Applied human science : journal of physiological anthropology最新文献

{"title":"Subcutaneous fat distribution of the abdomen and buttocks in Japanese women aged 20 to 58 years.","authors":"M Murakami,&nbsp;S Arai,&nbsp;Y Nagai,&nbsp;K Yamazaki,&nbsp;S Iizuka","doi":"10.2114/jpa.16.167","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2114/jpa.16.167","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Subcutaneous fat is an essential element in shaping the body of human beings. In this research, skinfold thickness was measured specifically in 33 regions of the human body, including the abdomen and buttocks. Based on our measurements, the subcutaneous fat distribution was assessed for several age groups. The subjects were healthy Japanese women aged 20 to 58 years. Skinfold thickness was measured using the B-mode ultrasound methods, together with anthropometric measurement. A comparison was made between the following five age groups: early 20's, late 20's, 30's, 40's and 50's. The measured values for the early 20's group were used as the standard and the relationship between increase ratio of subcutaneous fat and age was studied. Through our research, we obtained data on the subcutaneous fat distribution in each age group. The largest change was observed between the ages of the early 20's and late 20's. The skinfold thickness measurements of the abdomen and buttocks was consistently around 10 mm for the early 20's, and increased up to 23.8 mm on the rear side section for the late 20's. This result indicates that the increase ratio varied depending on the part of body. Furthermore, the changes in skinfold thickness were different in specific parts of the abdomen and buttocks among different age groups. The difference in skinfold thickness between upper and lower sections of the abdomen also becomes more pronounced with age. Skinfold thickness increased significantly between the early 20's and late 20's. Among the body regions, measurements at the rear side showed the largest change with age; averaging 11.3 mm for the early 20's compared to 33.6 mm for the 50's. The subcutaneous fat distribution on the buttock also showed the differences with age, indicating changes in body shape. Using careful measurements of the abdomen and buttocks, subcutaneous fat distribution among each age group was determined as well as the variation in changes with the aging process.</p>","PeriodicalId":79317,"journal":{"name":"Applied human science : journal of physiological anthropology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2114/jpa.16.167","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20274960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Significance of health fitness appraisal in an aging society.","authors":"M S Lee,&nbsp;K Tanaka","doi":"10.2114/jpa.16.123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2114/jpa.16.123","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There is no doubt that the older population in Japan is rapidly increasing. The over-65 age group is the fastest growing age group in Japanese society. The quality of life for this rapidly growing segment of the population can no longer be ignored without disastrous consequences. The advent of an increased life expectancy has focused attention on the issue of functionality versus disability. We are all faced with the inevitable consequences of aging, yet each of us has the capacity to modify the aging process physiologically through appropriate physical activity and other preventive health measures. Therefore, with the aid of a physically healthy lifestyle, an exercise participant can be physically capable, energetic, and live actively beyond the ages of 50, 60, or even 70 years. Consequently, a key issue for successful or healthy aging would appear to be the improvement in perception of physical ability through education, as well as improvement in health-related physical fitness through a change in lifestyle involving regular exercise. In addition, it is a major responsibility of the physical education profession and related health fields to clarify and publicize the benefits, risks, and specific parameters of physical activity, and to develop an effective prescription for physical activity in programs that are age adjusted. This review discusses from this perspective the significance of health fitness appraisal in the aged society. Much more research is needed to clarify these issues in Japanese society.</p>","PeriodicalId":79317,"journal":{"name":"Applied human science : journal of physiological anthropology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2114/jpa.16.123","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20274954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cloth color preference under the influence of menstrual cycle.","authors":"S H Kim,&nbsp;H Tokura","doi":"10.2114/jpa.16.149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2114/jpa.16.149","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aim of this study is to know the effects of the menstrual cycle on cloth color preference in 10 normal menstruating subjects. They were instructed to choose a single one out of 41 cloth colors (24 x 52 cm), preferred by themselves, every five minutes from 06:30 h to 08:00 h under the ambient temperature (Ta) of 28 degrees C. A warmer cloth color was preferred in the luteal phase compared with the follicular phase. The findings that the warmer cloth color preference occurred in the luteal phase could probably be interpreted in terms of an establishment of a higher setpoint for core temperature.</p>","PeriodicalId":79317,"journal":{"name":"Applied human science : journal of physiological anthropology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2114/jpa.16.149","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20274957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effects of a newly designed air mattress upon sleep and bed climate.","authors":"K Okamoto,&nbsp;K Mizuno,&nbsp;N Okudaira","doi":"10.2114/jpa.16.161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2114/jpa.16.161","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In our previous study, an air mattress with three series of air cells with inflation pressure, that was increased/decreased in time interval of 20 min, did not affect sleep quality and quantity, although the relative and absolute humidity inside the bedding was kept significantly higher than that of a Futon. The purpose of this study was to confirm the effects of a newly designed air mattress upon sleep and bed climate. In this newly designed air mattress, the cell series and time interval was reduced. Six healthy female volunteers, aged 18-22, served as subjects. The experiment was carried out under two conditions: using a regular Futon (Futon), and a newly-designed air mattress with the timer