Diabetes/metabolism reviews最新文献_第8页

Cell-mediated autoimmunity in type I diabetes. I型糖尿病细胞介导的自身免疫

Diabetes/metabolism reviews Pub Date : 1987-10-01 DOI: 10.1002/dmr.5610030408

J Barbosa, F H Bach

引用次数: 16

Mechanisms of hormonal regulation of hepatic glucose metabolism. 激素调节肝脏糖代谢的机制。

Diabetes/metabolism reviews Pub Date : 1987-01-01 DOI: 10.1002/dmr.5610030108

J H Exton

{"title":"Mechanisms of hormonal regulation of hepatic glucose metabolism.","authors":"J H Exton","doi":"10.1002/dmr.5610030108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dmr.5610030108","url":null,"abstract":"Acute hormonal regulation of liver carbohydrate metabolism mainly involves changes in the cytosolic levels of cAMP and Ca2+. Epinephrine, acting through beta 2-adrenergic receptors, and glucagon activate adenylate cyclase in the liver plasma membrane through a mechanism involving a guanine nucleotide-binding protein that is stimulatory to the enzyme. The resulting accumulation of cAMP leads to activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase, which, in turn, phosphorylates many intracellular enzymes involved in the regulation of glycogen metabolism, gluconeogenesis, and glycolysis. These are (1) phosphorylase b kinase, which is activated and, in turn, phosphorylates and activates phosphorylase, the rate-limiting enzyme for glycogen breakdown; (2) glycogen synthase, which is inactivated and is rate-controlling for glycogen synthesis; (3) pyruvate kinase, which is inactivated and is an important regulatory enzyme for glycolysis; and (4) the 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose 2,6-bisphosphatase bifunctional enzyme, phosphorylation of which leads to decreased formation of fructose 2,6-P2, which is an activator of 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase and an inhibitor of fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase, both of which are important regulatory enzymes for glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. In addition to rapid effects of glucagon and beta-adrenergic agonists to increase hepatic glucose output by stimulating glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis and inhibiting glycogen synthesis and glycolysis, these agents produce longer-term stimulatory effects on gluconeogenesis through altered synthesis of certain enzymes of gluconeogenesis/glycolysis and amino acid metabolism. For example, P-enolpyruvate carboxykinase is induced through an effect at the level of transcription mediated by cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Tyrosine amino-transferase, serine dehydratase, tryptophan oxygenase, and glucokinase are also regulated by cAMP, in part at the level of specific messenger RNA synthesis. The sympathetic nervous system and its neurohumoral agonists epinephrine and norepinephrine also rapidly alter hepatic glycogen metabolism and gluconeogenesis acting through alpha 1-adrenergic receptors. The primary response to these agonists is the phosphodiesterase-mediated breakdown of the plasma membrane polyphosphoinositide phosphatidylinositol 4,5-P2 to inositol 1,4,5-P3 and 1,2-diacylglycerol. This involves a guanine nucleotide-binding protein that is different from those involved in the regulation of adenylate cyclase. Inositol 1,4,5-P3 acts as an intracellular messenger for Ca2+ mobilization by releasing Ca2+ from the endoplasmic reticulum.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)","PeriodicalId":77109,"journal":{"name":"Diabetes/metabolism reviews","volume":"3 1","pages":"163-83"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/dmr.5610030108","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14165334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 161

Insulin, glucagon, and glucose as regulators of hepatic glucose uptake and production in vivo. 胰岛素、胰高血糖素和葡萄糖作为体内肝脏葡萄糖摄取和产生的调节因子。

Diabetes/metabolism reviews Pub Date : 1987-01-01 DOI: 10.1002/dmr.5610030114

A D Cherrington, R W Stevenson, K E Steiner, M A Davis, S R Myers, B A Adkins, N N Abumrad, P E Williams

引用次数: 119

Role of counterregulatory hormones in the regulation of hepatic glucose metabolism. 反调节激素在肝脏糖代谢调节中的作用。

Diabetes/metabolism reviews Pub Date : 1987-01-01 DOI: 10.1002/dmr.5610030110

L Saccà

引用次数: 10

Tracer methods and the metabolic disposal of a carbohydrate load in man. 示踪剂方法和人体碳水化合物负荷的代谢处理。

