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Molecular piracy of chemokine receptors by herpesviruses. 疱疹病毒对趋化因子受体的分子劫持。
Infectious agents and disease Pub Date : 1994-04-01
P M Murphy
{"title":"Molecular piracy of chemokine receptors by herpesviruses.","authors":"P M Murphy","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To succeed as a biological entity, viruses must exploit normal cellular functions and elude the host immune system; they often do so by molecular mimicry. One way that mimicry may occur is when viruses copy and modify host genes. The best studied examples of this are the oncogenes of RNA retroviruses, but a growing number of examples are also known for DNA viruses. So far they all come from just two groups of DNA viruses, the herpesviruses and poxviruses, and the majority of examples are for genes whose products regulate immune responses, such as cytokines, cytokine receptors, and complement control proteins. This review will focus on human and herpesvirus receptors for chemokines, a family of leukocyte chemoattractant and activating factors that are thought to be important mediators of inflammation. Although the biological roles of the viral chemokine receptor homologues are currently unknown, their connection to specific sets of chemokines has suggested a number of possible functions.</p>","PeriodicalId":77176,"journal":{"name":"Infectious agents and disease","volume":"3 2-3","pages":"137-54"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"18812915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Hepatitis B virus reverse transcriptase and its many roles in hepadnaviral genomic replication. 乙型肝炎病毒逆转录酶及其在肝病毒基因组复制中的许多作用。
Infectious agents and disease Pub Date : 1994-04-01
D Ganem, J R Pollack, J Tavis
{"title":"Hepatitis B virus reverse transcriptase and its many roles in hepadnaviral genomic replication.","authors":"D Ganem,&nbsp;J R Pollack,&nbsp;J Tavis","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The replication of hepatitis B virus DNA proceeds through reverse transcription of a pregenomic RNA intermediate, a reaction that takes place within viral nucleocapsids and is catalyzed by the viral P protein. P protein is involved in all phases of the reaction, serving as (a) a recognition factor for the selective encapsidation of the pregenomic RNA template; (b) the protein primer for the initiation of minus strand DNA synthesis; (c) the reverse transcriptase and DNA polymerase involved in strand elongation; and (d) the RNaseH activity required to remove RNA template prior to plus strand synthesis. P protein is capable of site-specific RNA recognition, specifically binding to a stem-loop structure at the 5' end of pregenomic RNA. This interaction is required for both RNA encapsidation and reverse transcription.</p>","PeriodicalId":77176,"journal":{"name":"Infectious agents and disease","volume":"3 2-3","pages":"85-93"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"18536767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The molecular basis of adenovirus pathogenesis. 腺病毒发病机制的分子基础。
Infectious agents and disease Pub Date : 1994-02-01
H S Ginsberg, G A Prince
{"title":"The molecular basis of adenovirus pathogenesis.","authors":"H S Ginsberg,&nbsp;G A Prince","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The pathology of type 5 (Ad5) pneumonia in Sigmodon hispidus cotton rats is closely similar to that in humans. Virus replicates in bronchiolar epithelial cells, but in situ hybridization shows early gene expression in macrophage/monocytes in alveoli and hilar lymph nodes. Only early gene expression is required to produce the pathology of which there is an \"early\" and a \"late\" phase. The early region 3 (E3), which does not function in viral replication, plays an important role in the natural history of at least the subgroup C adenoviruses (types 1, 2, 5, 6), which produce latent infections in host-infected lymphocytes: The 19-kDa glycoprotein markedly reduces the transport of the class I MHC to the surface of infected cells and, therefore, the attack of cytotoxic T cells, which could eliminate infected cells. When this gene is mutated, the late-phase inflammatory response to infection is markedly increased. The E3 14.7-kDa protein reduces the presence of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the early-phase pathological inflammatory exudate. The E1B 55-kDa is essential to effect the late phase, and when its gene is mutated, the inflammation is greatly reduced although viral replication is not affected. Because only early genes are required to induce the complete pathogenesis of adenovirus infection in cotton rats, it is possible to produce the same pneumonia in lungs of mice in which only adenovirus early genes are expressed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)</p>","PeriodicalId":77176,"journal":{"name":"Infectious agents and disease","volume":"3 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"18950735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The value of immunization against hepatitis A. 甲型肝炎免疫接种的价值。
Infectious agents and disease Pub Date : 1994-02-01
S M Lemon, C N Shapiro
{"title":"The value of immunization against hepatitis A.","authors":"S M Lemon,&nbsp;C N Shapiro","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Safe and effective inactivated vaccines should soon be available for prevention of hepatitis A virus infections in the United States. Here we review the heterogeneous distribution of hepatitis A cases among different risk groups, age groups, and geographic regions of the United States and comment on several possible strategies for using hepatitis A vaccines in immunization programs. We conclude that immunization targeted exclusively at groups that are at high risk of developing hepatitis A is unlikely to significantly lower national rates of the disease. While universal immunization of young children may accomplish this goal, such a practice is likely to prove unacceptably costly. Alternative strategies worthy of consideration include immunization targeted to specific risk groups on a regional basis, based on knowledge of the local epidemiology of hepatitis A.</p>","PeriodicalId":77176,"journal":{"name":"Infectious agents and disease","volume":"3 1","pages":"38-49"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"18950737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Malaria and other Apicomplexans: the "plant" connection. 疟疾和其他顶复合体：“植物”的联系。
Infectious agents and disease Pub Date : 1994-02-01
R J Wilson, D H Williamson, P Preiser
