Brain research. Brain research protocols最新文献

The assays of activities and function of TH, AADC, and GCH1 and their potential use in ex vivo gene therapy of PD TH、AADC和GCH1的活性和功能测定及其在PD体外基因治疗中的潜在应用

Brain research. Brain research protocols Pub Date : 2005-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresprot.2005.10.005

Chun-Li Duan, Yue Su, Chun-Li Zhao, Ling-Ling Lu, Qun-Yuan Xu, Hui Yang

{"title":"The assays of activities and function of TH, AADC, and GCH1 and their potential use in ex vivo gene therapy of PD","authors":"Chun-Li Duan, Yue Su, Chun-Li Zhao, Ling-Ling Lu, Qun-Yuan Xu, Hui Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.brainresprot.2005.10.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brainresprot.2005.10.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>In the past decades, there have been numerous studies in the gene therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD), especially in delivering genes of enzymes for dopamine (DA) synthesis. Gene therapy in PD appears to be at the brink of the clinical study phase. However, there are many questions that need to be solved before this approach can be contemplated clinically, especially the question about the control of DA production because too much DA could cause toxicity. Until recently, few studies have investigated the relation between DA production and PD improvement and respective expressed human </span>tyrosine hydroxylase<span><span> (hTH), human GTP-cyclohydrolase 1 (hGCH1), and human aromatic acid decarboxylase<span> (hAADC) in ex vivo gene therapy for PD. Now, we have developed a simple, fast, and reliable method to assay the activities of TH and AADC and have provided the possibility of ex vivo gene therapy for PD by genetically modifying cells with separate hTH, hGCH1, and hAADC genes. Using the method, we found though hTH, hGCH1, and hAADC genes were expressed, respectively, they could fulfil the function of DA synthesis by incubating together in vitro, and more DA was synthesized in vitro when hTH, hGCH1, and hAADC genes were expressed together rather than hTH and hAADC genes expressed or hTH expressed. The result suggests that we could easily control DA production in ex vivo gene therapy before transplantation. By combining this method and </span></span>microdialysis, we also could further investigate the DA production in vitro and in vivo and then decide the optimal number and ratio of different transduced cells to improve the therapy of PD. Thus, the method has potential use in ex vivo gene therapy of PD.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":79477,"journal":{"name":"Brain research. Brain research protocols","volume":"16 1","pages":"Pages 37-43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.brainresprot.2005.10.005","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25734216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 5

Learned helplessness: Validity and reliability of depressive-like states in mice 习得性无助:小鼠抑郁样状态的有效性和可靠性

Brain research. Brain research protocols Pub Date : 2005-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresprot.2005.09.002

S. Chourbaji, C. Zacher, C. Sanchis-Segura, C. Dormann, B. Vollmayr, P. Gass

{"title":"Learned helplessness: Validity and reliability of depressive-like states in mice","authors":"S. Chourbaji, C. Zacher, C. Sanchis-Segura, C. Dormann, B. Vollmayr, P. Gass","doi":"10.1016/j.brainresprot.2005.09.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brainresprot.2005.09.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The learned helplessness paradigm is a depression model in which animals are exposed to unpredictable and uncontrollable stress, e.g. electroshocks, and subsequently develop coping deficits for aversive but escapable situations (J.B. Overmier, M.E. Seligman, Effects of inescapable shock upon subsequent escape and avoidance responding, J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 63 (1967) 28–33 <span>[15]</span>). It represents a model with good similarity to the symptoms of depression, construct, and predictive validity in rats. Despite an increased need to investigate emotional, in particular depression-like behaviors in transgenic mice, so far only a few studies have been published using the learned helplessness paradigm. One reason may be the fact that—in contrast to rats (B. Vollmayr, F.A. Henn, Learned helplessness in the rat: improvements in validity and reliability, Brain Res. Brain Res. Protoc. 8 (2001) 1–7)—there is no generally accepted learned helplessness protocol available for mice. This prompted us to develop a reliable helplessness procedure in C57BL/6N mice, to exclude possible artifacts, and to establish a protocol, which yields a consistent fraction of helpless mice following the shock exposure. Furthermore, we validated this protocol pharmacologically using the tricyclic antidepressant imipramine. Here, we present a mouse model with good face and predictive validity that can be used for transgenic, behavioral, and pharmacological studies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":79477,"journal":{"name":"Brain research. Brain research protocols","volume":"16 1","pages":"Pages 70-78"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.brainresprot.2005.09.002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25734217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 189

