Animal Cognition最新文献_第2页

Repeatedly unreliable, and unreliably repeatable: the trials-to-criterion fallacy 反复不可靠，和不可靠地可重复：试验标准谬误。

IF 2.3 2区生物学

Animal Cognition Pub Date : 2026-07-13 Epub Date: 2026-08-13 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-026-02082-0

Robert J. Dugand

{"title":"Repeatedly unreliable, and unreliably repeatable: the trials-to-criterion fallacy","authors":"Robert J. Dugand","doi":"10.1007/s10071-026-02082-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10071-026-02082-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Trials-to-criterion (TTC) is a common method used to quantify learning speed and estimate intelligence. Often, individuals are presented with tasks that have two choices: one has a reward (pass), while the other does not (fail). The task is repeatedly presented until a pre-determined criterion is met (e.g., five passes in a row). The total number of trials to reach the criterion purportedly estimates intelligence, with lower scores reflecting higher intelligence. However, in any given trial, the probability of guessing correctly and passing is 50%, meaning that lucky streaks can readily result in individuals reaching the task criterion by chance. Although the criterion is intended to minimise lucky streaks and ensure that < 5% of tasks are completed by random chance, this is a long recognised, but underappreciated, fallacy of TTC. Using simulations, I show the extent to which random runs of passes, rather than deterministic reaching of the task completion criterion via learning, conflate ‘smart’ with ‘lucky’. Moreover, occasional errors by intelligent individuals can dramatically inflate scores, conflating ‘smart-less’ with ‘luck-less’. The extreme variability in outcomes generated by TTC for a fixed level of intelligence exposes its unreliability and suggests that inferences based on TTC data may often be misleading. I offer considerations for future studies that aim to reduce the risk of artefactual results, but ultimately caution against TTC.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7879,"journal":{"name":"Animal Cognition","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10071-026-02082-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148429655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Human-socialized dogs and wolves show similar behavioural reactions to human fear odour 人类社会化的狗和狼对人类的恐惧气味表现出类似的行为反应。

IF 2.3 2区生物学

Animal Cognition Pub Date : 2026-07-13 Epub Date: 2026-10-12 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-026-02083-z

Svenja Capitain, Sarah Marshall-Pescini, Friederike Range

{"title":"Human-socialized dogs and wolves show similar behavioural reactions to human fear odour","authors":"Svenja Capitain, Sarah Marshall-Pescini, Friederike Range","doi":"10.1007/s10071-026-02083-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10071-026-02083-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Past studies show that dogs react to human fear odour with avoidant but individually variable behaviours, yet it remains unclear whether this response is an effect of domestication or an ancient trait. We tested similarly raised, human-socialized dogs and wolves, comparing their reactions to human fear versus neutral odours. Using a within-subject design, animals were asked to choose between two targets: either both containing neutral human samples (Control condition) or one neutral and one fear sample (Experimental condition). While neither showed a preference for the fear or neutral smell, both dogs and wolves spent less time near the targets, looked more at the handler, and refused a choice less frequently in the Experimental condition, when the fear scent was present, compared to the Control (when it was absent). Additionally, dogs, but not wolves, were more likely to end the session prematurely in the Experimental condition compared to the Control. Finally, neither species showed greater individual variability in one condition compared to the other. These findings indicate that, like dogs, wolves alter their behaviour in response to human fear odour if they have the same life experience, suggesting a sensitivity that may precede domestication.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7879,"journal":{"name":"Animal Cognition","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13654890/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148434842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Invisible attitudes have visible effects on the behaviour of animals in scientific studies 在科学研究中，看不见的态度对动物的行为有明显的影响。

IF 2.3 2区生物学

Animal Cognition Pub Date : 2026-07-10 Epub Date: 2026-10-06 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-026-02085-x

Svenja Capitain, Gwendolyn Wirobski, Catherine-Noémie Alexandrina Guran, Andreas Berghänel, Claus Lamm, Sarah Marshall-Pescini, Friederike Range

