AIDS research最新文献

{"title":"Seroepidemiology of adult T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV-I/ATLV): origin of virus carriers in Japan.","authors":"Y Hinuma","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There are two large clusters of HTLV-I/ATLV carriers in the world. One large endemic area could be Africa, but available information is not yet sufficient to prove this. The other definitely large endemic area is Japan. Much smaller endemic areas and sporadic cases of the virus-carriers have been found in many parts of the world, including the Caribbean basin and Taiwan. Where did ATL virus carriers in Japan come from? From seroepidemiological studies, it is postulated that the carriers originated among Jomon people, who were the earliest inhabitants of Japan in 300 to 10,000 B.C. or earlier.</p>","PeriodicalId":77660,"journal":{"name":"AIDS research","volume":"2 Suppl 1 ","pages":"S17-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14018626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome (XLP).","authors":"E Tatsumi,&nbsp;D T Purtilo","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>XLP was first described in 1975, when EBV was still focused on as an immediate oncogenic agent, but with some uncertainties raised by the absence of EBV in most non-endemic Burkitt lymphoma. The discovery of XLP refreshingly evidenced and popularized the concept, \"EBV pathogenicity (oncogenicity) in immunocompromised hosts\", which was later vastly substantiated by EBV-carrying lymphomas in organ-transplanted and AIDS patients. Fatal (or severe) IM, acquired hypogammaglobulinemia (AH) and malignant lymphoma (MH) are 3 major phenotypes in XLP. Fatal IM occurs in 2/3 with a mortality rate of 85%. Lymphocyte infiltration (T cells and EBV-positive B cells) followed by their depletion with the appearance of macrophages. EBV-associated hemophagocytic syndrome in the bone marrow leads to hematocytopenia, ML, AH and ML with AH usually occur after EBV infection, but can occur before it. Reactivation pattern of EBV serology (high VCA, high EA, low EBNA), impaired generation of EBV-specific killer cell (poor regression), lowered NK activity, lowered 4/8 ratio and failure to mount IgG response to phi X174 have been recorded in XLP and carrier females. However, some or all of these are also found in non-XLP congenital immunodeficiencies as well as acquired immunodeficient states like advanced lymphoma or AIDS. In order to record XLP-specific defects, impaired help of autologous Ia-stimulated T4 cells or exaggerated suppression by T cells exposed to MA-pulsed macrophages is now being tested (Purtilo, personal communication). Fewer V region genes of T receptor may be a possibility. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) by using probes from X chromosome may substantiate the precise genetics of this disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":77660,"journal":{"name":"AIDS research","volume":"2 Suppl 1 ","pages":"S109-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14162961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Epstein-Barr virus genome and phenotypic expression during lytic cycle.","authors":"G R Pearson","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) has been studied extensively as a human cancer virus. Until recently, however, little was known about the viral genes encoding for different proteins involved in the virus immortalization and replication cycles. Most of the efforts have been directed at those genes expressed in immortalized cells. However, more recently, there has also been advances in the mapping of genes encoding for polypeptides expressed in the virus replication cycle and in the characterization of the proteins encoded by these genes. The purpose of this article is to review some of these new developments in identifying viral genes and their products. In addition, the current status of the development of a subviral vaccine against this virus is discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":77660,"journal":{"name":"AIDS research","volume":"2 Suppl 1 ","pages":"S49-56"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14163480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genomic expressions of human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV-I).","authors":"M Hatanaka,&nbsp;H Sabe,&nbsp;A Tanaka,&nbsp;K Mori,&nbsp;H Siomi,&nbsp;S Nam,&nbsp;Y Adachi,&nbsp;S Itamura,&nbsp;K Hirayoshi","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Human T-lymphocyte cell line termed MT-2 is producing persistently HTLV-I virion and has a strong potential to transform human T-lymphocytes when cocultivated. The virion of HTLV-I (MT-2) was isolated and its RNA was extracted to analyze the gene and gene products of HTLV-I. HTLV (MT-2) virion RNA was translated in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate system in vitro in which a gag precursor polyprotein (p53) and a putative gag-prt fusion protein (p76) were synthesized from a full length 35S RNA. The full length provirus, HTLV-I (MT-2), was molecularly cloned and its genomic expression was examined transiently and permanently by transfecting in human lymphoid and non-lymphoid cells. The cloned provirus expressed the same virological activities as observed in naturally occurring infection of the virus. A new protease gene of HTLV-I was found and its function of the gene product was studied.