Development (Cambridge, England). Supplement最新文献

{"title":"High temperature perception in leaves promotes vascular regeneration and graft formation in distant tissues","authors":"Phanu T. Serivichyaswat, K. Bartusch, Martina Leso, Constance Musseau, Akira Iwase, Yu Chen, K. Sugimoto, M. Quint, Charles W. Melnyk","doi":"10.1242/dev.200079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.200079","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Cellular regeneration in response to wounding is fundamental to maintain tissue integrity. Various internal factors including hormones and transcription factors mediate healing, but little is known about the role of external factors. To understand how the environment affects regeneration, we investigated the effects of temperature upon the horticulturally relevant process of plant grafting. We found that elevated temperatures accelerated vascular regeneration in Arabidopsis thaliana and tomato grafts. Leaves were crucial for this effect, as blocking auxin transport or mutating PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR 4 (PIF4) or YUCCA2/5/8/9 in the cotyledons abolished the temperature enhancement. However, these perturbations did not affect grafting at ambient temperatures, and temperature enhancement of callus formation and tissue adhesion did not require PIF4, suggesting leaf-derived auxin specifically enhanced vascular regeneration in response to elevated temperatures. We also found that elevated temperatures accelerated the formation of inter-plant vascular connections between the parasitic plant Phtheirospermum japonicum and host Arabidopsis, and this effect required shoot-derived auxin from the parasite. Taken together, our results identify a pathway whereby local temperature perception mediates long distance auxin signaling to modify regeneration, grafting and parasitism. This article has an associated ‘The people behind the papers’ interview.","PeriodicalId":77105,"journal":{"name":"Development (Cambridge, England). Supplement","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90344595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Autophagy promotes organelle clearance and organized cell separation of living root cap cells in Arabidopsis thaliana","authors":"T. Goh, Kaoru Sakamoto, Pengfei Wang, Saki Kozono, Koki Ueno, Shunsuke Miyashima, Koichi Toyokura, H. Fukaki, Byungho Kang, K. Nakajima","doi":"10.1242/dev.200593","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.200593","url":null,"abstract":"The root cap is a multi-layered tissue covering the tip of a plant root that directs root growth through its unique functions such as gravity-sensing and rhizosphere interaction. To prevent damages from the soil environment, cells in the root cap continuously turn over through balanced cell division and cell detachment at the inner and the outer cell layers, respectively. Upon displacement toward the outermost layer, columella cells at the central root cap domain functionally transition from gravity-sensing cells to secretory cells, but the mechanisms underlying this drastic cell fate transition are largely unknown. By using live-cell tracking microscopy, we here show that organelles in the outermost cell layer undergo dramatic rearrangements, and at least a part of this rearrangement depends on spatiotemporally regulated activation of autophagy. Notably, this root cap autophagy does not lead to immediate cell death, but rather is necessary for organized separation of living root cap cells, highlighting a previously undescribed role of developmentally regulated autophagy in plants. Summary statement Time-lapse microscope imaging revealed spatiotemporal dynamics of intracellular reorganization associated with functional transition and cell separation in the Arabidopsis root cap and the roles of autophagy in this process.","PeriodicalId":77105,"journal":{"name":"Development (Cambridge, England). Supplement","volume":"74 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80896627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of cell size on morphogen gradient precision","authors":"Jan A. Adelmann, Roman Vetter, D. Iber","doi":"10.1101/2022.02.02.478800","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.02.02.478800","url":null,"abstract":"Tissue patterning during embryonic development is remarkably precise. We numerically determine the impact of the cell diameter, gradient length, and the morphogen source on the variability of morphogen gradients and show that the positional error increases with the gradient length relative to the size of the morphogen source, and with the square root of the cell diameter and the readout position. We provide theoretical explanations for these relationships, and show that they enable high patterning precision over developmental time for readouts that scale with expanding tissue domains, as observed in the Drosophila wing disc. Our analysis suggests that epithelial tissues generally achieve higher patterning precision with small cross-sectional cell areas. An extensive survey of measured apical cell areas shows that they are indeed small in developing tissues that are patterned by morphogen gradients. Enhanced precision may