Annali di igiene : medicina preventiva e di comunita最新文献

{"title":"Psychometric properties of the Telugu version of Rosenberg Self-esteem scale (RSES-T).","authors":"A L Billa, J R Sukhabogi, D Doshi, S Jummala","doi":"10.7416/ai.2023.2564","DOIUrl":"10.7416/ai.2023.2564","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale (RSES) is the most commonly used tool for measuring global self-esteem. Till date, RSES has been translated into different languages and the reports are good for their validity and reliability. Telugu being the fourth most spoken language in India, it is timely to translate and validate the Telugu version of RSES. The aim of this study thus is to assess the psychometric properties of the Telugu version of Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale (RSES-T).</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Cross-sectional study.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study was carried out to assess the psychometric properties of RSES-T among undergraduate students of a dental college. For this purpose, the English version of RSES was translated into Telugu and was administered to the participants along with the revised English version of Self-Liking/Self-Competence Scale (SL/SC-R) to evaluate the construct validity. The internal consistency of RSES-T was assessed using Cronbach´s α and the temporal stability was tested by test-retest reliability. Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to examine the underlying dimensional structure of the questionnaire by assessing the cor-relation of RSES-T with SL/SC-R.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Confirmatory factor analysis revealed a positive one-factor structure with Model 3 showing the best fit to data. Internal consistency for RSES-T was found to be good with Cronbach's α of 0.82 at follow-up and the test-retest reliability was found to be satisfactory (0.42) after a two weeks' interval. Furthermore, the item-wise mean score differences showed higher scores for male students than females. Likewise, the item-total correlation of RSES-T showed positive correlation with scores varying from 0.17 to 0.69 at the follow-up.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The Telugu version of RSES exhibited a unidimensional structure and showed good psychometric properties in terms of internal consistency, construct validity and reliability. Hence, these findings provide empirical support to evaluate global self-esteem among Telugu speaking population in future.</p>","PeriodicalId":7999,"journal":{"name":"Annali di igiene : medicina preventiva e di comunita","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9682886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Z-Drugs and their use in Drug-Facilitated Crimes: a review of the literature.","authors":"G Volonnino,&nbsp;R La Russa,&nbsp;N Di Fazio,&nbsp;M Ottaviani,&nbsp;M V Zamponi,&nbsp;F Spadazzi,&nbsp;F Umani-Ronchi","doi":"10.7417/CT.2023.2465","DOIUrl":"10.7417/CT.2023.2465","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Z-Drugs are a category of non-benzodiazepine sedative-hypnotic drugs that include Zolpidem, Zopiclone and Zaleplon. They are all rapidly adsorbed and have a very short half- life, features that make them first-line treatment of insomnia and, in the meantime, first-choice drugs in cases of poisoning for criminal purposes. Z-drugs are frequently use in Drug Facilitated Crime cases (DFC) and Drug Facilitated Sexual Assault (DFSA), namely crimes, robberies, extortion and sexual violence committed after administration of incapacitating substances able to induce sedative-hypnotic effects. In these circumstances, the psychoactive substance is considered as a weapon and constitutes an aggravating circumstance in the criminal act: accordingly, judicial authority legitimates the analytical determination of these substances. Currently, few tests able to detect such drugs are available in daily clinical practice.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>The aim of this work is to evaluate the effective utilization of Z-Drugs.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We have analyzed the literature, focusing on cases in which the criminal use of such incapacitating substances has been demonstrated. Relevant scientific articles were identified from PubMed, Cochrane Central, Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct, EMBASE up to December 2022 using the following keywords: \"z-drugs\", \"drug facilitated crime\", \"forensic toxicology\". The resulting references were screened to exclude duplicates. In addition, non-English papers were excluded. This evaluation left 10 articles (8 case reports and 2 original studies) divided as follows: 1 case report of a DFC (robbery), 6 cases of confirmed DFSA, 3 cases of suspected DFSA, 2 original studies about DFC.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The totality of the selected cases showed positive toxicological tests for a single intake of z-drugs.