest the possible role of platelets in the pathology of severe malaria. We assess the association of admission platelet count with malaria complications and mortality in vivax and falciparum malaria.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This is a prospective, observational study of patients aged 18 years and above admitted in a tertiary care teaching hospital from August 2004 to July 2006 in Manipal, India. Malaria was diagnosed based on clinical features along with positive Quantitative Buffy Coat method (QBC MP) or thin blood smear examination (Giemsa stain). Platelet counts were measured using Coulter LH 756 Analyser. Thrombocytopenia was defined as a platelet count <150×10(9)/l.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 131 consecutive patients were included. Sixty patients (46%) were infected with Plasmodium vivax and the rest with Plasmodium falciparum. Forty-six (35%) patients had non-severe and 24 (18%) had severe falciparum infection. The prevalence of thrombocytopenia was similar in vivax and falciparum malaria. Patients with severe falciparum malaria had a statistically significant lower platelet count (P = 0·01) compared to non-severe falciparum malaria. Severe malaria patients with renal failure (P = 0·02) or hyperparasitaemia (P = 0·03) had a statistically significant lower mean platelet count compared to non-severe falciparum malaria. Patients with involvement of more than one organ system had a lower mean platelet count compared to those with single organ involvement.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The incidence of thrombocytopenia was similar in vivax and falciparum malaria. The admission platelet count is significantly lower in patients who have hyperparasitaemia and acute renal failure compared to patients without complications.</p>","PeriodicalId":8019,"journal":{"name":"Annals of tropical medicine and parasitology","volume":"105 8","pages":"593-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4089803/pdf/atm-105-08-593.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30452436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetic diversity in merozoite surface protein-1 and 2 among Plasmodium falciparum isolates from malarious districts of tribal dominant state of Jharkhand, India.","authors":"M M Hussain,&nbsp;M Sohail,&nbsp;R Kumar,&nbsp;O H Branch,&nbsp;T Adak,&nbsp;M Raziuddin","doi":"10.1179/2047773211Y.0000000012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/2047773211Y.0000000012","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The genetic make-up of malaria parasite is potent for understanding the parasite virulence, designing antimalarial vaccine and evaluating the impact of malaria control measures. There is a paucity of information on genetic structure of Plasmodium falciparum in Jharkhand, India where malaria is rampant and this study aimed to establish molecular characterization of P. falciparum field isolates from Jharkhand measured with two highly polymorphic genetic markers, i.e. the merozoite surface proteins (MSPs) 1 and 2.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The genetic diversity of P. falciparum population from low transmission area, Ranchi, Bokaro and Hazaribagh and highly malarious area, Latehar and Palamau districts of Jharkhand were evaluated by polymerase chain reaction-sequencing analyzing msp-1 and msp-2 genes to explore the genetic structure of parasite from this understudied region.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 134 P. falciparum isolates were analyzed by polymorphic regions of msp-1 and msp-2 and classified according to prevalence of allelic families. The majority of patients from all the five sites had mean monoclonal infections of 67·1 and 60·4% of P. falciparum for msp-1 and msp-2, respectively, whereas, mean multiple genotypes of 32·8 and 39·5% for msp-1 and msp-2, respectively. Interestingly, we observed higher multiclonal infection in low transmission area as compared to highly malarious area in the case of msp-1 genotypes, whereas in msp-2 higher multiclonal infection was observed in highly malarious area compared to low transmission area. The overall multiplicities of infection of msp-1 and msp-2 were 1·38 and 1·39, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This is the first report on molecular characterization of P. falciparum field isolates from Jharkhand. The genetic diversity and allelic distribution found in this study is somewhat similar to other reports from India and Southeast Asian countries. However, P. falciparum infection can be highly complex and diverse in these disease-endemic regions of Jharkhand, suggesting continual genetic mixing that could have significant implications for the use of antimalarial drugs and vaccines.