{"title":"Invisible attitudes have visible effects on the behaviour of animals in scientific studies","authors":"Svenja Capitain, Gwendolyn Wirobski, Catherine-Noémie Alexandrina Guran, Andreas Berghänel, Claus Lamm, Sarah Marshall-Pescini, Friederike Range","doi":"10.1007/s10071-026-02085-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10071-026-02085-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Animal behaviour research requires measures to avoid human influences on the investigated animals. While efforts to minimize experimenter biases have primarily focused on reducing explicit expectancy effects, the impact of human attitudes on animal behaviour, particularly on the unconscious level, remains largely unstudied in research contexts. Here we show that experienced animal handlers’ explicit (conscious) and implicit (unconscious) attitudes influenced the behaviour of similarly raised, human-socialized dogs and wolves during commonly used sociability tests. Explicit attitudes shaped animals’ affiliative and discomfort behaviour, while implicit attitudes affected handlers’ heart rate variability which, in turn, modulated animal affiliation. Notably, explicit and implicit attitudes were uncorrelated, highlighting that they may have had different effects. While wolves reacted more to human attitude and physiology than dogs, time series analyses revealed that the behavioural influence between both canid species and humans was strong and reciprocal. Our findings highlight the subtle yet powerful role of human conscious and unconscious attitudes in shaping animals’ behaviour in research and beyond, potentially creating artifacts and skewing reported differences between species or populations. Our results raise concerns about findings in comparative cognition and behaviour research, emphasizing the need for more appropriate control of attitude-related experimenter bias.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7879,"journal":{"name":"Animal Cognition","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13638684/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148417972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Continuous foraging behavior shapes patch-leaving decisions in pigeons: a 3D tracking study 鸽子的连续觅食行为决定了它们离开斑块的决定：一项3D跟踪研究。

IF 2.3 2区生物学

Animal Cognition Pub Date : 2026-07-09 Epub Date: 2026-07-11 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-026-02080-2

Guillermo Hidalgo-Gadea, Onur Güntürkün, Mary Flaim, Patrick Anselme

{"title":"Continuous foraging behavior shapes patch-leaving decisions in pigeons: a 3D tracking study","authors":"Guillermo Hidalgo-Gadea, Onur Güntürkün, Mary Flaim, Patrick Anselme","doi":"10.1007/s10071-026-02080-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10071-026-02080-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Optimal foraging behavior is a key component of successful adaptations to natural environments. Understanding how animals decide to stay near food or to leave it for another food patch gives us insights into the underlying cognitive mechanisms that govern adaptive behaviors. 3D pose tracking was used to determine how pigeons exploit a 4 square meter arena with two separate platforms (i.e. food patches) whose absolute and relative elevations were manipulated. Detailed kinematic features of foraging and traveling behaviors were quantified using automated video tracking, without a need for manual coding. Our computational approach captured continuous, high-dimensional movement patterns and enabled precise quantification of travel costs between patches. Combined with mixed-effects survival analysis, our fine-grained behavioral tracking provided detailed insight into the moment-by-moment dynamics of patch-leaving decisions of pigeons. As expected from behavior optimization models, our results showed a preference to visit a ground food platform first, and longer latencies to leave an elevated platform. Foraging activity significantly decreased throughout the session, with shorter visits, less pecks per visit, and a decrease in inter-peck variability. However, a mixed-effects Cox regression modeled pigeons’ patch-leaving probability, demonstrating that current and cumulative foraging parameters between patches significantly enhanced the model’s predictive power beyond patch accessibility (i.e., beyond travel costs). This suggests that pigeons integrate both current environmental cues and their individual foraging history when making patch-leaving decisions. Our findings are discussed in relation to the marginal value theorem and optimal foraging theory.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7879,"journal":{"name":"Animal Cognition","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10071-026-02080-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148410217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Rank and payoff biases influence subject choices in a foraging task among sanctuary chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) 等级和回报偏差影响保护区黑猩猩觅食任务中的主体选择。

IF 2.3 2区生物学

Animal Cognition Pub Date : 2026-06-26 Epub Date: 2026-09-17 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-026-02079-9