and pump activated (Airmat). The room temperature and relative humidity were controlled at 22-23 degrees C and RH 50-60%, respectively. The subjects' sleep was monitored by using an EEG machine and their skin temperatures and bed climates were also measured continuously. Subjective evaluations of bed comfort and sleep were obtained before and after the recording sessions. Sleep onset latency, wake after sleep onset and the sleep efficiency index showed no significant differences between the two conditions. A significant difference was observed in the bed climate of the waist area. The temperature of the waist was lower overall under the Airmat than the Futon, while relative humidity was higher under the Airmat. Absolute humidity also tended to be higher in the Airmat. Sleep evaluation and comfort sensation were good under both conditions. Although sleep was not disturbed and subjective sleep evaluation tended to be better in Airmat, our results indicate that changing the time intervals and cell series until this air mattress level is not effective in decreasing the bed climate humidity.</p>","PeriodicalId":79317,"journal":{"name":"Applied human science : journal of physiological anthropology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2114/jpa.16.161","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20274959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of the morning irradiation of light with different wavelengths on the behavior of core temperature and melatonin in humans.","authors":"T Morita,&nbsp;H Tokura,&nbsp;T Wakamura,&nbsp;S J Park,&nbsp;Y Teramoto","doi":"10.2114/jpa.16.103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2114/jpa.16.103","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Following the previous studies on the influence of light with different wavelengths on human biological rhythms during nighttime, present experiments were conducted to investigate the influence of morning light on the behavior of the core temperature and melatonin in humans. The experiments were carried out in four subjects with normal color vision. The subjects were exposed between 4:00 h to 9:00 h to red, green and blue light of 1,000 lux and 2,500 lux, and with an incandescent light of 50 lux as control. The main results were as follows: No differences in the behavior of core temperature and melatonin were found under the influences of red, green and blue light of 1,000 lux and the control light of 50 lux. On the other hand, a tendency to promote the increase of core temperature and the fall of melatonin secretion was found after exposure to green light of 2,500 lux, compared with control and red light. These results indicate that the behavior of core temperature and melatonin differs according to the wavelength of light, and that the phenomenon arises with morning as well as nocturnal irradiation. However, the intensity of light required to bring about the phenomenon seems to be different between morning and evening; an irradiation of 1,000 lux x 5h at night in the previous report, and one of 2,500 lux x 5h in the morning in the present experiments, were found to be necessary for green light to cause the effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":79317,"journal":{"name":"Applied human science : journal of physiological anthropology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2114/jpa.16.103","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20173588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effects of air mattress upon sleep and bed climate.","authors":"K Okamoto,&nbsp;S Iizuka,&nbsp;N Okudaira","doi":"10.2114/jpa.16.97","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2114/jpa.16.97","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of an air mattress upon sleep and bed climate. This air mattress, which employs a pump and timer to increase or decrease the inflation pressure in order to cure and prevent decubitus was tested. Six healthy female volunteers, aged 18 to 23, served as subjects. The experiments were carried out under three conditions: using regular Futon (Futon), the air mattress with pump and timer activated (Air+) and the same mattress without pump and timer activated (Air-). Room temperature and relative humidity were controlled at 22-23 degrees C and RH 50-60% respectively. Subjects' sleep was monitored by using EEG machine throughout the night, and subject's body temperature and bed climate were also continuously checked. Subjective estimation of bed and sleep were obtained before and after the recording sessions. Sleep onset latency and wake after sleep onset tended to be reduced in Air+ compared to Futon and Air-. The time and percentage of Stage 3 was increased significantly in the middle one third of the night in Air+. A significant difference was observed in bed climate of the waist area. Temperature tended to be higher in Futon than in Air+ and Air-, while relative and absolute humidity were significantly higher in Air+ and Air-. Significant difference between Air+ and Air- was observed only during one hour after sleep recordings started. Thermal sensation in the morning was cooler and comfort sensation tended to be better in Air+ and Air-. Subjective sleep estimation was somewhat good under all conditions. These results suggest that although these air mattresses do not affect sleep, we have to be cautious in using these mattresses as relative and absolute humidity were kept higher than with Futon. Further study on materials and construction of these air mattresses to decrease the humidity is needed.</p>","PeriodicalId":79317,"journal":{"name":"Applied human science : journal of physiological anthropology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2114/jpa.16.97","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20175554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of evaporative heat transfer characteristics of helmets.","authors":"X Liu,&nbsp;I Holmér","doi":"10.2114/jpa.16.107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2114/jpa.16.107","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The prime purpose of a safety helmet is to protect against occupational hazards. However, thermal comfort is one important ergonomics requirement for a helmet to be accepted by its wearer. To design and manufacture a thermally comfortable helmet, a method for testing and evaluating the thermal properties is essential. Research has long focused on the evaluation of dry heat transfer (conduction, convection and radiation). Evaporative heat transfer was not much addressed. In order to analyze the wet heat transfer (evaporation) component, a sweating thermal head manikin has been used. In this study the method has been further improved by constructing a new sweating head manikin. The surface of the head manikin is divided into five zones which can provide more detailed information about the environmental effects on the heat transfer from the head when a helmet is worn. Water supply (simulated sweating) is also improved by use of an electronic pumping system which provides a steady and adjustable flow rate of water to the head manikin. Experiments were conducted within a climatic chamber with this improved method under different test conditions: the ambient temperature and the head manikin surface temperature are set at the same level: 34 +/- 0.5 degrees C; two levels of head surface wettedness: 0.44 and 1.0; two levels of ambient humidity: 30% and 60%; and two levels of wind speed: 0.4 m/s and 1.0 m/s. Seven different helmets were used in the experiments. The results showed that the improved method revealed more detailed information about the evaporative heat transfer; it is easier to use and control; less error is involved with the measurement.