</p>","PeriodicalId":77660,"journal":{"name":"AIDS research","volume":"2 Suppl 1 ","pages":"S79-85"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14163484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Process of immortalization by Epstein-Barr virus and oncogenic conversion of the immortalized cells.","authors":"M Nonoyama,&nbsp;A Tanaka,&nbsp;H Ozaki","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Transcription of Epstein Barr virus (EBV) genome during immortalization of tonsil lymphocytes was studied. Cytoplasmic poly(A) RNA was Northern blot hybridized with 32P-labeled cloned EBV fragments. A 5.1 kb band was detected by hybridization with BamHI-H, -F, -K, -A and het fragments. The implication of this finding is discussed. DNA obtained from cells established from a colony of immortalized tonsil lymphocytes in 0.4% soft agar was found to transform NIH 3T3 cells. The transformed cells were able to induce tumor in nude mice, although the originally established lymphocytes from the colony did not. This may indicate that a certain population of EBV immortalized cells may contain a potentially oncogenic gene which can function as an oncogene in NIH 3T3 cells.</p>","PeriodicalId":77660,"journal":{"name":"AIDS research","volume":"2 Suppl 1 ","pages":"S103-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14017950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"AIDS-related benign lymphadenopathy and malignant lymphoma: clinical aspects and virologic interactions.","authors":"D I Abrams,&nbsp;L D Kaplan,&nbsp;M S McGrath,&nbsp;P A Volberding","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) leads to selective depletion of the helper/inducer lymphocyte subset and a subsequent state of acquired cellular immunodeficiency. Simultaneously, evidence of B-cell hyper-activity may exist. A subset of patients infected with HIV demonstrates a syndrome of persistent generalized lymphadenopathy (PGL). Lymph node biopsies reveal benign reactive changes with a pattern of florid follicular hyperplasia. A polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia reflects humoral immune dysfunction. Patients with PGL are similar to those with full-blown AIDS with regards to demographics, immune and virologic studies. Our prospective natural history study of PGL patients initiated in November 1981 reveals a 15% rate of evolution to AIDS in the 200 patient cohort. Factors associated with increased risk of transformation to AIDS include severity of constitutional symptoms, shrinking adenopathy, oral candidiasis or viral hairy leukoplakia, peripheral cytopenias, elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate or an antecedent episode of herpes zoster. Therapeutic interventions to prevent evolution to AIDS in high risk subsets of lymphadenopathy patients have been investigated. In addition to benign B-cell proliferation associated with HIV infection, malignant lymphomas have also been diagnosed in 29 patients in AIDS risk groups in our clinic population. All patients were male; 26 homosexuals, 2 IV drug abusers and 1 multiply transfused sickle cell anemia patient. Seven patients had antecedent PGL. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma was diagnosed in 19 patients. Histologies were predominantly diffuse undifferentiated or large cell. Eleven patients were Stage IV at diagnosis. Of 10 patients with mixed cellularity Hodgkin's disease, 7 were Stage IV-B at presentation. Extranodal disease was frequent in patients with lymphomas. Fourteen patients lacked peripheral lymphadenopathy. Response to chemotherapy was good, but complicated by prolonged marrow suppression and development of AIDS-related opportunistic infections. Median survival was 7 months. Laboratory studies investigating the possible role of lymphotropic retroviruses in the development of AIDS-related lymphomas revealed that serum from all patients with high grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma contained antibodies to HIV and that the majority also expressed antibodies to HTLV-I. This degree of seroreactivity to HTLV-I and HIV was characteristic only of lymphoma patients as sera from only 10 - 15% of AIDS and ARC patients in San Francisco had similar findings.</p>","PeriodicalId":77660,"journal":{"name":"AIDS research","volume":"2 Suppl 1 ","pages":"S131-40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14945419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retroviral etiology of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).","authors":"D J Volsky,&nbsp;K Sakai,&nbsp;M Stevenson,&nbsp;S Dewhurst","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is characterized by severe immunological defects resulting in opportunistic infections and malignancies. A novel human retrovirus, known under the terms of LAV, HTLV-III, ARV or as a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), has been defined as the infectious agent responsible for the induction of the immunologic disorders in AIDS. However, two recent lines of evidence, reviewed in this article, complicate the etiological picture of AIDS: the HIV family appears to consist of a great number of diverse, and perhaps diversifying in vivo, members that exhibit different molecular and biological properties; the human retrovirus family may contain yet another distinct class of member viruses that resemble HIV morphologically and structurally but may differ in their pathogenicity. Our understanding of the retroviral etiology of AIDS may be far from complete.