Eloise Pedersen, Craig B. Stanford

{"title":"Rank and payoff biases influence subject choices in a foraging task among sanctuary chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)","authors":"Eloise Pedersen, Craig B. Stanford","doi":"10.1007/s10071-026-02079-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10071-026-02079-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Social learning is essential to the development of culture in humans, non-human primates, and other cultural species. Transmission biases (social learning strategies), the cognitive processes that guide conscious and subconscious decisions about when and from whom to learn, are a key branch of social learning. Primatological research has primarily explored single biases in isolation, such as chimpanzee bias toward adopting behavior demonstrated by higher-ranking individuals. However, few studies have considered how simultaneous strategies interact when subjects are given a conflicting choice involving two potentially adaptive biases. This study used a token-reward task with 35 sanctuary-housed chimpanzees at Ngamba Island Sanctuary in Uganda to determine whether chimpanzees more frequently adopt behaviors from high- or low-ranking female demonstrators when those behaviors differ in payoff, providing either a preferred pineapple piece (high-payoff) or a less favored carrot piece (low-payoff). Individuals in Group 1 observed a low-ranking demonstrator collecting the high-payoff reward (pineapple) and a high-ranking demonstrator collecting the low-payoff reward (carrot). Chimpanzees in Group 1 did not adopt one behavior significantly more frequently than the other. In Group 2, the demonstrator roles were reversed, and the frequency of high-payoff selection was higher. This suggests that high-payoff behaviors are more likely to propagate when presented by higher-ranking demonstrators. Additionally, adoption of high-payoff behaviors may be constrained by the presence of alternative, lower-payoff behaviors demonstrated by socially preferred individuals. In turn, this may contribute to explanations of why chimpanzee culture is relatively simple compared to that of humans.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7879,"journal":{"name":"Animal Cognition","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10071-026-02079-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148337455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Buzzed but not elated? Effect of ethanol on cognitive judgement bias in honeybees 兴奋但不高兴？乙醇对蜜蜂认知判断偏差的影响。

IF 2.3 2区生物学

Animal Cognition Pub Date : 2026-06-21 Epub Date: 2026-09-03 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-026-02076-y

Cyryl Golański, Weronika Antoł, Magdalena Witek, Krzysztof Miler

{"title":"Buzzed but not elated? Effect of ethanol on cognitive judgement bias in honeybees","authors":"Cyryl Golański, Weronika Antoł, Magdalena Witek, Krzysztof Miler","doi":"10.1007/s10071-026-02076-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10071-026-02076-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Ethanol is a neuroactive compound known to alter cognition, behavior, and physiology in a diverse range of vertebrate and invertebrate animals. It is also naturally present in many environments and might exert influence on various organisms, such as honeybees feeding on fermenting nectar, reflecting on the ecological networks the organism is involved in. In this study, we tested whether exposure of honeybees to low ethanol concentrations (1%) induces ‘pessimistic’ or ‘optimistic’ cognitive judgment bias (CJB), an information processing pattern thought to be related to affective processes. Bees were trained in a classical olfactory conditioning paradigm and then presented with conditioned stimuli and ambiguous odor mixtures to assess changes in decision-making under uncertainty. We additionally measured locomotor performance and ethanol absorption via spectrophotometric analysis of hemolymph. Ethanol levels peaked rapidly and remained elevated throughout the testing period. Despite this, ethanol had no detectable effect on choices in the CJB assay or locomotor behavior. These findings suggest that acute exposure to low-dose ethanol does not induce affect-like changes in honeybees. Our study represents the first test of pharmacologically induced judgment bias in an invertebrate and contributes to understanding the resilience of insect cognition to natural neuroactive compounds. The results highlight the limits and potential of CJB paradigms for probing affect-like states across taxa and support the honeybee as a valuable model in comparative cognition and the behavioral ecology of neuroactive substance exposure.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7879,"journal":{"name":"Animal Cognition","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13538169/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148293253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Dogs tuned to conspecific vocalizations: behavioral evidence for a voice processing preference 狗倾向于同一发声：声音处理偏好的行为证据。

