Journal of neural transmission. General section最新文献

{"title":"Effects on locomotor activity after local application of D3 preferring compounds in discrete areas of the rat brain.","authors":"T Kling-Petersen,&nbsp;E Ljung,&nbsp;K Svensson","doi":"10.1007/BF01281155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01281155","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Compounds showing an in vitro binding preference for the dopamine D3 vs. D2 receptors were tested for effects on locomotor activity after local application in the nucleus accumbens (N Acc) and the ventral tegmental area (VTA) of the rat brain. R-(+)-7-OH-DPAT, a dopamine D3 preferring agonist, inhibited spontaneous locomotor activity over a wide dose range after injection into the N Acc. A decrease in activity over a wide dose range was also seen after local application into the VTA of both R-(+)-7-OH-DPAT and the dopamine D2 preferring agonist (+)-3-PPP. Furthermore, (+)-3-PPP produced a dose dependent increase in activity after local application into the N Acc. The putative D3 antagonist, U99194A, with a 30 fold preference for the dopamine D3 vs. D2 receptor, produced an increase in activity when injected into the N Acc. A similar pattern were seen after infusion into the lateral ventricle. Local application into the VTA did, however, not produce any significant effects. The present results support the hypothesis that dopamine D3 receptors (in contrast to the D2 receptors) are mainly postsynaptically located where they display an inhibitory action on locomotor activity.</p>","PeriodicalId":77215,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neural transmission. General section","volume":"102 3","pages":"209-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/BF01281155","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19758955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of neonatal clomipramine on cholinergic receptor sensitivity and passive avoidance behavior in adult rats.","authors":"J Prathiba,&nbsp;K B Kumar,&nbsp;K S Karanth","doi":"10.1007/BF01271532","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01271532","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The effects of neonatal treatment with clomipramine on the sensitivity of cholinergic receptor and passive avoidance behavior were studied to examine the activity of the central cholinergic system. Rat pups were treated twice daily from postnatal day 5 to 21 with clomipramine (15 mg/kg, s.c.) and at 3 months of age the thermic responses to three different doses of oxotremorine were measured. One day following oxotremorine challenge study, the animals were subjected to passive avoidance training and retention was measured 24-hr later. Clomipramine treated animals showed an enhanced cholinomimetic-induced hypothermia and an increased latency in passive avoidance test. These findings may reflect an altered sensitivity of central cholinergic system in rats given clomipramine as neonates. The results were compared to other animal models of depression.</p>","PeriodicalId":77215,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neural transmission. General section","volume":"100 2","pages":"93-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/BF01271532","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19925392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of pergolide on endogenous and exogenous L-DOPA metabolism in the rat striatum: a microdialysis study.","authors":"S Dethy,&nbsp;M A Laute,&nbsp;A Luxen,&nbsp;J Hildebrand,&nbsp;S Goldman","doi":"10.1007/BF01271541","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01271541","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We used a model of intrastriatal microdialysis in freely moving rats to study the effect of pergolide, a mixed D1/D2 dopamine (DA) receptor agonist with predominant D2 action in vivo, on the biotransformation of endogenous and exogenous L-DOPA. Levels of L-DOPA, DA, DOPAC, HVA and 5-HIAA were measured by high performance liquid chromatography. Pergolide (50 micrograms/kg, i.p.) caused a 47%, 65% and 70% decrease in basal striatal extracellular (EC) levels of DOPAC, HVA and DA, respectively. L-DOPA (100 mg/kg, i.p.), injected 2 hours after carbidopa, produced significant increase in EC levels of L-DOPA, DOPAC, HVA and DA in rats with and without local perfusion of 10(-4) M pergolide. The DOPAC peak value was lower and was reached 60 minutes later in the group with pergolide. This study demonstrated inhibitory effects of pergolide on endogenous DA release and influence of pergolide on exogenous L-DOPA biotransformation.