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Enhancing tolerance to cold exposure--how successful have we been? 增强对寒冷暴露的耐受性——我们取得了多大的成功?
Arctic medical research Pub Date : 1995-01-01
J B Mercer
{"title":"Enhancing tolerance to cold exposure--how successful have we been?","authors":"J B Mercer","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The risk of accidental hypothermia is always present in persons living at high latitudes, with cold water immersion representing the most extreme challenge. While most of the effort concerned with protection against cold exposure has involved finding ways of decreasing heat loss by improving insulation some attempts have been made in finding ways of improving cold tolerance by modifying the thermoregulatory response to cold. The main strategies that have been used are: - thermal acclimation, physical exercise, dietary enhancement of thermogenesis, pharmacological enhancement of thermogenesis and manipulation of thermoregulatory set-point. This paper briefly reviews the success of these strategies. While none of the strategies examined have resulted in concrete methods which are routinely used to improve cold tolerance, it is concluded that the pharmacological enhancement of cold thermogenesis using ephedrine in combination with methylxanthine represents the most promising method for delaying the onset of hypothermia in humans.</p>","PeriodicalId":77012,"journal":{"name":"Arctic medical research","volume":"54 Suppl 2 ","pages":"70-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19866329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Proceedings from the symposium on Family Health in Circumpolar Regions. Ilulissat, Greenland, April 18-22, 1994. 极地地区家庭健康专题讨论会论文集。1994年4月18日至22日，格陵兰岛伊卢利萨特。
Arctic medical research Pub Date : 1995-01-01
{"title":"Proceedings from the symposium on Family Health in Circumpolar Regions. Ilulissat, Greenland, April 18-22, 1994.","authors":"","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":77012,"journal":{"name":"Arctic medical research","volume":"54 Suppl 1 ","pages":"1-121"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"18646135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Skolt Saami socialization with special reference to the traditional eco-culture and on-going changes. 斯科尔特萨米人的社会化特别涉及传统生态文化和正在发生的变化。
Arctic medical research Pub Date : 1995-01-01
L Seitamo
{"title":"Skolt Saami socialization with special reference to the traditional eco-culture and on-going changes.","authors":"L Seitamo","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The paper presents selected findings on socialization from a long-term psychological project conducted among the Skolt Saami living in the north of Finland. The data are based on participant observation, interviews (Schaefer's scale: school-aged children's perceptions of their parents, N = 64; and Block's Q-sorting method for their parents; interviews with almost all the adult Skolts; N approximately 500;) (1). The basic studies of the research project was carried out in 1967-74, and changes in socialization have been followed up in several phases later on. Comparisons are drawn with the majority culture of Northern Finland (61 children and their parents). Changes in ecology, economics and accultration have modified the roles of adult Skolts, affecting the men and women differently, and having repercussions for their paternal and maternal aspirations, power and influence. The changes were less confusing for the Skolt women than for the men whose role underwent a radical shift. Under these circumstances the wife was the head of the family, her responsibilities, power and influence increased. The developmental process in socialization has been characterized by a search for balance between the traditional life style and attitudes and the challenges and conflicts that arise from the culture and education of the majority.</p>","PeriodicalId":77012,"journal":{"name":"Arctic medical research","volume":"54 Suppl 1 ","pages":"33-41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"18643979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Drug prescription to children living in the Arctic. An investigation from Nuuk, Greenland. 给生活在北极的孩子开处方药。来自格陵兰岛努克的调查。
Arctic medical research Pub Date : 1995-01-01
B V Niclasen, S M Møller, R B Christensen
{"title":"Drug prescription to children living in the Arctic. An investigation from Nuuk, Greenland.","authors":"B V Niclasen,&nbsp;S M Møller,&nbsp;R B Christensen","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The prescription pattern to children living in an arctic environment (Nuuk, Greenland) is similar to the pattern seen in other countries e.g. Sweden, Norway or the US, but the prescription rate of both anti-infectives and the total number of drugs is 2-3 times larger. This may reflect differences both in socioeconomic factors, in disease patterns and in sickness rate in children living in the Arctic. Inuit children are known to have a disease pattern that partly differs from the one seen elsewhere. Most drugs were prescribed to the youngest children who also received less phenoxymethylpenicillin and more other anti-infectives. 2/3 of all drugs were prescribed during the winter (November to April). A small group of large scale consumers, 116 children or 7% of the children prescribed drugs, were prescribed anti-infective drugs 3 times or more and were prescribed more than 1/5 of all drugs to children in Nuuk in the year surveyed.</p>","PeriodicalId":77012,"journal":{"name":"Arctic medical research","volume":"54 Suppl 1 ","pages":"95-100"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"18644650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Cold and mortality from ischaemic heart disease in northern Finland. 芬兰北部的寒冷和缺血性心脏病的死亡率。