IF 2.3 2区生物学

Animal Cognition Pub Date : 2026-06-19 Epub Date: 2026-09-01 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-026-02074-0

Tamás Faragó, Kinga Surányi, Flavie Bensaali-Nemes, Elodie Ferrando, Zsófia Szatlószki, Attila Andics

{"title":"Dogs tuned to conspecific vocalizations: behavioral evidence for a voice processing preference","authors":"Tamás Faragó, Kinga Surányi, Flavie Bensaali-Nemes, Elodie Ferrando, Zsófia Szatlószki, Attila Andics","doi":"10.1007/s10071-026-02074-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10071-026-02074-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In many species, conspecific vocalizations are processed preferentially over other sounds. However, it is unknown whether this reflects sensitivity to voiceness (acoustic relevance), conspecificity (biological relevance), or socially significant species’ vocalizations (social relevance). Dogs provide a unique model to disentangle biological, social, and acoustic relevance on mammalian voice perception, as both conspecific and human vocalizations are highly relevant for them. Previous behavioral research relied on highly salient distress calls, potentially masking finer perceptual differences. Here, we used a habituation–dishabituation paradigm to test dogs’ sensitivity to different test sounds, including socially relevant vocalizations (dogs and humans), socially irrelevant vocalizations (chimpanzees), and non-vocal sounds (violin music), with pink noise as the habituating sound. Dogs’ behavioral responses were analyzed using a Bayesian approach. Dogs showed dishabituation to all test sounds. Dogs’ reactions to dog, human, and music sounds were above chance, whereas reactions to chimpanzee vocalizations were not. Additionally, dog vocalizations elicited stronger dishabituation responses than either human or chimpanzee vocalizations. In contrast, there was no difference in dishabituation responses to human vs. chimpanzee vocalizations. These results provide behavioral evidence in dogs of a processing advantage for conspecific over heterospecific vocalizations, but not for socially relevant over socially irrelevant heterospecific ones, or for vocal over non-vocal sounds in general. The findings reinforce the distinct role of conspecific vocalizations in perceptual sensitivity. Moving beyond highly salient distress calls allows the fine characterization of subtle relevance effects, highlighting the importance of biological over social and acoustic relevance in a domesticated species.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7879,"journal":{"name":"Animal Cognition","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13529616/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148275662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Variation in song structure does not predict associative learning performance in zebra finches (Taeniopygia castanotis) raised under controlled cultural conditions 鸣声结构的变化不能预测在受控的培养条件下饲养的斑胸草雀（Taeniopygia castanotis）的联想学习表现。

IF 2.3 2区生物学

Animal Cognition Pub Date : 2026-06-18 Epub Date: 2026-09-01 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-026-02077-x

Sébastien Derégnaucourt, Lucille Le Maguer, Nicole Geberzahn

{"title":"Variation in song structure does not predict associative learning performance in zebra finches (Taeniopygia castanotis) raised under controlled cultural conditions","authors":"Sébastien Derégnaucourt, Lucille Le Maguer, Nicole Geberzahn","doi":"10.1007/s10071-026-02077-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10071-026-02077-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Vocal learning in songbirds requires the integration of auditory perception, sensorimotor learning, and performance monitoring, yet its relationship to general cognitive abilities remains unclear. We tested whether interindividual variation in song structure predicts performance in associative learning and reversal learning tasks in domesticated zebra finches (<i>Taeniopygia castanotis</i>) raised under controlled cultural conditions, in a colony founded with males trained to sing an identical song. We quantified variation in song phenotype using a composite measure summarizing motif duration, syllable number, motif elements, and similarity to the colony song model, and assessed performance in a foraging task across three phases: training, initial learning, and reversal learning. We found that this composite measure of song structure did not predict performance in any phase. Together, these results are consistent with evidence from multiple songbird species showing that individual variation in song structure is not tightly linked to individual differences in other cognitive abilities.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7879,"journal":{"name":"Animal Cognition","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13529891/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148275729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Executive functioning in wild guppies: investigating the impact of a pharmaceutical pollutant 野生孔雀鱼的执行功能：研究药物污染物的影响。