Real-time visualization and characterization of liposomal delivery into the monkey brain by magnetic resonance imaging 利用磁共振成像技术实时可视化和表征脂质体进入猴子大脑的过程

Brain research. Brain research protocols Pub Date : 2005-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresprot.2005.08.003

Michal T. Krauze , Tracy R. Mcknight , Yoji Yamashita , John Bringas , Charles O. Noble , Ryuta Saito , Karsten Geletneky , John Forsayeth , Mitchel S. Berger , Pamela Jackson , John W. Park , Krystof S. Bankiewicz

{"title":"Real-time visualization and characterization of liposomal delivery into the monkey brain by magnetic resonance imaging","authors":"Michal T. Krauze , Tracy R. Mcknight , Yoji Yamashita , John Bringas , Charles O. Noble , Ryuta Saito , Karsten Geletneky , John Forsayeth , Mitchel S. Berger , Pamela Jackson , John W. Park , Krystof S. Bankiewicz","doi":"10.1016/j.brainresprot.2005.08.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brainresprot.2005.08.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Liposomes loaded with Gadoteridol, in combination with convection-enhanced delivery (CED), offer an excellent option to monitor CNS delivery of therapeutic compounds with MRI. In previous studies, we investigated possible clinical applications of liposomes to the treatment of brain tumors. In this study, up to 700 μl of Gadoteridol/rhodamine-loaded liposomes were distributed in putamen, </span>corona radiata and brainstem of non-human primates. Distribution was monitored by real-time MRI throughout infusion procedures and allowed accurate calculation of volume of distribution within anatomical structures. We found that different regions of the brain gave various volumes of distribution when infused with the same volume of liposome. Based on these findings, distinct distribution pathways within infused structures can be predicted. This work underlines the importance of monitoring drug delivery to CNS and enables accurate delivery of drug-loaded liposomes to specific brain regions with a standard MRI procedure. Findings presented in this manuscript may allow for modeling of parameters used for direct delivery of therapeutics into various regions of the brain.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":79477,"journal":{"name":"Brain research. Brain research protocols","volume":"16 1","pages":"Pages 20-26"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.brainresprot.2005.08.003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25599756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 97

A simple and fast densitometric method for the analysis of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity in the substantia nigra pars compacta and in the ventral tegmental area 一种简单、快速的密度法分析黑质致密部和腹侧被盖区酪氨酸羟化酶免疫反应性

Brain research. Brain research protocols Pub Date : 2005-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresprot.2005.10.002

Léder Leal Xavier , Giordano Gubert Viola , Anete Curte Ferraz , Claudio Da Cunha , Janyana Marcela Doro Deonizio , Carlos Alexandre Netto , Matilde Achaval

{"title":"A simple and fast densitometric method for the analysis of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity in the substantia nigra pars compacta and in the ventral tegmental area","authors":"Léder Leal Xavier , Giordano Gubert Viola , Anete Curte Ferraz , Claudio Da Cunha , Janyana Marcela Doro Deonizio , Carlos Alexandre Netto , Matilde Achaval","doi":"10.1016/j.brainresprot.2005.10.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brainresprot.2005.10.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span>Parkinson's disease is a progressive dyskinetic disorder caused by degeneration of mesencephalic </span>dopaminergic neurons in the </span>substantia nigra pars compacta<span> (SNpc) and, to a lesser extent, in the ventral tegmental area (VTA). Tyrosine hydroxylase<span> (TH) is a rate-limiting enzyme for dopamine synthesis, therefore immunohistochemistry<span> for TH can be used as an important marker of dopaminergic cell loss in these regions. Traditionally, immunohistochemical experiments are analyzed qualitatively by optical microscopic observation or more rarely semi-quantitatively evaluated by densitometry. A common problem with such papers is the lack of a clear explanation of the algorithms and macros employed in the semi-quantitative approaches. In this paper, we describe, in detail, an easy, fast and precise protocol for the analysis of TH immunoreactivity in SNpc and VTA using one of the most popular image analysis software packages (Image Pro-Plus). We believe that this protocol will facilitate the evaluation of mesencephalic TH immunoreactivity in various available animal models of Parkinson's disease.</span></span></span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":79477,"journal":{"name":"Brain research. Brain research protocols","volume":"16 1","pages":"Pages 58-64"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.brainresprot.2005.10.002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25707101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 166