thus have led to the emergence of pseudostratification in epithelia, a phenomenon for which the evolutionary benefit had so far remained elusive.","PeriodicalId":77105,"journal":{"name":"Development (Cambridge, England). Supplement","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73581749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human neural progenitors establish a diffusion barrier in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane during cell division","authors":"Muhammad Khadeesh bin Imtiaz, Lars N. Royall, S. Jessberger","doi":"10.1101/2022.02.02.478772","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.02.02.478772","url":null,"abstract":"Asymmetric segregation of cellular components regulates the fate and behavior of somatic stem cells. Similar to dividing budding yeast and precursor cells in C. elegans, it has been shown that mouse neural progenitors establish a diffusion barrier in the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which has been associated with asymmetric partitioning of damaged proteins and cellular age. However, the existence of an ER-diffusion barrier in human cells remains unknown. Here we used fluorescence loss in photobleaching (FLIP) imaging to show that human embryonic stem cell (hESC)- and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neural progenitor cells establish an ER-diffusion barrier during cell division. The human ER-diffusion barrier is regulated via Lamin-dependent mechanisms and is associated with asymmetric segregation of mono- and polyubiquitinated, damaged proteins. Further, forebrain regionalized organoids derived from hESCs were used to show the establishment of an ER-membrane diffusion barrier in more naturalistic tissues mimicking early steps of human brain development. Thus, the data provided here show that human neural progenitors establish a diffusion barrier during cell division in the membrane of the ER, which may allow for asymmetric segregation of cellular components, contributing to the fate and behavior of human neural progenitor cells. Summary Human neural progenitors (NPCs) establish a diffusion barrier during cell division in the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum, allowing for asymmetric segregation of cellular components, which may contribute to the fate and behavior of human NPCs.","PeriodicalId":77105,"journal":{"name":"Development (Cambridge, England). Supplement","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74648265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inversion of a topological domain leads to restricted changes in its gene expression and affects interdomain communication","authors":"Rafael Galupa, Christel Picard, N. Servant, E. Nora, Y. Zhan, J. V. Bemmel, F. Marjou, Colin Johanneau, Maud Borensztein, K. Ancelin, L. Giorgetti, E. Heard","doi":"10.1242/dev.200568","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.200568","url":null,"abstract":"The interplay between the topological organization of the genome and the regulation of gene expression remains unclear. Depletion of molecular factors underlying genome topology, such as CTCF and cohesin, leads to modest alterations in gene expression, while genomic rearrangements involving boundaries of topologically associating domains (TADs) disrupt normal gene expression and can lead to pathological phenotypes. Here we inverted an almost entire TAD (245kb out of 300kb) within the X-inactivation centre (Xic), leaving its boundaries intact. This led to a significant rearrangement of topological contacts within the TAD, mostly in accordance to the orientation of underlying CTCF binding sites but suggesting heterogeneity in the “contact” potential of different CTCF sites. The inversion also led to increased contact insulation with the neighbouring TAD. Expression of most genes within the inverted TAD remained unaffected in mouse embryonic stem cells and during differentiation. Interestingly, expression in the neighbouring TAD of the noncoding transcript Xist, which controls X-chromosome inactivation, was ectopically upregulated. The same inversion in mouse embryos led to a bias in Xist expression, but X-inactivation choice ratios did not significantly deviate from wild type. Smaller deletions and inversions of specific clusters of CTCF sites within the TAD led to similar results: rearrangement of contacts, limited changes in local gene expression but significant changes in Xist expression. Our study suggests that the wiring of regulatory interactions within a TAD can influence the expression of genes in neighbouring TADs, highlighting the existence of mechanisms for inter-TAD communication.","PeriodicalId":77105,"journal":{"name":"Development (Cambridge, England). Supplement","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84510020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An essential function for autocrine hedgehog signaling in epithelial proliferation and differentiation in the trachea","authors":"Wenguang Yin, A. Liontos, J. Koepke, M. Ghoul, L. Mazzocchi, Xinyuan Liu, Chunyan Lu, Haoyu Wu, A. Fysikopoulos, A. Sountoulidis, W. Seeger, C. Ruppert, A. Günther, D. Stainier, C. Samakovlis","doi":"10.1101/2022.01.13.476169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.01.13.476169","url":null,"abstract":"The