Arctic medical research Pub Date : 1995-01-01
S Näyhä, J Hassi
{"title":"Cold and mortality from ischaemic heart disease in northern Finland.","authors":"S Näyhä,&nbsp;J Hassi","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mortality from ischaemic heart disease (IHD) in northern Finland was examined on a regional basis, correlating that observed in the general male population with environmental temperature and individual risk factors (smoking, serum lipids and blood pressure) as available from a health survey of 571 rural men. The age-adjusted mortality from IHD increased by 5% (95 C.I. 1-9%) per 1 degree C decline in January mean temperature, but this finding was largely due to high mortality in a single commune (Kittilä). The probability that a subject was living in this high mortality area increased by a factor of 16 (95% C.I. 4-58) per 1 degree C decline in temperature and was 5-fold in smokers as compared with non-smokers. The findings conform with previous reports claiming that climate is one factor contributing to regional differences in IHD.</p>","PeriodicalId":77012,"journal":{"name":"Arctic medical research","volume":"54 Suppl 2 ","pages":"19-25"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19865127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The hand in the cold, performance and risk. 手在寒，业绩与风险同在。
Arctic medical research Pub Date : 1995-01-01
G Havenith, R Heus, H A Daanen
{"title":"The hand in the cold, performance and risk.","authors":"G Havenith,&nbsp;R Heus,&nbsp;H A Daanen","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>When a person is exposed to cold and his metabolic rate is insufficient to maintain a positive or neutral heat balance, the body will cool down. For the extremities this will result in a drastic reduction of blood flow, resulting in a so called \"physiological amputation\" with extremity cooling towards ambient temperature. The dexterity decrease observed with cold extremities is most likely caused by cooling of muscles and joints, and not by effects on receptors, nerve conduction or central effects. It is shown, that dexterity decreases can be described in terms of wind chill equivalent temperature and exposure time for a certain clothing and work configuration. Further, the risk of skin freezing and reduced dexterity due to touching cold objects can be described using the contact coefficient of the respective material and the contact time. This risk is modulated by metabolic rate and hand protection (gloves). Gloves drastically reduce cooling speed and freezing risk, but they also cause increased risks due to reduced dexterity due to glove thickness. For a general description of performance and risk of hand cold exposure in relation to climate and exposure time more data are needed.</p>","PeriodicalId":77012,"journal":{"name":"Arctic medical research","volume":"54 Suppl 2 ","pages":"37-47"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19865131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Investigation and management of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in Canadian Inuit: enhancing access to care. 加拿大因纽特人宫颈上皮内瘤变的调查和管理:提高护理的可及性。
Arctic medical research Pub Date : 1995-01-01
B Martin, W Smith, P Orr, F Guijon
{"title":"Investigation and management of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in Canadian Inuit: enhancing access to care.","authors":"B Martin,&nbsp;W Smith,&nbsp;P Orr,&nbsp;F Guijon","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) is a major cause of morbidity among Circumpolar women. Cervical cancer comprised 15% of all cancers in Canadian Inuit women from 1969-1988. The age standardized incidence for invasive cervical cancer in Canadian Inuit women is 3.1 times the rate in the general Canadian population. Management of CIN in women of remote Arctic regions has traditionally required multiple visits to specialized medical centres for diagnosis, therapy and follow-up. Such centralized care requires separation of women from their families, resulting in significant medical, emotional and economic costs for the patient, her family and community. In the Canadian Central Arctic, a program for the diagnosis and therapy of CIN has been established using colposcopy with loop electrosurgery, performed by a trained local family practitioner and visiting gynecologist. Early program evaluation has indicated reduction in medical expenditures due to travel costs, minimal procedure-related morbidity and discomfort, and improved patient satisfaction associated with reduced separation from family and community. It is hoped that the program design, which harnesses technology in order to provide improved care closer to home, will be applicable to other Circumpolar regions.</p>","PeriodicalId":77012,"journal":{"name":"Arctic medical research","volume":"54 Suppl 1 ","pages":"117-21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"18643975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Early mother-child relationship. The Copenhagen model of early preventive intervention towards mother-infant relationship disturbances. 早期的母子关系。对母婴关系障碍进行早期预防干预的哥本哈根模型。