Selective capture of endothelial and perivascular cells from brain microvessels using laser capture microdissection 激光捕获显微解剖选择性捕获脑微血管内皮细胞和血管周围细胞

Brain research. Brain research protocols Pub Date : 2005-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresprot.2005.08.002

Katie Kinnecom, Joel S. Pachter

{"title":"Selective capture of endothelial and perivascular cells from brain microvessels using laser capture microdissection","authors":"Katie Kinnecom, Joel S. Pachter","doi":"10.1016/j.brainresprot.2005.08.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brainresprot.2005.08.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Laser capture microdissection (LCM) of the major cell types comprising brain </span>microvessels offers a powerful technology to explore the molecular basis of the blood–brain barrier in health and disease. However, the ability to selectively retrieve endothelial or perivascular cells, without cross-contamination from the other, has proven difficult. Additionally, histochemical methods previously described for use with LCM have not allowed for identification of all the different size branches of the microvascular tree. Here, we describe a double immunostaining method, combining bright-field and fluorescence microscopy, and using an extensive dehydration with xylene, to clearly identify and spatially resolve endothelial from perivascular cells within all size microvascular branches in frozen brain sections. LCM of these sections, coupled with RNA analysis by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, revealed that captured endothelial cells show endothelial markers but no detectable markers for astrocytes or smooth muscle cells/pericytes. Conversely, captured astrocytes or smooth muscle cells/pericytes demonstrate their respective markers, but not those of endothelial cells. This approach has applicability to microarray analysis, thereby enabling global gene profiling of the different cell types along the entirety of the brain microvascular tree.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":79477,"journal":{"name":"Brain research. Brain research protocols","volume":"16 1","pages":"Pages 1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.brainresprot.2005.08.002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25305633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 48

The isolated perfused bovine retina—A sensitive tool for pharmacological research on retinal function 牛视网膜离体灌注-视网膜功能药理研究的灵敏工具

Brain research. Brain research protocols Pub Date : 2005-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresprot.2005.09.001

Matthias Lüke , Marco Weiergräber , Carl Brand , Siarhei A. Siapich , Mohammed Banat , Jürgen Hescheler , Christoph Lüke , Toni Schneider

{"title":"The isolated perfused bovine retina—A sensitive tool for pharmacological research on retinal function","authors":"Matthias Lüke , Marco Weiergräber , Carl Brand , Siarhei A. Siapich , Mohammed Banat , Jürgen Hescheler , Christoph Lüke , Toni Schneider","doi":"10.1016/j.brainresprot.2005.09.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brainresprot.2005.09.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span>The electroretinogram (ERG) of the isolated bovine retina serves as a proven criterion of retinal activity. It is used as a sensitive pharmacological tool for testing effects of applied drugs and toxins on photoreceptors, and higher order neurons that contribute to the generation of the b-wave. Following isolation and detachment from the underlying </span>pigment<span> epithelium, part of the retina was mounted into a closed chamber and perfused by a nutrient solution. Flow rate of the nutrient solution and its ingredients, incubation temperature and light intensity were optimised empirically to achieve a maximum b-wave amplitude. Under these conditions, a reproducible, high-resolution ERG can be stably recorded for more than 10 h with sufficient oxygenation found to be a prerequisite for the long-lasting stability. Addition of L(+)glutamate to the nutrient solutions was not anymore beneficial for the b-wave amplitude. A well-known inhibitor of oxidative phosphorylation (KCN) and antagonists of voltage-gated Ca</span></span><sup>2+</sup> channels (isradipine, ω-conotoxin-GVIA and NiCl<sub>2</sub>) were used to prove the validity of the test system. The recording of the ERG from the isolated and perfused bovine retina serves as a valuable physiological model for a neuronal network in which important questions related to the retinal signalling and metabolism can be investigated.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":79477,"journal":{"name":"Brain research. Brain research protocols","volume":"16 1","pages":"Pages 27-36"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.brainresprot.2005.09.001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25690730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 50

A procedure for selecting and culturing subpopulations of neurons from rat dorsal root ganglia using magnetic beads 磁珠筛选培养大鼠背根神经节神经元亚群的方法

Brain research. Brain research protocols Pub Date : 2005-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresprot.2005.10.004