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This work has shown the limitations of screening tests currently in use in the emergency rooms. Forensic toxicology tests should be introduced in daily clinical practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":7999,"journal":{"name":"Annali di igiene : medicina preventiva e di comunita","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41100202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correlation of self-esteem with oral hygiene behaviour and oral health status among adult dental patients.","authors":"A L Billa, J R Sukhabogi, D Doshi, S Jummala, S S Turaga","doi":"10.7416/ai.2023.2565","DOIUrl":"10.7416/ai.2023.2565","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Self-esteem is a psychological construct that has been consistently linked to general and oral health. However, most studies interpolating self-esteem and oral health behaviour have been focused on children and adolescents, and there is a dearth of scientific literature on adults. Hence, this study, that is aimed to correlate self-esteem with oral hygiene behaviour and oral health status in Telugu-speaking adult dental patients.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional study involving adult dental patients who were 35-44 years of age and visited the Government Dental Hospital in Hyderabad city, India, was conducted. Self-esteem was assessed using the Telugu-translated version of the Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale, oral health behaviour was determined using the Oral Hygiene Behaviour Index and oral health assessment was performed using the World Health Organization Dentition status, the modified Community Periodontal Index and the Loss of Attachment.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 456 patients were included in this study. Most of the participants reported low self-esteem, with a mean score of 11.8 ± 2.7. Patients with primary school education reported higher self-esteem scores than those with high school and university education (p = 0.0001). Furthermore, low Oral Hygiene Behaviour Index scores (64.9%) in the study population and high Decayed, Missing, Filled Teeth scores in females (5.7 ± 4.4; p = 0.09) were noted. None of the variables (Decayed, Missing, Filled Teeth scores, Oral Hygiene Behaviour, gingival bleeding and Loss of Attachment) were significantly correlated with self-esteem. Multivariable regression analysis revealed that younger age, lower educational level and presence of dental caries resulted in higher odds for high self-esteem (p < 0.01).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The findings indicated a significant association between self-esteem and oral health. Indivi-duals with dental caries had significantly higher odds for high self-esteem. Thus, this study emphasises the relevance of psychosocial factors, such as self-esteem, as the mediator of oral health.</p>","PeriodicalId":7999,"journal":{"name":"Annali di igiene : medicina preventiva e di comunita","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9682887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating attitudes, behaviors, and relevant factors in dispensing antibiotics without prescription by pharmacies: a cross-sectional study in Vietnam.","authors":"P N Hung, H L Phu, V T M Huong, T N Phuong, V L Tuong, H N Tram, Q D Vinh, N L Minh","doi":"10.7416/ai.2023.2562","DOIUrl":"10.7416/ai.2023.2562","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To standardize a questionnaire about drug dispensers' attitudes and behaviors in dispensing antibiotics without prescription, and to evaluate drug dispensers' attitudes, behaviors, and relevant factors in dispensing antibiotics without prescription at community pharmacies in Can Tho City, Vietnam.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among community pharmacists in Can Tho City, Vietnam from June to December 2022. A self-administered questionnaire designed according to the Theory of Planned Behavior was used for data collection. The questionnaire was composed of 33 statements scored on the 5-point Likert scale, which was completed by interviews with 180 pharmacy dispensers to Can Tho. Exploratory Factor Analysis was also utilized to uncover major determinants of dispensing antibiotics without prescription.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 180 participants, 65% of drug dispensers were female (n=117), 59.4% were university graduates (n= 107), and 80.6% had experience of less than 10 years (n=145). A pharmacy is the first destination people think about when they have a health issue. Unfortunately, dispensing antibiotics without a valid prescription is not in compliance with governmental regulations. In the study, perceived behavioral control factors were found to be the most critical determinants of the behavior, followed by subjective norms. By contrast, attitudinal factors presented no impact on intention to dispensing antibiotics without prescription.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The provision of non-prescription is primarily influenced by the perception of the distributors and external factors. Developing interventions is necessary to increase public awareness of the misuse and misunderstanding of antibiotics.