{"title":"Psychobiology of premenstrual dysphoric disorder.","authors":"B L Parry","doi":"10.1055/s-2008-1067968","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1067968","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) is the new terminology used in the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). It more rigorously defines criteria for what historically has been referred to as premenstrual syndrome (PMS). Based on studies of its phenomenology and course, PMDD was categorized in DSM-IV as a depressive mood disorder. Findings support low serotonin and melatonin metabolism in PMDD compared with healthy control subjects, and an increasing number of rigorous studies report a reduction of symptoms with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).</p>","PeriodicalId":79457,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in reproductive endocrinology","volume":"15 1","pages":"55-68"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1055/s-2008-1067968","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20021986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Anxiety disorders in women: gender-related modulation of neurobiology and behavior.","authors":"M K Shear","doi":"10.1055/s-2008-1067969","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1067969","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The study of psychobiology of gender is in its infancy, but already there are emerging findings of interest to clinicians and researchers in the area of anxiety disorders. There is much work yet to be done, but findings provide initial support for hypotheses that ovarian and other gonadal and maternal hormones play important regulatory roles in determining behavior as well as neurotransmitter function in women. These regulatory effects clearly involve areas known to be important in the onset and maintenance of anxiety symptoms and anxiety disorders. It is important to note that although neurophysiologic mechanisms are definitely in need of study and attention, this should not occur at the expense of further psychosocial research in this area. Social changes in gender-role functioning may well produce important neurobiologic changes, and this may be the most effective and efficient way of producing such changes, which can ultimately reduce women's risk of anxiety disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":79457,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in reproductive endocrinology","volume":"15 1","pages":"69-76"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1055/s-2008-1067969","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20021987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Psychobiology of postpartum mood disorders.","authors":"K L Wisner, Z N Stowe","doi":"10.1055/s-2008-1067970","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1067970","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Postpartum mood disorders are common. The clustering of mood-disorder episodes after birth compels a search for factors particularly potent during childbearing. In this article, the complex relationships between the dynamic postbirth physiological environment and mood disorder are discussed. Available studies show a lack of evidence that serum levels of gonadal hormones account for mood disturbance in women. However, substantial amounts of data demonstrate their ability to modulate other neuroendocrine systems. Alterations in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function attributable to childbearing show remarkable similarity to those observed in depressed women. Postpartum women are also at increased risk for hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroidal (HPT) axis dysfunction that may increase affective-disorder vulnerability. A decreased rate of postpartum recovery of HPA- and HPT-axis function may play a more central role than cross-sectional measures. Understanding the etiology of postpartum mood disorders will require integration of multiple psychosocial and biological risk factors. Further research is critically needed.</p>","PeriodicalId":79457,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in reproductive endocrinology","volume":"15 1","pages":"77-89"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1055/s-2008-1067970","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20021988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The perimenopause and affective disorders.","authors":"P J Schmidt, C A Roca, M Bloch, D R Rubinow","doi":"10.1055/s-2008-1067971","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1067971","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A variety of epidemiologic studies have identified that the majority of postmenopausal women do not experience a depression during the perimenopause. In contrast, results of several epidemiologic studies and clinic-based surveys suggest that a substantial number of perimenopausal women, in fact, do experience a clinically significant depression. In this article, we review these studies. Case examples are described to introduce a discussion of the characteristics of perimenopause-related depression, and we identify several factors occurring during midlife in women that may potentially contribute to mood dysregulation at this time. Finally, we provide suggestions for the evaluation and management of women presenting with perimenopause-related depression.</p>","PeriodicalId":79457,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in reproductive endocrinology","volume":"15 1","pages":"91-100"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1055/s-2008-1067971","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20021989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Behaviorally induced reproductive compromise in women and men.","authors":"S L Berga","doi":"10.1055/s-2008-1067967","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1067967","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Behaviors that activate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis or suppress the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroidal (HPT) axis can disrupt the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis in women and men. Individuals with functional hypothalamic hypogonadism typically display a combination of behaviors that serve as psychogenic stressors and metabolic challenges. Complete recovery of gonadal function depends upon restoration of the HPA and HPT axes. Hormone replacement strategies have limited benefit, because they do not achieve this objective and they mask deficits that accrue from altered HPA and HPT function. Although fertility can be restored with exogenous administration of gonadotropins or pulsatile gonadoropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), fertility management alone will not permit the HPA and HPT axes to recover. Thus, for complete recovery to ensue, biopsychosocial interventions that address the individual's unique set of psychogenic factors and metabolic challenges must be devised.