</p>","PeriodicalId":77215,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neural transmission. General section","volume":"101 1-3","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/BF01271541","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19668379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The muscarine antagonist methscopolamine and the NMDA antagonist AP-5 injected unilaterally into the nucleus accumbens cause mice to rotate in opposite directions.","authors":"A Svensson,&nbsp;M L Carlsson","doi":"10.1007/BF01271552","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01271552","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Previously, we have reported that the NMDA antagonist AP-5, injected unilaterally into the nucleus accumbens of mice, induces ipsilateral rotation in monoaminergically intact mice, but contralateral rotation in monoamine-depleted animals. In this paper we report that the muscarine antagonist methscopolamine, injected unilaterally into the nucleus accumbens, induced predominantly contralateral rotation in monoaminergically intact mice. In monoamine-depleted animals intra-accumbens methscopolamine induced only a weak stimulation of rotational behaviour (not significant), but the direction of the rotation was exclusively contralateral, and the animals showed contralateral body deviation. Moreover, when these animals received additional treatment with the alpha-adrenergic agonist clonidine, which potentiates the motor effects of cholinergic antagonists in monoamine-depleted mice (Carlsson et al., 1991), a clear-cut contralateral rotation was induced. The observed behavioural effects are discussed in relation to the positive and negative feedback circuits, which link the nucleus accumbens with the cerebral cortex and thalamus. In previous papers, we have suggested that the ipsilateral rotation induced by AP-5 is mediated primarily by the positive feedback circuit, whereas the AP-5-induced contralateral rotation is due to interference with primarily the negative feedback circuit. Applying this reasoning to the rotational effects of methscopolamine, it seems that methscopolamine interferes primarily with the negative feedback circuit.</p>","PeriodicalId":77215,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neural transmission. General section","volume":"101 1-3","pages":"149-57"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/BF01271552","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19669008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Urethane reduces contraction to 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and enhances the action of the 5-HT antagonist ketanserin on the rat thoracic aortic ring.","authors":"H C Dringenberg,&nbsp;C H Vanderwolf,&nbsp;J T Hamilton","doi":"10.1007/BF01271555","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01271555","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The general anesthetic urethane (ethyl carbamate) is widely used in electrophysiological in vivo experiments. However, its pharmacological effects are poorly understood. Here, the effects of urethane on in vitro contractile responses of the rat thoracic aortic ring preparation were investigated. Bath application of 5-HT produced a concentration-dependent contractile response (EC50 = 4.3 x 10(-6) M). Urethane (11.2 mM = 1 mg/ml) shifted the concentration-response curve (CRC) for 5-HT to the right (EC50 = 1.7 x 10(-5) M) and decreased the maximal contraction by 30.8%. The CRC for NA (EC50 = 7.2 X 10(-9)M) was also shifted to the right by urethane (EC50 = 1.4 X 10(-8)M), but the shift of the 5-HT-CRC was twice that of the NA-CRC (3.95 vs. 1.95). The CRC to KCl was shifted rightwards only slightly by urethane (ratio 1.27) and the maximal contraction to KCl was not affected. The CRC to replacement of CaCl2 (0.1-10 mM) to KCl-depolarized vessels in a Ca(2+)-free Krebs solution was unaffected by urethane. Ketanserin (10(-9)M) antagonized the contraction to 5-HT, and a combination of ketanserin and urethane was markedly more effective than either drug alone, decreasing the maximal contraction by 58%. Antagonism of NA contraction by prazosin (5 X 10(-8)M) was not increased by addition of urethane. The urethane dose used here approximates blood and brain concentrations required to produce anesthetic effects in mammals. It is possible that reductions in 5-HT transmission and, to a lesser extent, in NA transmission, but not blockade of Ca2+ or K+ channels, may contribute to the anesthetic effect of urethane. In addition, the action of the selective 5-HT2 antagonist ketanserin is clearly altered by urethane. These findings are important to consider when urethane is used for in vivo neurophysiological investigations, particularly when 5-HT mechanisms are involved.