</p>","PeriodicalId":7999,"journal":{"name":"Annali di igiene : medicina preventiva e di comunita","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9686052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"National Recovery and Resilience Plan and Health: qualitative analysis on the sustainability of the interventions on healthcare.","authors":"F Cascini, A Gentili","doi":"10.7416/ai.2023.2561","DOIUrl":"10.7416/ai.2023.2561","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Sars-CoV2 epidemic was the cause of death of more than 180,000 Italian citizens. The sever-ity of this disease showed to policymakers how easily Italian health services, and particularly hospitals, could be overwhelmed by requests and needs from patients and the general population. As a consequence of the clogging of health services, the government decided to allocate a consistent investment to the com-munity and proximity assistance with a specific section (Mission 6) of the so called \"National Recovery and Resilience Plan\".</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The aim of this study is to analyse the economic and social impact of the Mission 6 of the National Recovery and Resilience Plan, with particular regard to the most relevant interventions (Community Homes, Community Hospitals, Integrated Home Care), in order to understand its future sustainability.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>A qualitative research methodology was chosen. Documents containing all the relevant information regarding the sustainability of the plan (called in short \"Sustainability Plan\") were taken into consideration. In case of missing data regarding the potential costs or expenditure of the afore-mentioned structures, estimates will be made reviewing literature for similar healthcare services, already implemented and active in Italy. Direct content analysis was chosen as the methodology for data analysis and final reporting of results.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The National Recovery and Resilience Plan states that it will create savings of up to €1.18 bil-lion thanks to the re-organization of healthcare facilities, the reduction of hospitalizations, the reduction of inappropriate access to the emergency room, and the containment of pharmaceutical expenditure. This amount will be used to cover the salaries for the healthcare professionals employed in the newly planned healthcare structures. The analysis of this study has taken into account the number of healthcare profes-sionals that will be needed to operationalize the new facilities, as described in the plan and compared them with the reference salaries for each category (doctors, nurses, other healthcare workers). The annual cost for healthcare professionals has been stratified for each structure, with the following results: € 540 million for the personnel of the Community Hospitals (\"Ospedali di Comunità\"); € 1.1 billion for the personnel of Integrated Home Care Assistance (\"Assistenza Domiciliare Integrata\"); and € 540 million for the personnel of Community Homes (\"Case della Comunità\").</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>The expected € 1.18 billion expenditure is implausible to be sufficient to cover the cost for salaries of all the healthcare professionals needed, which is expected to be around € 2 billion. The National Agency for the Regional Healthcare Services (\"Agenzia nazionale per i servizi sanitari regionali\") calculated that in Emilia-Romagna (the only region","PeriodicalId":7999,"journal":{"name":"Annali di igiene : medicina preventiva e di comunita","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9681290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Occupational exposure to work-related stress, a proposal of a pilot study to detect psychological distress in collar-workers.","authors":"I Borrelli, M F Rossi, P E Santoro, M R Gualano, B C Tannorella, A Perrotta, U Moscato","doi":"10.7416/ai.2023.2566","DOIUrl":"10.7416/ai.2023.2566","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Work-related psychosocial risks have been identified as significant occupational health and safety risks; the occupational physicians must assess and monitor the health status of workers in order to verify that work is not a source of harm to exposed operators. The aim of the study was to investigate the outcomes related to anxiety and depression traits in workers exposed to stress-related work.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A questionnaire was administered to a large population of Italian public administration workers; the Centre for Epidemiologic Studies - Depression Scale questionnaire was used to measure depression, the Self rating Anxiety Scale was used to measure anxiety, the UK Management Standards Indicator tool questionnaire was used to assess work adjustment. A descriptive analysis, a multivariate analysis, as well as logistic regression models were used to assess the health outcomes related to stress.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 292 workers participated in the study; 100% of participants had a Centre for Epidemiologic Studies - Depression Scale score over the cut-off; 41.78% had a Self rating Anxiety Scale score over the cut-off; the results support a correlation between the Centre for Epidemiologic Studies - Depression Scale results and the UK Management Standards Indicator tool results; and a correlation between Self-rating Anxiety Scale results and the UK Management Standards Indicator tool results.