{"title":"Malaria and other Apicomplexans: the \"plant\" connection.","authors":"R J Wilson, D H Williamson, P Preiser","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recent molecular studies point to the unorthodox conclusion that malaria parasites have a photosynthetic ancestry. Coupled with other phylogenetic evidence, this finding may apply across the phylum Apicomplexa, including other important pathogens such as the coccidia and piroplasms. We propose that an organelle corresponding to a residual plastid, performing unknown functions, is likely to reside in all, or many, of these organisms. The new findings discussed here highlight once more the pressing need to discover more about the basic biology of these economically important parasites. From such knowledge, new targets for chemotherapy may be identified.</p>","PeriodicalId":77176,"journal":{"name":"Infectious agents and disease","volume":"3 1","pages":"29-37"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"18950736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Function of glycoprotein B homologues of the family herpesviridae. 疱疹病毒科糖蛋白B同源物的功能。
Infectious agents and disease Pub Date : 1994-02-01
L Pereira
{"title":"Function of glycoprotein B homologues of the family herpesviridae.","authors":"L Pereira","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The herpesviruses of humans and animals are large, enveloped virions with complex genetic organization that cause either lytic or latent infections. Of the many glycoproteins encoded by these viruses and incorporated into the virion envelope, glycoprotein B (gB) is the most highly conserved. Homologues of gB are encoded by the genomes of all the herpesviruses. gB is required for infectivity and functions in penetration of cells by promoting fusion of the virion and plasma membranes. Syncytium formation, a manifestation of fusion activity in virus-infected cells, results from mutations in gB or in certain other genes encoding glycoproteins and integral membrane proteins. The paradox that mutations in gB and other proteins cause the formation of syncytia can be explained by the hypothesis that gB normally participates in a multisubunit protein complex that controls fusion following a cascade of interactions with cell-surface receptors. Syncytium formation by altered forms of the components of this complex would be the result of less well-regulated events. Recent findings on the control of fusion in other virus systems, and on vesicle fusion in the normal cellular secretory pathway, support a model in which gB functions together with other viral proteins to form a hydrophobic fusion pore.</p>","PeriodicalId":77176,"journal":{"name":"Infectious agents and disease","volume":"3 1","pages":"9-28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"18950738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Teaching microbiology to medical students. 向医科学生教授微生物学
Infectious agents and disease Pub Date : 1993-12-01
M Schaechter
{"title":"Teaching microbiology to medical students.","authors":"M Schaechter","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Medical education is undergoing radical changes. The author discusses his views regarding the issues of content, process, and evaluation of teaching microbiology to medical students.</p>","PeriodicalId":77176,"journal":{"name":"Infectious agents and disease","volume":"2 6","pages":"394-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19008634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Emergence of epidemic dengue/dengue hemorrhagic fever as a public health problem in the Americas. 流行登革热/登革出血热作为公共卫生问题在美洲的出现。
Infectious agents and disease Pub Date : 1993-12-01
D J Gubler, D W Trent
{"title":"Emergence of epidemic dengue/dengue hemorrhagic fever as a public health problem in the Americas.","authors":"D J Gubler,&nbsp;D W Trent","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The incidence of dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever has increased dramatically in the past 15 years in most urban centers of the tropics. Coincident with this increase has been the emergence of epidemic dengue hemorrhagic fever in the American region. The current changing disease pattern in the Americas is very similar to that which occurred in southeast Asia 30 years ago. The similarities in the evolution of severe disease in the two regions and the possible reasons for the changing disease pattern are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":77176,"journal":{"name":"Infectious agents and disease","volume":"2 6","pages":"383-93"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19008633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Molecular biology of human herpesviruses 6A and 6B. 人疱疹病毒6A和6B的分子生物学研究。
Infectious agents and disease Pub Date : 1993-12-01
N Inoue, T R Dambaugh, P E Pellett
{"title":"Molecular biology of human herpesviruses 6A and 6B.","authors":"N Inoue,&nbsp;T R Dambaugh,&nbsp;P E Pellett","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Human herpesvirus 6 variant A (HHV-6A) and human herpesvirus 6 variant B (HHV-6B) are closely related herpesviruses. No disease has been specifically associated with HHV-6A, whereas HHV-6B is the major etiologic agent of exanthem subitum. Both viruses may be opportunistic pathogens in the immunocompromised patient. HHV-6 genomes have low G+C contents for herpesviruses (43%); they consist of a 141-kb unique segment that is flanked by single copies of a directly repeated sequence that can vary from 10 to 13 kb. HHV-6A and HHV-6B encode homologs of many conserved herpesvirus proteins and are classified as beta-herpesviruses based on their close genetic relationship with human cytomegalovirus. HHV-6A and HHV-6B are even more closely related to the recently discovered human herpesvirus 7. HHV-6 encodes homologs of the seven genes that are essential for origin-dependent herpes simplex virus type 1 DNA replication, including the origin-binding protein, which has no clear homolog in human cytomegalovirus. The HHV-6B origin-binding protein binds to sequences with similarities to alpha-herpesvirus replication origins that lie within a genomic segment that can serve as a replication origin in transient replication assays. Both HHV-6 variants encode homologs of the adeno-associated virus type 2 Rep protein; the role of this protein during infection is unknown. HHV-6 induces synthesis of a broad range of host cell proteins, including interferon alpha, CD4, interleukin-1 beta, and tumor necrosis factor alpha, and also induces expression of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 LTR promoter. Little is known about the process by which HHV-6 regulates gene expression.</p>","PeriodicalId":77176,"journal":{"name":"Infectious agents and disease","volume":"2 6","pages":"343-60"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19007416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Molecular properties of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV). 猫免疫缺陷病毒(FIV)的分子特性。
Infectious agents and disease Pub Date : 1993-12-01
J H Elder, T R Phillips
{"title":"Molecular properties of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV).","authors":"J H Elder,&nbsp;T R Phillips","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":77176,"journal":{"name":"Infectious agents and disease","volume":"2 6","pages":"361-74"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19007419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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