</p>","PeriodicalId":8019,"journal":{"name":"Annals of tropical medicine and parasitology","volume":"105 8","pages":"579-92"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1179/2047773211Y.0000000012","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30452435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigations and comparative detection of Cryptosporidium species by microscopy, nested PCR and LAMP in water supplies of Ordu, Middle Black Sea, Turkey.","authors":"Z Koloren,&nbsp;I Sotiriadou,&nbsp;P Karanis","doi":"10.1179/2047773211Y.0000000011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/2047773211Y.0000000011","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A total of 70 water samples, including tap, river, fountain and well water were collected in the Ordu province, Middle Black Sea, Turkey and investigated for the detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts. The samples were directly screened microscopically for Cryptosporidium oocysts' detection by immunofluorescence test and subsequently DNA was extracted for the molecular detection by loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Eighteen out of the 70 (25·7%) water samples were found positive for Cryptosporidium spp. by immunofluorescence test and 19 (27·1%) were found positive by LAMP. Nested PCR products were not generated in any of the investigated water samples. A total of 16 randomly selected pellets were spiked with 10 Cryptosporidium oocysts to test the efficiency of the applied method. All the samples were found positive by LAMP for the presence of Cryptosporidium DNA, while the nested PCR assay was positive in only seven (43·75%) out of the 16 examined spiked samples. This is the first report on the occurrence of Cryptosporidium species in environmental and drinking water supplies in the Black Sea area.</p>","PeriodicalId":8019,"journal":{"name":"Annals of tropical medicine and parasitology","volume":"105 8","pages":"607-15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1179/2047773211Y.0000000011","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30452905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geographical structuring of Trypanosoma cruzi populations from Chilean Triatoma infestans triatomines and their genetic relationship with other Latino American counterparts.","authors":"J Venegas, T Rojas, F Díaz, S Miranda, M I Jercic, C González, W Coñoepán, S Pichuantes, J Rodríguez, M Gajardo, G Sánchez","doi":"10.1179/2047773211Y.0000000002","DOIUrl":"10.1179/2047773211Y.0000000002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In order to obtain more information about the population structure of Chilean Trypanosoma cruzi, and their genetic relationship with other Latino American counterparts, we performed the study of T. cruzi samples detected in the midgut content of Triatoma infestans insects from three endemic regions of Chile. The genetic characteristics of these samples were analysed using microsatellite markers and PCR conditions that allow the detection of predominant T. cruzi clones directly in triatomine midgut content. Population genetic analyses using the Fisher's exact method, analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) and the determination of F(ST) showed that the northern T. cruzi population sample was genetically differentiated from the two southern population counterparts. Further analysis showed that the cause of this genetic differentiation was the asymmetrical distribution of TcIII T. cruzi predominant clones. Considering all triatomines from the three regions, the most frequent predominant lineages were TcIII (38%), followed by TcI (34%) and hybrid (8%). No TcII lineage was observed along the predominant T. cruzi clones. The best phylogenetic reconstruction using the shared allelic genetic distance was concordant with the population genetic analysis and tree topology previously described studying foreign samples. The correlation studies showed that the lineage TcIII from the III region was genetically differentiated from the other two, and this differentiation was correlated with geographical distance including Chilean and mainly Brazilian samples. It will be interesting to investigate whether this geographical structure may be related with different clinical manifestation of Chagas disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":8019,"journal":{"name":"Annals of tropical medicine and parasitology","volume":"105 8","pages":"625-46"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4089798/pdf/atm-105-08-625.