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The Demand, Management, Support and Relationship results were associated with mental health outcomes, and it could be a useful tool in occupational medicine, to identify workers at risk for negative mental health outcomes, becoming an essential tool in workers' health assessment and for prevention of mental health disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":7999,"journal":{"name":"Annali di igiene : medicina preventiva e di comunita","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9673934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on overall and exams-related energy drinks consumption among students of the University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.","authors":"A Šljivo, A Bostandžija, A Arnaout, A Blekić, T Dujić, M Aljičević, Z Tafi, A Skopljak, B Kudić, J Kusturica, A Kulo Ćesić","doi":"10.7416/ai.2023.2567","DOIUrl":"10.7416/ai.2023.2567","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>A pilot study conducted in academic 2017/18 among undergraduates of the University of Sarajevo showed energy drinks to be most frequently consumed during academic activity, less frequently mixed with alcohol in leisure, and rarely in the sports activity. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on energy drinks consumption among undergraduates of the same University, with a focus on their consumption during exams.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>A cross-sectional study was conducted by an online questionnaire.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The questionnaire, mainly based on the Consortium Nomisma-Areté questionnaire, was customized to compare energy drinks consumption before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, and distributed among students between July 26th, 2020 and April 3rd, 2021.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Out of 1,045 students who chose to participate in the study (participation rate of 14.7%), 653 students, mostly women, attending the lower study years, reported energy drinks consumption. Both be-fore and during pandemic, overall energy drinks consumption was most frequently reported as rare [281 (43.9%) before, 326 (51.2%) during the pandemic], and exams-related energy drinks consumption as once or twice a week [156 (43.8%) before, 130 (42.1%) during pandemic]. The pandemic increased the number of frequent consumers (consumption of 4-5 energy drinks per week) in both overall [35 (5.5%) before, 46 (7.2%) during pandemic] and exams-related energy drinks consumption [42 (11.8%) before, 48 (15.5%) during pandemic]. Study year (OR=0.842; 95% CI 0.77-0.921; p<0.001), being single and living alone [OR=0.512; 95% CI 0.296-0.883; p=0.016), or living with a partner and children [OR=0.377; 95% CI 0.168-0.847; p=0.018) were identified as negative independent predictors for exams-related energy drinks consumption, while being a regular smoker (OR=0.429; 95% CI 0.223-0.875; p=0.011) appeared its new negative independent predictor during pandemic.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The pandemic seemed to decrease both the overall and exam-related energy drinks consumption among undergraduates of the University of Sarajevo with the exception of a portion of already frequent energy drinks consumers.</p>","PeriodicalId":7999,"journal":{"name":"Annali di igiene : medicina preventiva e di comunita","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9688784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-term consequences in Covid-19 and Non-Covid-19 patients survivors of critical illness. A descriptive study.","authors":"V Damico, V Margosio, G Nattino, F Crimella","doi":"10.7416/ai.2023.2559","DOIUrl":"10.7416/ai.2023.2559","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Critically ill patients may develop health problems related to their illness, injury, mechanical ventilation or other treatments. Such problems cannot be totally prevented and can continue after the patient leaves the hospital.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>To explore the level of anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress Intensive Care Unit and quality of life in Intensive Care Unit survivors. A comparison analysis between Covid-19 patients and Non-Covid-19 patients was conducted.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A prospective observational study exploring psychological, emotional, and behavioral difficulties experienced in patients admitted to Intensive Care Unit was performed. The study was conducted in an Italian adult 8-bed Intensive Care Unit, from July 2020 to April 2021, and followed-up until 25th May 2022. Data were collected during Intensive Care Unit stay (data collection of demographic and clinical characteristics) and 6 and 12 months after Intensive Care Unit discharge (interviews).