Budd A. Tucker, Masuma Rahimtula, Karen M. Mearow

引用次数: 24

Electron spin resonance assay of ascorbyl radical generation in mouse hippocampal slices during and after kainate-induced seizures 电子自旋共振测定小鼠海马片抗坏血酸自由基在海碱钠诱导癫痫发作期间和之后的生成

Brain research. Brain research protocols Pub Date : 2005-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresprot.2005.10.001

Toshiki Masumizu , Yasuko Noda , Akitane Mori , Lester Packer

引用次数: 16

Episodic-like memory in mice: Simultaneous assessment of object, place and temporal order memory 小鼠的情景样记忆:同时评估对象、地点和时间顺序记忆

Brain research. Brain research protocols Pub Date : 2005-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresprot.2005.08.001

Ekrem Dere, Joseph P. Huston, Maria A. De Souza Silva

{"title":"Episodic-like memory in mice: Simultaneous assessment of object, place and temporal order memory","authors":"Ekrem Dere, Joseph P. Huston, Maria A. De Souza Silva","doi":"10.1016/j.brainresprot.2005.08.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brainresprot.2005.08.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Episodic memory refers to the conscious recollection of a unique past experience in terms of “what” happened and “where” and “when” it happened. Since deficits in episodic memory are found in a number of neuropsychiatric diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, for which several pharmacological, lesion and genetic animal models are available, there is a need for animal models of episodic-like memory, which can be used to devise appropriate treatments. However, even when the problem of conscious recollection in animals is factored out, episodic memory has been difficult to demonstrate in nonhuman mammals because it has not yet been possible to demonstrate an integrated memory for “what”,-“where”-and-“when”.</p><p>We designed a three-trial “what”,-“where”-and-“when” object exploration task in which different versions of the novelty preference paradigm were combined to subsume (a) object recognition memory, (b) the memory for locations in which objects were explored and (c) the temporal order memory for objects presented at distinct time points. Our results suggest that mice are able to (a) recognize previously explored objects, (b) remember the location in which particular objects were previously encountered and (c) discriminate the relative recency in which different objects were presented. We suggest that our protocol providing the simultaneous assessment of object memory for “what”,-“where”-and-“when” in mice might be useful in the search for the neural substrates of episodic memory, the screening for promnestic drugs and the behavioral phenotyping of genetic models of neuropsychiatric diseases affecting episodic memory.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":79477,"journal":{"name":"Brain research. Brain research protocols","volume":"16 1","pages":"Pages 10-19"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.brainresprot.2005.08.001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25602518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 223

Eye-wiping test: A sensitive animal model for acute trigeminal pain studies 擦眼试验:急性三叉神经痛研究的灵敏动物模型

Brain research. Brain research protocols Pub Date : 2005-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresprot.2005.10.003

Rasoul Farazifard , Farzaneh Safarpour , Vahid Sheibani , Mohammad Javan

{"title":"Eye-wiping test: A sensitive animal model for acute trigeminal pain studies","authors":"Rasoul Farazifard , Farzaneh Safarpour , Vahid Sheibani , Mohammad Javan","doi":"10.1016/j.brainresprot.2005.10.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brainresprot.2005.10.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The possibility of introducing eye-wiping test as a model of acute pain was examined in rat, and it was compared with the well-known hot plate test<span><span>. One drop of NaCl 5 M was placed into the animal eye, and the number of eye wipes with the ipsilateral forelimb was counted during 30 s. The withdrawal latency in hot plate test was also examined. Afterward, animals were treated with morphine (1, 2, 4, 6, 8 or 10 mg/kg), imipramine<span> (25 mg/kg), sodium salicylate (250 mg/kg) or saline (i.p). After 30 min, the animals were tested again with eye-wiping and hot plate tests. Our results showed that morphine injection dose dependently decreased the number of eye wipes and increased the response latency to hot plate tests. There was a good correlation between the analgesic effects of morphine on responses to both tests, however, morphine produced more pain relief in eye-wiping test. Imipramine significantly decreased the number of eye wipes and increased the response latency to hot plate test, while sodium salicylate and saline injection did not. It may be concluded that the eye-wiping test can be used as a reliable method in trigeminal pain studies, which is sensitive to opioid and </span></span>tricyclic antidepressant in rat.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":79477,"journal":{"name":"Brain research. Brain research protocols","volume":"16 1","pages":"Pages 44-49"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.brainresprot.2005.10.003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25707658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 65