</p>","PeriodicalId":79317,"journal":{"name":"Applied human science : journal of physiological anthropology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2114/jpa.16.107","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20173589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interaction between auditory and visual processing in car audio: simulation experiment using video reproduction.","authors":"S Iwamiya","doi":"10.2114/jpa.16.115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2114/jpa.16.115","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To clarify the effect of listening to music on the impression obtained from the landscape viewed from the car, a simulation experiment using video reproductions was conducted. The impression left by the landscapes and that of the music excerpts were measured by a semantic differential method. The impression of the landscapes is more pleasant when music excerpts are reproduced than when no music is presented. The pleasantness of the landscapes is the highest when relaxing music is being played. The impression of the landscapes is more powerful when music is present. In particular, agitated music has a strong effect to make the impression of the landscape more powerful. Music generally has an effect to 'lighten' the landscape impression. However, very heavy music makes the landscape much heavier. Musical tempo is an important factor to determine the impression of music and affects the impression of landscape.</p>","PeriodicalId":79317,"journal":{"name":"Applied human science : journal of physiological anthropology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2114/jpa.16.115","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20173590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermal comfort properties of cotton and nonwoven surgical gowns with dual functional finish.","authors":"J S Cho,&nbsp;S Tanabe,&nbsp;G Cho","doi":"10.2114/jpa.16.87","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2114/jpa.16.87","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The purpose of this study was to evaluate thermal comfort properties of surgical gowns made of dual functional finish cotton and nonwoven fabrics which have barrier properties of blood and micro-organism. Four types of surgical gowns, which were made of nonwoven fabrics with finish or without and were made of cotton with finish or without, were tested. The thermal insulations of four surgical gowns were measured with thermal manikin. Subjective experiments on thermal comfort, skin temperature and clothing microclimate were conducted. Six male subjects, between 26 and 28 years age old, participated in the wear trials tests. Typical activities for surgeons in the operation theater were simulated during the experimental sessions. Air temperature in a climate chamber was kept at 22 degrees C and its humidity was 60% RH. Air velocity was controlled at less than 0.15 m/s. Inner radiant temperature was almost equal to the air temperature. Basic thermal insulation of the dual functional finished nonwoven surgical gown was 0.87 clo, which was slightly higher than that of untreated (0.84 clo). However, the skin temperature of the subject wearing a dual functional finished surgical gown was significantly lower at P < .05. When the subject wears the dual functional finished gown, the amount of sweating was less than that when wearing untreated. Microclimate temperature and humidity of dual functional finished surgical gown were lower than untreated and it was statistically significant. There was no significant difference in subjective humid and overall comfort sensation between finished and untreated ones. Thermal sensation of dual functional finished one was significantly different from untreated one only during the first exercise. The results of this study indicate that the dual functional finish surgical gown allowed heat to be transferred from the skin of subject to the atmosphere better than untreated. The nonwoven surgical gown showed no difference in comfort properties from cotton one.</p>","PeriodicalId":79317,"journal":{"name":"Applied human science : journal of physiological anthropology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2114/jpa.16.87","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20175553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relation between smoking and periodontal disease by oral hygiene status in Japanese factory workers.","authors":"M Imaki,&nbsp;Y Yoshida,&nbsp;S Tanada","doi":"10.2114/jpa.16.77","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2114/jpa.16.77","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The relation between smoking and periodontal disease as classified by the Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN) code was investigated in 1,611 Japanese male factory workers in Osaka, 20-59 years of age. The Simplified Debris Index (DI-S) according to the Simplified Oral Hygiene Index was employed as an index for the quantity of dental plaque. For the items related to smoking, a self-reporting form on smoking, the number of years of smoking, and the number of cigarettes smoked was distributed prior to the oral examination. Our results indicated the following: in the group with a poor state of oral hygiene, the negative effects of smoking were evident, resulting in unhealthy periodontal tissue. We believe that this result further confirms the contention that the removal of dental plaque is most important as a prophylaxis for periodontal diseases, and public education about this negative consequence of smoking will further strengthen prophylactic measures.</p>","PeriodicalId":79317,"journal":{"name":"Applied human science : journal of physiological anthropology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2114/jpa.16.77","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20110377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}