</p>","PeriodicalId":79457,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in reproductive endocrinology","volume":"15 1","pages":"47-53"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1055/s-2008-1067967","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20021985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Integrins and other cell adhesion molecules in endometrium and endometriosis.","authors":"B A Lessey, S L Young","doi":"10.1055/s-2008-1068759","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1068759","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Endometriosis is a disease that affects about 5% of women of reproductive age, but is found much more frequently in those with pelvic pain and/or infertility. In affected individuals, shed endometrium is thought to attach and spread within the pelvis through specific cell adhesion receptors. To understand why some women develop endometriosis while others do not, researchers have begun to examine these receptors and their extracellular matrix ligands. Cell adhesion molecules fall into 4 major groups including cadherins, selectins, members of the immunoglobulin superfamily, and integrins. Based on our current understanding, each may potentially play a role in the development or progression of this disease. In addition, the use of integrins as markers of the normal endometrial phenotype may be useful for the diagnosis of endometriosis and may identify women with defects in endometrial function leading to infertility or recurrent pregnancy loss. As more information becomes available, it may be possible to develop better treatments for endometriosis based on these concepts and to identify those women at risk for development of this common yet serious disorder.</p>","PeriodicalId":79457,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in reproductive endocrinology","volume":"15 3","pages":"291-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1055/s-2008-1068759","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20313993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Diagnosis of endometriosis.","authors":"I Brosens","doi":"10.1055/s-2008-1068752","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1068752","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The diagnosis of endometriosis is based on the presence of endometrial-like tissue outside the uterine cavity and direct or indirect evidence of cyclic bleeding. Clinically three entities can be distinguished: the peritoneal implant, the endometrial cyst and the deep-nodular lesion. Laparoscopy and biopsy remain the gold standard for diagnosis, but in addition attention should be paid to the detection of functional activity, such as bleeding, by non-invasive techniques.</p>","PeriodicalId":79457,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in reproductive endocrinology","volume":"15 3","pages":"229-33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1055/s-2008-1068752","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20314039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Role of endothelial cells in the steroidogenic activity of the bovine corpus luteum.","authors":"R Meidan, E Girsh","doi":"10.1055/s-2008-1068375","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1068375","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The LH surge triggers the ovulation of the preovulatory follicle and subsequent formation of a corpus luteum. After ovulation, microvessels from the thecal layer grow into the granulosa cell layer and a rapid process of neovascularization takes place, by midcycle endothelial cells constitute more than 50% of total corpus luteum (CL) cells. Concomitantly with the angiogenic process, luteal steroidogenic cells differentiate as they are surrounded by the growing capillary network. Luteal regression, on the other hand, is accompanied by changes in blood flow and vasculature. Thus, changes in the endothelial cell population within the CL closely consort with the functional changes occurring during various stages of the CL life span. This article summarizes data demonstrating that endothelial cells play an essential role in luteal steroidogenic activity by being involved in both luteotrophic and luteolytic processes.</p>","PeriodicalId":79457,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in reproductive endocrinology","volume":"15 4","pages":"371-82"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1055/s-2008-1068375","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20501640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Is there a genetic basis to endometriosis?","authors":"S Kennedy","doi":"10.1055/s-2008-1068761","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1068761","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>It is likely that endometriosis is a common multifactorial disease, like diabetes and asthma, caused by an interaction between multiple gene loci and the environment. Such conditions do not have a clear Mendelian pattern of inheritance. This chapter reviews the existing evidence, in human and non-human primates, that suggests there is a genetic basis to endometriosis. The environmental agents that have been implicated in the development of endometriosis are also reviewed. The identification of genetic loci conferring susceptibility to endometriosis using linkage analysis may lead to a better understanding of disease aetiology and, in time, improved therapeutic strategies and diagnostic methods.</p>","PeriodicalId":79457,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in reproductive endocrinology","volume":"15 3","pages":"309-18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1055/s-2008-1068761","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20313995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The role of GnRH agonists plus add-back therapy in the treatment of endometriosis.","authors":"A R Gargiulo, M D Hornstein","doi":"10.1055/s-2008-1068757","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1068757","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Agonistic analogs of GnRH have emerged as effective drugs in the treatment of pelvic pain associated with endometriosis. Iatrogenic hypoestrogenism is the fundamental mechanism through which GnRH agonists induce regression of the exquisitely estrogen-dependent endometriotic lesions. The decrease in bone mass consistently observed in women on long-term GnRH agonist treatment has prompted regulatory agencies such as the FDA to approve the use of these drugs for a maximum of six months in the treatment of endometriosis. The very high recurrence rate of pelvic symptomatology after the interruption of medical therapy underlines the importance of strategies aiming at improving the safety of effective long-term treatments. Data has recently become available suggesting the existence of an ideal range of circulating estradiol levels which would maintain a normal bone metabolism and still cause atrophy of endometriotic lesions. Add-back regimens including estrogen preparations have been therefore studied with variable results. In strict analogy, as oral progestins have been shown to improve bone mass in postmenopausal women, regimens employing progestin add-back have been proposed. Our review describes most of the currently published studies employing these and other substances in association with the commonly used GnRH agonists in patients with symptomatic endometriosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":79457,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in reproductive endocrinology","volume":"15 3","pages":"273-84"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1055/s-2008-1068757","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20314044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}