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 143 patients participated in the study, of which 54 were admitted for Covid-19 (37.76%). Depression symptoms were observed more among Non-Covid-19 patients compared to Covid-19 patients at six months (p= .037) and 12 months (p< .001) after Intensive Care Unit discharge. The quality of life perceived by the Intensive Care Unit patients surveyed improved between 6 and 12 months after discharge (Eq-VAS mean=62.03, + 11.2 vs Eq-VAS mean=66.6, + 9.8) (p=.034). Six months after Intensive Care Unit discharge, the mean of the perception of quality of life, for Covid-19 patients was 63.91 (sd ± 9.30), greater than Non-Covid-19 patients of the same period, which was 60.18 (sd ± 8.63) (p= .038).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Within 1 year from the acute infection, most hospital survivors of Covid-19 had good physical and functional recovery over time with better outcomes than other Intensive Care Unit patients and had returned to their original work and life.</p>","PeriodicalId":7999,"journal":{"name":"Annali di igiene : medicina preventiva e di comunita","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9476675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stroke and the need for immediate assistance at the place of onset: the future of mandatory training for lay people in Italy.","authors":"G Stirparo, R Pireddu, E Kacerik, T Scognamiglio, A Andreassi, G M Sechi, A Zoli, C Signorelli","doi":"10.7416/ai.2022.2553","DOIUrl":"10.7416/ai.2022.2553","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Lay training is essential to manage emergencies properly, although patients or bystanders need increased recognition of medical urgencies such as strokes. In Italy, as defined by Legislative Decree 81/08, all companies must train employees responsible for correctly recognizing and managing medical emergencies. Our study aims to evaluate the characteristics of medical emergencies concerning patients with a possible stroke in the Lombardy Region.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective observational study was conducted. All missions performed by Regional Agency for Emergencies and Urgencies (Agenzia Regionale Emergenza Urgenza - AREU) in which the patient presented a possible stroke, recorded in the SAS-Areu database, were analyzed. The study period was from January 1, 2019, to December 31, 2019.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>10,201 patients with possible stroke were rescued, of whom only 540 (5.3%) occurred in workplaces. In workplaces, the percentage of males with a possible stroke was higher (62.2% vs 45.2%; p<0.01) and the mean age of rescued patients was lower (64.7 vs 77.5; p<0.01).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>A stroke occurs less frequently in the workplace, while most events occur at home. Man-datory training on early stroke recognition should be extended to schools and conveyed through a media information campaign. Lay training is the first point in the chain of survival; redefining training is critical for the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":7999,"journal":{"name":"Annali di igiene : medicina preventiva e di comunita","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9464965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Disinfecting Slush Machines by an Innovative Near Ultraviolet Light Emitting Diode (UV LED) Technological System.","authors":"C Salini,&nbsp;D Amodeo,&nbsp;G Cevenini,&nbsp;N Nante,&nbsp;I De Palma,&nbsp;G Messina","doi":"10.7416/ai.2022.2550","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7416/ai.2022.2550","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Microbial contamination of food and beverages is a topic of great interest. The most innovative technologies take advantage from UV light. This study aimed to evaluate a possible configuration of a nUV LED device at a wavelength of 405 nm installed on slush machines in order to reduce the microbial contamination.</p><p><strong>Study design and methods: </strong>Study Design and Methods. The study was conducted in the Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Italy. A nUV LED device with 408 nm wavelength was installed and used on the slush machines. The inner walls of the machine tanks were fouled with contaminated slush, to evaluate the effectiveness of nUV radiation in reducing microbial contamination over time.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Experiment results on the slush machine showed a statistically significant logarithmic microbial reduction, in relation with the distance from the nUV LED light source. It has also been shown that the reduction of microbes is possible with a proper management of some parameters: the exposure time, the power and wavelength of the light source, the distance and the obstacles between the light source and the target to be irradiated.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>To reduce the incidence of foodborne diseases it is necessary to take all necessary precautionary measures, and the use of nUV technology has proved to be a crucial element in achieving this goal.</p>","PeriodicalId":7999,"journal":{"name":"Annali di igiene : medicina preventiva e di comunita","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9471747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}