</p>","PeriodicalId":77215,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neural transmission. General section","volume":"101 1-3","pages":"183-93"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/BF01271555","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19669011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial in Machado-Joseph disease: sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim increases cerebrospinal fluid level of biopterin.","authors":"T Sakai, T Matsuishi, S Yamada, H Komori, H Iwashita","doi":"10.1007/BF01276511","DOIUrl":"10.1007/BF01276511","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We performed a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial of sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (S-T) in 8 patients with Machado-Joseph disease (MJD), and measured the blood and cerebrospinal fluid levels of biopterins, biogenic amines or metabolites, and folate. The clinical results were as follows; mild improvements of hyperreflexia of knee jerks and of rigospasticity of the legs during S-T treatment period. In addition, S-T significantly reduced the times of 8 motor activities on the timed tests. The biochemical results showed that basal levels of all biopterins and homovanillic acid in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were reduced to less than half the levels of those of controls with other neurological diseases. After S-T treatment, total and oxidized form of biopterins in the CSF increased significantly. Therefore, S-T may be effective to neurologic deficits through its mechanism of increasing the level of brain biopterins.</p>","PeriodicalId":77215,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neural transmission. General section","volume":"102 2","pages":"159-72"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/BF01276511","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19720931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The yohimbine-induced anticonflict effect in the rat, Part II. Neurochemical findings.","authors":"A Söderpalm,&nbsp;F Ehrenström,&nbsp;B Söderpalm","doi":"10.1007/BF01276458","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01276458","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In a companion paper the alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist yohimbine was found to produce a dose-dependent anticonflict effect in a modified Vogel's conflict test. The behavioral data further indicated that noradrenergic and serotonergic neurons as well as the benzodiazepine (BDZ) receptor may be involved in the anticonflict effect of yohimbine. In the present study the effects on rat brain monoamine neurochemistry and GABAA/BDZ receptor function (36Cl-uptake in corticohippocampal synaptoneurosomes) of a maximally anticonflict producing dose of yohimbine (4.0 mg/kg, i.p.) were studied. The levels of rat brain catecholamines and indoleamines were measured ex vivo using high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC-ED). Yohimbine decreased noradrenaline levels both in the hippocampus and the hemispheres but instead increased DOPAC levels in these brain regions as well as in the limbic forebrain. Yohimbine also markedly enhanced DOPA accumulation in the hippocampus and the hemispheres after inhibition of 1-aromatic amino acid decarboxylase by means of NSD 1015, whereas in the limbic system only a modest increase was obtained. The yohimbine-induced effects on the catecholamine synthesis rate were largely abolished in animals severely depleted of NA by means of 6-hydroxy-dopamine (6-OH-DA) pretreatment. Yohimbine decreased both the 5-HIAA/5-HT quotient (an indicator of 5-HT turnover) and 5-HTP accumulation after NSD 1015 in the hemispheres, whereas in the hippocampus and the limbic system only 5-HTP accumulation was decreased. The yohimbine-induced effect on the indoleamine synthesis rate was not influenced by 6-OH-DA pretreatment, whereas this effect and that on the catecholamine synthesis rate were both abolished by reserpine pretreatment. Neither in vivo nor in vitro administration of yohimbine significantly altered baseline or GABA-induced accumulation of 36Cl- in corticohippocampal synaptoneurosomes. In conclusion, the present study provides neurochemical support for the suggestion that yohimbine may exert its anticonflict effect in a modified Vogel's conflict test by increasing and decreasing NA and 5-HT neurotransmission, respectively, whereas no evidence was obtained for a direct interaction of yohimbine with GABAA/BDZ receptor function.