tracheal epithelium is a primary target for pulmonary diseases as it provides a conduit for air flow between the environment and the lung lobes. The cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying airway epithelial cell proliferation and differentiation remain poorly understood. Hedgehog (Hh) signaling orchestrates communication between epithelial and mesenchymal cells in the lung, where it modulates stromal cell proliferation, differentiation and signaling back to the epithelium. Here, we reveal a new, autocrine function of Hh signaling in airway epithelial cells. Epithelial cell depletion of the ligand Sonic hedgehog (SHH) or its effector Smoothened (SMO) causes defects in both epithelial cell proliferation and differentiation. In cultured primary human airway epithelial cells, Hh signaling inhibition also hampers cell proliferation and differentiation. Epithelial Hh function is mediated, at least in part, through transcriptional activation as Hh signaling inhibition leads to downregulation of cell-type specific transcription factor genes in both the mouse trachea and human airway epithelial cells. These results provide new insights into the role of Hh signaling in epithelial cell proliferation and differentiation during airway development.","PeriodicalId":77105,"journal":{"name":"Development (Cambridge, England). Supplement","volume":"90 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81234678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Young transposable elements rewired gene regulatory networks in human and chimpanzee hippocampal intermediate progenitors","authors":"Sruti Patoori, Samantha M. Barnada, Christopher Large, J. Murray, M. Trizzino","doi":"10.1101/2021.11.24.469877","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.11.24.469877","url":null,"abstract":"The hippocampus is associated with essential brain functions such as learning and memory. Human hippocampal volume is significantly greater than expected when compared to non-human apes, suggesting a recent expansion. Intermediate progenitors, which are able to undergo multiple rounds of proliferative division before a final neurogenic division, may have played a role in the evolutionary hippocampal expansion. To investigate the evolution of gene regulatory networks underpinning hippocampal neurogenesis in apes, we leveraged the differentiation of human and chimpanzee induced Pluripotent Stem Cells into TBR2-positive hippocampal intermediate progenitors (hpIPCs). We find that the gene networks active in hpIPCs are significantly different between humans and chimpanzees, with ∼2,500 genes differentially expressed. We demonstrate that species-specific transposon-derived enhancers contribute to these transcriptomic differences. Young transposons, predominantly Endogenous Retroviruses (ERVs) and SINE-Vntr-Alus (SVAs), were co-opted as enhancers in a species-specific manner. Human-specific SVAs provided substrates for thousands of novel TBR2 binding sites, and CRISPR-mediated repression of these SVAs attenuates the expression of ∼25% of the genes that are upregulated in human intermediate progenitors relative to the same cell population in the chimpanzee. Summary statement Evolution of human and chimpanzee hippocampal development was mediated by co-option of young retrotransposons into species-specific enhancers.","PeriodicalId":77105,"journal":{"name":"Development (Cambridge, England). Supplement","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77660267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Notch-dependent DNA cis-regulatory elements and their dose-dependent control of C. elegans stem cell self-renewal","authors":"Tina R Lynch, Mingyu Xue, Cazza W. Czerniak, ChangHwan Lee, J. Kimble","doi":"10.1101/2021.11.09.467950","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.11.09.467950","url":null,"abstract":"A long-standing biological question is how DNA cis-regulatory elements shape transcriptional patterns during metazoan development. The use of reporter constructs, cell culture and computational modeling has made enormous contributions to understanding this fundamental question, but analysis of regulatory elements in their natural developmental context is an essential but rarely used complement. Here, we edited Notch-dependent cis-regulatory elements in the endogenous C. elegans sygl-1 gene, which encodes a key stem cell regulator. We then analyzed the in vivo consequences of those mutations – on both gene expression (nascent transcripts, mRNA, protein) and stem cell maintenance. Mutation of a single element in a three-element homotypic cluster reduced expression as well as stem cell pool size by about half, while mutation of two elements essentially abolished them. We find that LBS number and LBS neighborhood are both important to activity: elements on separate chromosomes function additively, while elements in the same cluster act synergistically. Our approach of precise CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing coupled with quantitation of both molecular and biological readouts establishes a powerful model for in vivo functional