The Prostate. Supplement最新文献

{"title":"Clinical perspective on apoptosis in the management of the BPH patient.","authors":"J Fitzpatrick","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Traditionally, alpha(1)-adrenoceptor (AR) antagonists have been assumed to produce clinical benefit by an exclusive action on the tone of the periurethral stromal smooth muscle. However, recent evidence has emerged of additional intra- and extraprostatic actions.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This article attempts to put into clinical context the recently described effects of certain alpha(1)-AR on prostate cell dynamics (i.e., proliferation and apoptosis). RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS There is good evidence that certain alpha(1)-AR antagonists, in addition to affecting stromal smooth muscle, have effects on prostatic apoptosis that contribute to the overall clinical profile. Furthermore, this is not a class effect and may be restricted to balanced quinazoline alpha blockers (BQABs), such as terazosin.</p>","PeriodicalId":77436,"journal":{"name":"The Prostate. Supplement","volume":"9 ","pages":"47-50"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21884832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immediate vs. delayed androgen deprivation for prostate cancer.","authors":"P. V. Van Cangh, J. Gala, B. Tombal","doi":"10.1002/1097-0045(2000)45:10+<19::AID-PROS5>3.0.CO;2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0045(2000)45:10+<19::AID-PROS5>3.0.CO;2","url":null,"abstract":"Androgen ablation has been the standard treatment of symptomatic patients with metastatic prostate cancer for more than 50 years. Within the last 15 years, the introduction of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) has induced a stage migration toward less extensive disease and a dramatic decrease in the proportion of men presenting with N+/M+ disease. Historical studies, conducted during the pre-PSA era, are therefore of limited interest in counseling modern patients. The routine use of radical therapies such as radical prostatectomy and radiotherapy has considerably expanded the problem of timing of endocrine treatment in range and complexity. Advanced disease is now diagnosed in patients with limited involvement of extraprostatic sites and even in patients presenting an isolated elevation of PSA after radical treatment. In the absence of clear guidelines, data from past literature and ongoing modern studies were compiled in the present review in an attempt to generate practical considerations.","PeriodicalId":77436,"journal":{"name":"The Prostate. Supplement","volume":" 10","pages":"19-25"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50637920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Granin-A, parathyroid hormone-related protein, and calcitonin gene products in neuroendocrine prostate cancer.","authors":"L J Deftos","doi":"10.1002/(sici)1097-0045(1998)8+<23::aid-pros5>3.0.co;2-h","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0045(1998)8+<23::aid-pros5>3.0.co;2-h","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The importance of the expression of granin A (GRN-A, chromogranin-A), calcitonin (CT) gene products (CGPs), and parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) has become appreciated in the neuroendocrine (NE) differentiation of prostate cancer. We have studied the prostate expression of these three NE cell products with in vivo and in vitro methods.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>GRN-A secretion was measured by immunoassay in serum samples from patients with prostate cancer. Immunohistology procedures were used to assess GRN-A, CGPs, and PTHrP expression in paraffin-embedded prostate tissue samples. Serum and tumor findings were evaluated according to the patient's clinical status. All three substances were also studied in prostate cancer cell cultures.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>GRN-A, PTHrP, and CGPs were all secreted products of prostate cancer. Our studies demonstrated that GRN-A can serve as a prostate cancer serum and tumor marker with clinical value for both diagnosis and prognosis. Elevated serum GRN-A levels identified patients with prostate cancer, including some who did not have elevated serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels. Serum GRN-A concentrations also had prognostic value for prostate cancer. PTHrP and CGPs were expressed in prostate cancer in addition to GRN-A, and all three were secreted by prostate cells in culture. Each had effects on prostate cell growth.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>GRN-A, PTHrP, and CGPs are produced and secreted by prostate cells. These three NE cell products can serve as tumor and markers for prostate cancer that have diagnostic and prognostic value. In addition, their derived peptides regulate prostate cell growth. However, studies more conclusive than the preliminary observations of our group and of other investigators are needed to define the roles of PTHrP, GRN-A, and CGPs in prostate cancer.</p>","PeriodicalId":77436,"journal":{"name":"The Prostate. Supplement","volume":"8 ","pages":"23-31"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/(sici)1097-0045(1998)8+<23::aid-pros5>3.0.co;2-h","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20607777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prognostic significance of neuroendocrine differentiation in clinically localized prostatic carcinoma.","authors":"P A Abrahamsson,&nbsp;A T Cockett,&nbsp;P A di Sant'Agnese","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Several recent studies have focused attention on neuroendocrine differentiation (NED) in prostatic carcinoma (PC). Clinical studies have shown PC with NED to behave aggressively and to be associated with poor prognosis. To evaluate NED as an independent prognostic factor, we conducted a retrospective study of 87 patients with clinically localized PC who underwent radical prostatectomy. The presence of neuroendocrine tumor cells was confirmed by positive immunostaining for serotonin, chromogranin A, and neuron-specific enolase. The correlation between NED and disease progression was assessed. Progression of cancer was demonstrated in 35 (40%) of the patients. The presence of NED was confirmed in 60 (69%) of cases, and of these patients 26 (43%) manifested evidence of disease progression. Disease progression was also manifest in nine (33%) of the 27 patients without evidence of NED. Thus, in the setting of clinically localized carcinoma of the prostate, NED does not appear to be a statistically significant independent prognostic factor.