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30452907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Increased bioavailability of primaquine using poly(ethylene oxide) matrix extended-release tablets administered to beagle dogs.","authors":"C D Bertol,&nbsp;P R Oliveira,&nbsp;G Kuminek,&nbsp;G S Rauber,&nbsp;H K Stulzer,&nbsp;M A S Silva","doi":"10.1179/2047773211Y.0000000003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/2047773211Y.0000000003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Primaquine (PQ) is used for the radical cure of Plasmodium vivax malaria and can cause serious side effects in some individuals. The development of an extended-release dosage with poly(ethylene oxide) as a hydrophilic polymer has been investigated to improve drug efficacy and tolerability. The aim of this study was to evaluate in vivo a new extended-release formulation of PQ (60 mg). The formulation was administered to beagle dogs and plasma PQ concentrations were compared to a conventional immediate-release formulation of PQ (60 mg). The evaluation was carried out using a validated high-performance liquid chromatography method using solid-phase extraction. Total PQ exposure in beagle dogs was 2.2 times higher (area under curve of 12 193 versus 5678 ng h/ml) and the elimination half-life of PQ was a 19-fold greater (12.95 hours versus 0.68 hours) with the extended-release tablets compared with the immediate-release tablets. These findings suggest that the extended-release formulation of PQ merits further evaluation for the treatment of P. vivax malaria and/or chemoprophylaxis.</p>","PeriodicalId":8019,"journal":{"name":"Annals of tropical medicine and parasitology","volume":"105 7","pages":"475-84"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1179/2047773211Y.0000000003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30339202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unexpected results from large-scale cryptosporidiosis screening study in calves in Tanzania.","authors":"J S Chang'a, L J Robertson, M M A Mtambo, R H Mdegela, T Løken, O Reksen","doi":"10.1179/2047773211Y.0000000007","DOIUrl":"10.1179/2047773211Y.0000000007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A study was undertaken to investigate Cryptosporidium infection in crossbreed dairy calves in two districts in Tanzania. A total of 943 fecal samples from 601 dairy calves were included in the study, with calves from both smallholder dairy farms and from large-scale and medium-scale dairy farms. The modified Ziehl-Neelsen (mZN) technique was used to examine 710 samples, and 13 of these were considered to be positive for Cryptosporidium. These 13 samples considered positive by mZN, along with the remaining 233 samples, were analysed by immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT). Of these 246 samples examined by IFAT, 15 samples, 10 of which were considered positive by mZN, were also examined by the auramine phenol technique, and 5 samples, all of which were considered positive by mZN, were analysed by PCR. The results from the IFAT, auramine phenol and PCR analyses demonstrated that none of the samples contained Cryptosporidium oocysts, indicating that, cryptosporidiosis is currently not a problem in dairy calves in these regions of Tanzania. These unexpected results are discussed with respect to other reports on cryptosporidiosis in calves that suggest that this parasite is a serious calf disease globally, and particularly in relation to studies from Tanzania. We suggest that results from studies of cattle in Tanzania, in which mZN has been used as the sole analytical method, should be treated with caution.</p>","PeriodicalId":8019,"journal":{"name":"Annals of tropical medicine and parasitology","volume":"105 7","pages":"513-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4100309/pdf/atm-105-07-513.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30339207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bartonella clarridgeiae, B. henselae and Rickettsia felis in fleas from Morocco.","authors":"N Boudebouch,&nbsp;M Sarih,&nbsp;J-C Beaucournu,&nbsp;H Amarouch,&nbsp;M Hassar,&nbsp;D Raoult,&nbsp;P Parola","doi":"10.1179/1364859411Y.0000000038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/1364859411Y.0000000038","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A total of 554 fleas were collected in the Moroccan Casablanca and Tiznit regions from domesticated animals and ruminants between August 2007 and October 2008 and were tested for the presence of Rickettsia spp. and Bartonella spp. using molecular methods. For the first time in Morocco, we found Rickettsia felis, the agent of flea-borne spotted fever in Ctenocephalides felis; B. henselae, an agent of cat scratch disease; and Bartonella clarridgeiae, a cat pathogen and potentially a human pathogen.</p>","PeriodicalId":8019,"journal":{"name":"Annals of tropical medicine and parasitology","volume":"105 7","pages":"493-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1179/1364859411Y.0000000038","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30339204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}