analyses of DNA cis-regulatory elements. Summary statement Notch-dependent DNA cis-regulatory elements work together in their developmental context to shape a transcriptional gradient, control stem cell pool size, and govern differentiation onset.","PeriodicalId":77105,"journal":{"name":"Development (Cambridge, England). Supplement","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88305429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Separable mechanisms drive local and global polarity establishment in the Caenorhabditis elegans intestinal epithelium","authors":"M. Pickett, M. Sallee, Victor F. Naturale, Deniz Akpinaroglu, Joo Lee, K. Shen, J. Feldman","doi":"10.1101/2021.11.01.466827","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.11.01.466827","url":null,"abstract":"Apico-basolateral polarization is essential for epithelial cells to function as selective barriers and transporters, and to provide mechanical resiliency to organs. Epithelial polarity is established locally, within individual cells to establish distinct apical, junctional, and basolateral domains, and globally, within a tissue where cells coordinately orient their apico-basolateral axes. Using live imaging of endogenously tagged proteins and tissue specific protein depletion in the C. elegans embryonic intestine, we found that local and global polarity establishment are temporally and genetically separable. Local polarity is initiated prior to global polarity and is robust to perturbation. PAR-3 is required for global polarization across the intestine but is not required for local polarity establishment as small groups of cells are able to correctly establish polarized domains in PAR-3 depleted intestines in an HMR-1/E-cadherin dependent manner. Despite belonging to the same apical protein complex, we additionally find that PAR-3 and PKC-3/aPKC have distinct roles in the establishment and maintenance of local and global polarity. Together, our results indicate that different mechanisms are required for local and global polarity establishment in vivo. SUMMARY STATEMENT Live-imaging and intestine specific protein depletion reveal that apico-basolateral polarity establishment can be temporally and genetically separated at the local level of individual cells and globally, across a tissue.","PeriodicalId":77105,"journal":{"name":"Development (Cambridge, England). Supplement","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88033266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Loss of Prm1 leads to defective chromatin protamination, impaired PRM2 processing, reduced sperm motility and subfertility in male mice","authors":"G. Merges, J. Meier, S. Schneider, Alexander Kruse, Andreas C. Fröbius, K. Steger, Lena Arévalo, H. Schorle","doi":"10.1101/2021.10.29.466452","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.10.29.466452","url":null,"abstract":"One of the key events during spermiogenesis is the hypercondensation of chromatin by substitution of the majority of histones by protamines. In humans and mice, protamine 1 (PRM1/Prm1) and protamine 2 (PRM2/Prm2), are expressed in a species-specific ratio. Using CRISPR-Cas9-mediated gene editing we generated Prm1-deficient mice and demonstrate, that Prm1+/- mice are subfertile while Prm1-/- are infertile. Prm1-deficiency was associated with higher levels of 8-OHdG, an indicator for reactive oxygen mediated DNA-damage. While Prm1+/- males displayed moderate increased levels of 8-OHdG virtually all sperm of Prm1-/- males displayed ROS mediated DNA damage. Consequently, DNA integrity was slightly hampered in Prm1+/-, while DNA was completely fragmented in Prm1-/- animals. Interestingly CMA3 staining which indicates protamine-free DNA revealed, that Prm1+/- sperm displayed high levels (93%), compared to Prm2+/- (29%) and WT (2%) sperm. This is not due to increased histone retention as demonstrated by mass spectrometry (MassSpec) of nuclear proteins in Prm1+/- sperm. Further analysis of the MassSpec data from sperm nuclear proteome revealed, that only one protein (RPL31) is significantly higher abundant in Prm1+/- compared to WT sperm. Comparison of the proteome from Prm1-/- and Prm2-/- to WT suggested, that there are a small number of proteins which differ in abundance. However, their function was not linked mechanistically to primary defects seen in Prm1-/- mice and rather represent a general stress response. Interestingly, using acid urea gels we found that sperm from Prm1+/- and Prm1-/- mice contain a high level of unprocessed, full-length PRM2. Prm2 is transcribed as a precursor protein which, upon binding to DNA is successively processed. Further, the overall ratio of PRM1:PRM2 is skewed from 1:2 in WT to 1:5 in Prm1+/- animals. Our results reveal that Prm1 is required for proper processing of PRM2 to produce the mature PRM2 which, together with Prm1 is able to hypercondense DNA. Hence, the species specific PRM1:PRM2 ratio has to be precisely controlled in order to retain full fertility.","PeriodicalId":77105,"journal":{"name":"Development (Cambridge, England). Supplement","volume":"417 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84907042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}