</p>","PeriodicalId":77660,"journal":{"name":"AIDS research","volume":"2 Suppl 1 ","pages":"S35-48"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14019380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epstein-Barr virus seroepidemiology in China.","authors":"Y Zeng,&nbsp;G H Pi,&nbsp;H Deng,&nbsp;J M Zhang,&nbsp;P C Wang,&nbsp;H Wolf,&nbsp;G De Thé","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Since 1978 more than 300,000 sera from normal individuals were screened serologically in NPC high risk areas and prospective studies were carried out. Many patients were diagnosed in early stage. For example, in Wuzhou city, 20,726 persons over 40 years of age were screened; 1,138 persons were found to have IgA VCA antibody. Among them 18 NPC cases were detected; an additional 21 NPC patients were found within 5 year follow-up studies. Altogether there were 39 NPC patients. As compared to the patients in outpatient clinics, the frequency of NPC in stage I increased from 1.7% to 38.5% and in early stage (I + II) increased from 32% to 92.3%. IgA VCA antibody can be detected 5 years before the diagnosis of NPC in early stage was made. The detection rate of NPC from IgA VCA antibody-positive persons is 38-374 times the incidence rate of NPC in the general population of the same age group. Follow-up studies on the change of IgA VCA antibody titer in antibody-positive and antibody-negative groups were also carried out for years. 10.9% of antibody-positive individuals became antibody negative and 5.4% seronegative persons converted to positive within 4 years. Eighty-eight per cent of NPC patients were detected in the group of no change of antibody titer or in the group of increasing antibody titer. No NPC patients were found in the original antibody negative group.</p>","PeriodicalId":77660,"journal":{"name":"AIDS research","volume":"2 Suppl 1 ","pages":"S7-15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14163482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gamma globulin therapy for chronic mononucleosis syndrome.","authors":"R E DuBois","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Antibodies against Epstein-Barr virus, associated with antibody dependent cytotoxic cell activity, were found to be present in diminished titer in 20 of 22 patients tested with chronic mononucleosis syndrome (CMS). Gamma globulin was shown to improve symptoms in 53% of the patients treated, compared with 32% of placebo injections. 89.5% of 57 patients treated with a gamma globulin treatment program remained in the treatment program because of relief of symptoms, and only four patients dropped out because there was no relief of symptoms or side effects. Four patients experienced complete relief of symptoms following a variable length treatment program. It would appear that intramuscular gamma globulin treatment is efficacious in the treatment of CMS and that the average interval between treatments is three weeks.</p>","PeriodicalId":77660,"journal":{"name":"AIDS research","volume":"2 Suppl 1 ","pages":"S191-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"13581543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Decision analysis of the HTLV-III screening test for blood donors.","authors":"L B Ellwein,&nbsp;D T Purtilo,&nbsp;R B Purtilo","doi":"10.1089/aid.1.1986.2.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/aid.1.1986.2.5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recent research has identified the human T-lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV-III) as a probable etiologic agent of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). This has prompted the U.S. Public Health Service to recommend that all blood used for transfusions or in the manufacture of blood products be screened. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been approved for use as a screening test. From the perspective of the low-risk blood donor, however, our analysis indicates that the expected utility of no-testing may exceed that of testing. This is primarily due to the risk of a false-positive test result. It follows that informed low-risk individuals may be hesitant to donate blood. We support the discarding of blood that tests positive on ELISA but, to decrease donor risk, a positive confirmatory test, such as the Western blot, should be considered as necessary before the testing outcome is treated as positive from the donor's perspective. Additionally, individuals should be given the option to donate blood without being told the testing outcome.</p>","PeriodicalId":77660,"journal":{"name":"AIDS research","volume":"2 1","pages":"5-17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1089/aid.1.1986.2.5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14146989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}