</p>","PeriodicalId":77215,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neural transmission. General section","volume":"100 3","pages":"191-206"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/BF01276458","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19721550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nitrite, nitrate and cGMP in the cerebrospinal fluid in degenerative neurologic diseases.","authors":"M Ikeda,&nbsp;I Sato,&nbsp;T Yuasa,&nbsp;T Miyatake,&nbsp;S Murota","doi":"10.1007/BF01276464","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01276464","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To investigate whether nitric oxide (NO) plays a role in degenerative neurologic disease (DND), we measured nitrite, nitrate and cyclic GMP in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). We found no significant change in CSF nitrite, nitrate or cyclic GMP in patients with any DND compared with control values. These results suggest that NO production is preserved in PD, SCA and ALS.</p>","PeriodicalId":77215,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neural transmission. General section","volume":"100 3","pages":"263-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/BF01276464","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19721556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cyclic GMP generation mediated by 5-HT-2 receptors via nitric oxide-dependent pathway and its effect on the desensitization of 5-HT-2 receptors in C6 glioma cells.","authors":"A Kagaya,&nbsp;N Motohashi,&nbsp;A Kugaya,&nbsp;T Yamaji,&nbsp;T Hayashi,&nbsp;Y Okamoto,&nbsp;H Shinno,&nbsp;M Takebayashi,&nbsp;Y Uchitomi,&nbsp;S Yamawaki","doi":"10.1007/BF01276863","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01276863","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Serotonin (5-HT)-2 receptor-mediated cGMP generation was investigated in comparison with calcium (Ca2+) mobilization in C6 glioma cells. 5-HT enhanced cGMP generation, and risperidone and ketanserin potently blocked the response. These results indicate that 5-HT-2 receptors are responsible for the cGMP generation. 5-HT-induced cGMP production was completely abolished by BAPTA, an intracellular Ca2+ chelating agent, or NG-mono-methyl-L-arginine(NMMA), a nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor, suggesting that 5-HT-induced cGMP generation was through nitric oxide (NO)-dependent pathway. 5-HT (10 microM)-elicited Ca2+ mobilization and cGMP generation were reduced to 40 and 15% after pretreatment with 10 microM 5-HT for 4 hours. NMMA did not modify 5-HT-induced desensitization of either Ca2+ mobilization or cGMP generation, suggesting that NO pathway is independent of the desensitization. The present study has demonstrated the nature of 5-HT-2 receptor-mediated cGMP generation in C6 glioma cells.</p>","PeriodicalId":77215,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neural transmission. General section","volume":"100 1","pages":"27-38"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/BF01276863","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19721618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterisation of extracellular amino acids in striatum of freely moving rats by in vivo microdialysis.","authors":"J Semba,&nbsp;S Kito,&nbsp;M Toru","doi":"10.1007/BF01276864","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01276864","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To investigate the characteristics of extracellular amino acids released from the striatum, we performed in vivo microdialysis in non-anaesthetised, freely moving rats. Amino acids were determined after precolumn derivatisation with o-phthalaldehyde by high-performance liquid chromatography and fluorescence detection. The omission of Ca2+ in the perfusion medium partially decreased the basal concentration of aspartate and glutamate. This shows that a small fraction of basal concentration of aspartate and glutamate is of neuronal origin. The effect of high K+ and veratrine stimulation was evaluated in the presence or absence of Ca2+ or tetrodotoxin (1 microM). High K+ and veratrine caused a remarkable increase in the aspartate and glutamate efflux. The omission of Ca2+ only partially decreased K(+)-stimulated aspartate and glutamate efflux. Tetrodotoxin completely antagonised veratrine-stimulated aspartate and glutamate efflux. Although glycine and taurine releases were stimulated by high K+ and veratrine, their release was not always antagonised with Ca2+ omission or tetrodotoxin inclusion. Thus, the neuronal origin of stimulated release of glycine and taurine is unclear. Although tetrodotoxin sensitivity and Ca2(+)-dependency are regarded as a basic criterion for classical neurotransmitters in microdialysis experiments, they should not be adapted to the physiological characteristics of the release of amino acids.</p>","PeriodicalId":77215,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neural transmission. General section","volume":"100 1","pages":"39-52"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/BF01276864","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19721619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}