</p>","PeriodicalId":77436,"journal":{"name":"The Prostate. Supplement","volume":"8 ","pages":"37-42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20607779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neuroendocrine differentiation in prostatic carcinoma: an update.","authors":"P A di Sant'Agnese","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Neuroendocrine differentiation in prostatic carcinoma may be related to the growth and prognosis of prostate cancer, especially androgen-insensitive tumors.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This update reviews new investigations relating to neuroendocrine differentiation of prostatic carcinoma building on two previous review articles. All relevant publications are systematically reviewed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>New developments include the detection of bombesin, calcitonin and serotonin receptors, as well as a clearer delineation of the role that neuroendocrine products play in the growth, invasiveness, and motility of prostate cancer. Prognostic studies are still somewhat contradictory, but those studies and studies related to serum/plasma levels of neuroendocrine products in prostate cancer suggest that neuroendocrine differentiation may be more important in androgen-independent tumors and metastatic tumors than in hormone-sensitive and locally recurrent tumors. New cell line xenograft and transgenic mouse models for neuroendocrine prostatic carcinoma are described and will provide the basis for further investigations into the role played by neuroendocrine differentiation in prostatic carcinoma.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Neuroendocrine differentiation in prostatic carcinoma is of great potential significance but needs to be better defined before its significance can be accurately assessed.</p>","PeriodicalId":77436,"journal":{"name":"The Prostate. Supplement","volume":"8 ","pages":"74-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20607783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neuroendocrine differentiation and the bombesin/gastrin-releasing peptide family of neuropeptides in the progression of human prostate cancer.","authors":"A G Aprikian,&nbsp;K Han,&nbsp;L Guy,&nbsp;F Landry,&nbsp;L R Begin,&nbsp;S Chevalier","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":77436,"journal":{"name":"The Prostate. Supplement","volume":"8 ","pages":"52-61"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20607781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prostate innervation.","authors":"K. McVary, K. Mckenna, Chung Lee","doi":"10.1002/(sici)1097-0045(1998)8+<2::aid-pros2>3.3.co;2-v","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0045(1998)8+<2::aid-pros2>3.3.co;2-v","url":null,"abstract":"The growth of the prostate gland has been considered to be controlled exclusively by endocrine means. The abundance of alpha adrenergic and muscarinic receptors and nerve fibers suggests that the autonomic nervous system may in fact play a role in the growth maturation and secretory functions of the prostate. The predominant adrenergic input to the prostate is from short adrenergic neurons, while cholinergic nerves are closely related to the glandular epithelium, presumably affecting a secretory function. The prostate has a high density of alpha-1 and beta-2 adrenergic receptors, and the presence of these receptors, as well as their regulation by androgens, suggests and supports the direct mitogenic effect of catecholamines on prostate growth. The activated signal transduction pathways in these neural systems also appear to modulate prostatic function and growth. Denervation of the prostate results in a loss of functional and structural integrity of the gland. The effects of sympathectomy and parasympathectomy support the conclusion that the dichotomy of function in prostatic autonomic innervation has a fundamental regulatory purpose. The majority of the afferent innervation to the ventral prostate is localized to sensory nerves from the L5 and L6 segments. There is some smaller degree of innervation from T13-L2. There is evidence of extensive bilateral innervation of pelvic viscera. Despite the importance of afferent sensory feedback in regulating the control of prostate growth, its effect is of a smaller magnitude than that observed with androgens. Regardless of the specific control mechanisms suggested by neural involvement in the growth differentiation and secretory function of the prostate, the presence of innervation appears to be consistent and reproducible, and holds great potential for increasing our understanding of pathologic influences in prostate disease.","PeriodicalId":77436,"journal":{"name":"The Prostate. Supplement","volume":"01 2","pages":"2-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50623058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation and clinical value of neuroendocrine differentiation in human prostatic tumors.","authors":"O Cussenot,&nbsp;J M Villette,&nbsp;B Cochand-Priollet,&nbsp;P Berthon","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Prostate cancer, like other solid tumors, is a rather heterogeneous entity. More than 50% of all malignant prostatic tumors contain neuroendocrine-like cells, which cannot be attributed to small cell prostatic carcinoma or carcinoid-like tumors, which represent only 1-2% of all prostatic malignancies. Several investigators have reported that histopathologic determination of neuroendocrine differentiation in prostate carcinomas may have prognostic implications, while others have not confirmed these results. However, on the basis of experimental data, neuroendocrine-like cells appear to be involved in the emergence of androgen-independent cells and could be a target for new prostate cancer therapeutic strategies.