Arctic medical research Pub Date : 1995-01-01
L Lier, M Gammeltoft, I J Knudsen
{"title":"Early mother-child relationship. The Copenhagen model of early preventive intervention towards mother-infant relationship disturbances.","authors":"L Lier,&nbsp;M Gammeltoft,&nbsp;I J Knudsen","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The development of interactive patterns in the first year of life has been studied in healthy mother-infant pairs and in infants whose mothers have psychiatric or psychosocial problems, interfering with their relation to the child. During the first 3 months a relationship develops in healthy mother-infant pairs characterized by an intimate interchange of signals and responses between mother and child. The baby develops a basic pattern of social relating. During the next months the baby begins to expect the mother to fulfil it's wishes and still the mother adapts to and supports the baby's expanding capacities and needs. A beginning sense of self and not-self develops. At 10-12 months the infant is able to move around trying to examine everything within range. At this age the infant senses that there exist other wills and minds than it's own. The child looks at the mother and reads her expressions for \"yes\", \"no\", and \"maybe\". The mother can stop or encourage her child by verbal and body signals. At 12-18 months the child has developed a secure attachment apt to protect the child against later adversities. The development during the first year of life may be seriously disturbed if the mother cannot adapt to and support the baby's signals and needs. Relationship disturbances in the first year of life may be related to maternal or infant problems: Low birth weight babies, irritable babies with low stimulus tolerance and babies with withdrawal reactions following maternal alcoholism or drug abuse during pregnancy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)</p>","PeriodicalId":77012,"journal":{"name":"Arctic medical research","volume":"54 Suppl 1 ","pages":"15-23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"18643977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Changing roles in Sami families--a case illustration. 萨米族家庭角色的转变——一个案例说明。
Arctic medical research Pub Date : 1995-01-01
V Stordahl
{"title":"Changing roles in Sami families--a case illustration.","authors":"V Stordahl","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>During the last 20-30 years the Sami society has undergone an accelerating process of change. A planned national policy to integrate the Samis into the Norwegian nation state making them \"equal members of our nation state\", has resulted in dramatic changes in the standard of living, the educational patterns, and the structure of settlement, occupation and industry. This process of change has dramatically changed the life situation of the Sami people. This paper will examine how these external macroprocesses have changed the role and responsibilities of the family and its members. Special consideration will be given to gender and generational aspects.</p>","PeriodicalId":77012,"journal":{"name":"Arctic medical research","volume":"54 Suppl 1 ","pages":"42-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"18643980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Mental disorders and conditions of life in childhood in Greenlanders. 格陵兰人儿童时期的精神障碍和生活状况。
Arctic medical research Pub Date : 1995-01-01
I Lynge
{"title":"Mental disorders and conditions of life in childhood in Greenlanders.","authors":"I Lynge","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A cohort of Greenlandic psychiatric patients, domiciled in Greenland and admitted for the first time to a psychiatric institution in 1980-84, has been analyzed and followed until 1991. In this part of the study their conditions in childhood were analyzed in relation to diagnoses. Failing care, disharmony and possible violence in the early home were associated with great risk of later personality disorders, whereas they were not associated with a neurotic development. No direct association was found with the structure of the early home, whether or not spending the whole childhood with both or one of the biological parents. It was the quality of the home(s) that mattered. For other diagnoses there was no clear association between conditions in childhood and occurrence of the diagnosis. But there was an astonishingly high prevalence of poor conditions in childhood in the total study population, especially among those younger than 35 years at first admission.</p>","PeriodicalId":77012,"journal":{"name":"Arctic medical research","volume":"54 Suppl 1 ","pages":"60-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"18644643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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