Diabetes/metabolism reviews Pub Date : 1987-01-01 DOI: 10.1002/dmr.5610030111

J Radziuk

{"title":"Tracer methods and the metabolic disposal of a carbohydrate load in man.","authors":"J Radziuk","doi":"10.1002/dmr.5610030111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dmr.5610030111","url":null,"abstract":"Figure 18 outlines a summary of the results obtained in our laboratory and how these might be interpreted. Following a 100-g oral glucose load, about 25 g is taken up by the liver. About 5 g or 5% of this would be removed on a first-pass basis since only about a fifth of the portal vein glucose is newly absorbed. The remainder of the glucose is disposed of in peripheral tissues. This disposal is enhanced by intestinal insulinotropic factors that stimulate insulin secretion. Lactate is produced peripherally (with the red cells as one of the most important sources) by the gut and, perhaps, by hepatocytes. It is taken up by gluconeogenetic hepatocytes to form glycogen. This pathway appears to account for half to two-thirds of glycogen synthesis, the remainder being by direct uptake of glucose. The gluconeogenetic pathway of glycogen formation may be important in that it clears the obligatory production of lactate from certain tissues. The only difference between intravenous and oral glucose loading is that there is no absorbed glucose in the portal vein when glucose is infused. The glucose concentrations here are, however, almost the same as during oral glucose loading since peripheral clearance of glucose is slower in the absence of insulinotropic intestinal factors. This helps to explain why liver handling of intravenous glucose and glycogen formation are almost identical to the case of oral loading.","PeriodicalId":77109,"journal":{"name":"Diabetes/metabolism reviews","volume":"3 1","pages":"231-67"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/dmr.5610030111","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14690520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 41

Regulation of hepatic glucose metabolism. Brooke Lodge Symposium. Augusta, Michigan, October 1986. Proceedings. 调节肝脏葡萄糖代谢。布鲁克洛奇研讨会。1986年10月，密歇根州奥古斯塔。程序。

Diabetes/metabolism reviews Pub Date : 1987-01-01

引用次数: 0

Metabolic zonation of liver parenchyma: significance for the regulation of glycogen metabolism, gluconeogenesis, and glycolysis. 肝实质代谢分带:糖原代谢、糖异生和糖酵解调节的意义。

Diabetes/metabolism reviews Pub Date : 1987-01-01 DOI: 10.1002/dmr.5610030112

K Jungermann

引用次数: 77

Control of glycogen synthesis in health and disease. 健康和疾病中糖原合成的控制。

Diabetes/metabolism reviews Pub Date : 1987-01-01 DOI: 10.1002/dmr.5610030107

W Stalmans, M Bollen, L Mvumbi

{"title":"Control of glycogen synthesis in health and disease.","authors":"W Stalmans, M Bollen, L Mvumbi","doi":"10.1002/dmr.5610030107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dmr.5610030107","url":null,"abstract":"Investigations in our laboratory have shown that the activity of glycogen synthase phosphatase in the liver is shared by at least two functionally distinct proteins: a G-component, which is tightly associated with glycogen particles, and a soluble S-component. Most preparations of glycogen synthase-b that are isolated from the liver of fed glucagon-treated animals require the presence of both components in order to be converted to synthase-a. The G-component is subject to control mechanisms that do not affect the S-component. Its activity is strongly inhibited by phosphorylase-a. This feature explains why glycogen synthesis and glycogenolysis do not normally occur simultaneously, except in the glycogen-depleted liver, where a futile cycle may occur. Experiments in vitro have shown that a minimal glycogen concentration is required to ensure the interaction between the G-component and phosphorylase-a. The G-component is also selectively inhibited by Ca2+, and the magnitude of this inhibition depends markedly on the glycogen concentration. The latter inhibition is probably one of the mechanisms by which cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-independent glycogenolytic agents achieve the inactivation of glycogen synthase in the liver. Glucocorticoid hormones and insulin are required for the induction and/or maintenance of the G-component in the liver. During the development of the fetal rat, glucocorticoids induce the G-component in the liver. This is an essential event in the glucocorticoid-triggered deposition of glycogen in the fetal liver. A functional adrenal cortex is also required in the adult animal to prevent a loss of the capacity for hepatic glycogen storage during starvation. The latter capacity depends on the concentration of functional G-component in the liver. Chronic diabetes causes a similar functional loss. However, the effect of glucocorticoids is not mediated by a putative secretion of insulin.","PeriodicalId":77109,"journal":{"name":"Diabetes/metabolism reviews","volume":"3 1","pages":"127-61"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/dmr.5610030107","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14165011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 109

Neuronal regulation of hepatic glucose metabolism in mammals. 哺乳动物肝脏糖代谢的神经元调控。

Diabetes/metabolism reviews Pub Date : 1987-01-01 DOI: 10.1002/dmr.5610030109

T Shimazu

引用次数: 187

Substrate cycles: their role in control of metabolism with specific references to the liver. 底物循环:它们在控制代谢中的作用，具体涉及肝脏。

Diabetes/metabolism reviews Pub Date : 1987-01-01 DOI: 10.1002/dmr.5610030113

E A Newsholme, J C Stanley

引用次数: 15