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The literature on the neuroendocrine phenotype of prostatic carcinoma is reviewed. This review summarizes most of the accumulated experimental and clinical data on the neuroendocrine phenotype in prostate cancer. We analyze the putative functions of neuroendocrine-like cells in prostate cancer progression and discuss the place of neuroendocrine phenotype biomarkers as diagnostic and prognostic factors in prostate cancer.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The fact that focal, patchy and heterogeneous clusters of neuroendocrine-like cells are frequently identified in organ-confined prostatic carcinoma probably accounts for the various evaluations of the predictive value of neuroendocrine histological patterns for the clinical outcome at this stage of the disease. The amount of neuroendocrine cells required to produce a detectable elevation in plasma chromogranin A has not yet been determined, but it is correlated with the number of chromogranin A-positive neuroendocrine (NE) cells. Despite the obvious current limitations of the application of neuropeptides as a serological test, this overview will try to more accurately define the possible roles of specific neuropeptides as prostatic cancer markers in diagnostic and monitoring protocols. The plasma chromogranin A level, in comparison with neuron-specific enolase (NSE), chromogranin B (CBG), pancreastatin, or secretogranin levels, appears to be the most useful neuroendocrine marker for determination of neuroendocrine differentiation of advanced prostatic adenocarcinoma.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Future studies on neuroendocrine should confirm whether neuroendocrine biomarkers, especially the chromogranin family of peptides, can be used as prognostic markers during the course of prostate cancer or for the selection of patients suitable for evaluation of new antineoplastic drugs known to be active against specific and aggressive subpopulations of tumor cells.</p>","PeriodicalId":77436,"journal":{"name":"The Prostate. Supplement","volume":"8 ","pages":"43-51"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20607780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cell kinetics of prostate exocrine and neuroendocrine epithelium and their differential interrelationship: new perspectives.","authors":"Y Xue,&nbsp;F Smedts,&nbsp;A Verhofstad,&nbsp;F Debruyne,&nbsp;J de la Rosette,&nbsp;J Schalken","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The prostate gland consists of a complex ductal system lined with exocrine basal and luminal cells, and neuroendocrine epithelial cells. This paper reviews the histologic and molecular cell biologic characteristics of these cells, in normal adult tissue, during prostate morphogenesis, and in the development of benign and malignant neoplastic conditions. Expression of differentiation markers, as well as proliferation and apoptosis markers, growth factors and associated receptors, and abnormalities in genes and chromosomes are reviewed. Accumulating data indicate that (1) pluripotent immortal stem cells are located in the basal cell compartment of the prostate; (2) there is a subpopulation of epithelial cells in the prostate gland (intermediate cells) that have both structural and functional characteristics common to basal and luminal cells, which may be identified in various conditions; and prostate NE cells may have the same common origin as other exocrine cells, and share the same differentiation pathway. A stem cell model is proposed in which both exocrine and endocrine cells are derived from a subpopulation of basal cells (stem cell) that give rise to luminal cells through intermediate cells (pluripotent amplifying cells). These cells are also probably highly implicated in the early development of prostate benign and malignant neoplasia.</p>","PeriodicalId":77436,"journal":{"name":"The Prostate. Supplement","volume":"8 ","pages":"62-73"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20607782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Provocative aspects of androgen genetics.","authors":"T R Brown","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Androgens play a key role in prostate structure and function, leading to the hypothesis that effects of the hormone are an important component in the development of prostatic disease. Differences in serum testosterone levels and 5alpha-reductase activities between ethnic and racial groups have been implicated in the variable incidence of prostate cancer among certain populations. Androgen receptors transduce the steroid signal within cells, but attempts to correlate differences in receptor levels with prostatic disease have been unsuccessful. However, molecular studies of androgen receptor gene structure have recently provided new insights toward defining a genetic basis for the pathology associated with three diseases--spinal bulbar muscular atrophy, breast carcinoma, and prostate cancer--affecting middle-aged and older men. In summary, epidemiologic data on androgen biosynthesis, metabolism, and action of androgens and molecular genetic analysis of gene structure have led to a new understanding of the interrelationships between environmental and genetic factors that may impact on the incidence of certain pathologic conditions in men.</p>","PeriodicalId":77436,"journal":{"name":"The Prostate. Supplement","volume":"6 ","pages":"9-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19607836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}