IF 2.3 2区生物学

Animal Cognition Pub Date : 2026-06-16 Epub Date: 2026-09-21 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-026-02078-w

Eleanor R. Moore, Jack L. Manera, Jack A. Brand, Michael G. Bertram, Bob B.M. Wong

{"title":"Executive functioning in wild guppies: investigating the impact of a pharmaceutical pollutant","authors":"Eleanor R. Moore, Jack L. Manera, Jack A. Brand, Michael G. Bertram, Bob B.M. Wong","doi":"10.1007/s10071-026-02078-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10071-026-02078-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The executive functions are a suite of cognitive-control processes that enable goal-directed behaviour. Executive functioning is vital in allowing animals to adapt their behaviour to changing environmental conditions, which is a key determinant of the success of individuals, populations, and species under anthropogenic change. Despite this, very little is known about the mechanisms that underpin executive functioning in animals and how it manifests in behaviour. Moreover, whether and how executive functioning is impacted by environmentally realistic levels of chemical pollution is completely unknown, despite neuroactive pollutants, such as pharmaceuticals, having become widespread in ecosystems around the globe. We employed the Free Movement Pattern Y-maze to investigate how executive functioning manifests in decision-making and behaviour in a wild population of guppies (<i>Poecilia reticulata</i>), and whether this was disrupted by exposure to two environmentally realistic concentrations (9 ng/L or 309 ng/L) of the neuroactive pharmaceutical pollutant amitriptyline. We found that two of the three domains of executive function—working memory and cognitive flexibility—actively regulated cognition to inform behaviour during maze exploration. However, the role of executive functioning in directing navigation behaviour was not affected by exposure to amitriptyline. Given that neuroactive pharmaceuticals are increasingly detected in waterways, and executive functioning is critical for behaviours that dictate fitness, it is crucial that we better understand whether and how these contaminants affect executive functioning, and what implications this may have for wildlife living in human-impacted ecosystems.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7879,"journal":{"name":"Animal Cognition","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13590453/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148262889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Performance of sheep and goats in a delay of gratification task 绵羊和山羊在延迟满足任务中的表现。

IF 2.3 2区生物学

Animal Cognition Pub Date : 2026-06-06 Epub Date: 2026-08-12 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-026-02071-3

Laurie Castro, Raymond Nowak, Valérie Dufour

{"title":"Performance of sheep and goats in a delay of gratification task","authors":"Laurie Castro, Raymond Nowak, Valérie Dufour","doi":"10.1007/s10071-026-02071-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10071-026-02071-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Self-control, the ability to resist an immediate reward for a more beneficial delayed outcome, is an adaptive skill underlying decision-making. While widely studied in non-human primates and birds, its evolution remains debated. Factors such as brain size, metabolic rate, longevity, social complexity, or foraging ecology may shape self-control across species. To investigate further the link between these factors and self-control, we compared two domesticated ungulates, sheep (<i>Ovis aries</i>, <i>n</i> = 7) and goats (<i>Capra hircus</i>, <i>n</i> = 7), in a delay of gratification task. These species mostly differ on their level of social cohesion and foraging ecology but share a relatively similar evolutionary and domestication history. In our study, sheep waited for 54.3 ± 15.1 s while goats waited for 62.9 ± 13.8 s (group level mean ± <i>SD</i>). Some individuals from both species delayed gratification for up to 80 s. The moderate higher success rate of goats may relate to their feeding ecology as dispersed foragers or to their social flexibility compared to sheep. The two species adapted their decision according to different parameters, such as the duration of the upcoming delay or the relative values of the rewards and engaged in distraction behaviours to increase their success rate in waiting, indicating that they share common cognitive strategies. These findings suggest that factors such as social complexity or foraging ecology may shape self-control in these domesticated species.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7879,"journal":{"name":"Animal Cognition","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10071-026-02071-3.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148175223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0