Archives of virology. Supplementum最新文献_第10页

Viroids and the nature of viroid diseases. 类病毒和类病毒疾病的性质。

Archives of virology. Supplementum Pub Date : 1999-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-6425-9_15

T O Diener

{"title":"Viroids and the nature of viroid diseases.","authors":"T O Diener","doi":"10.1007/978-3-7091-6425-9_15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6425-9_15","url":null,"abstract":"In its methodology, the unexpected discovery of the viroid in 1971 resembles that of the virus by Beijerinck some 70 years earlier. In either case, a novel type of plant pathogen was recognized by its ability to penetrate through a medium with pores small enough to exclude even the smallest previously known pathogen: bacteria as compared with the tobacco mosaic agent; viruses as compared with the potato spindle tuber agent. Interestingly, one of the two methods used by Beijerinck, diffusion of the tobacco mosaic agent into agar gels, is conceptually similar to one method used to establish the size of the potato spindle tuber agent, namely polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Further work demonstrated that neither agent is an unusually small conventional pathogen (a microbe in the case of the tobacco mosaic agent; a virus in the case of the potato spindle tuber agent), but that either agent represents the prototype of a fundamentally distinct class of pathogen, the viruses and the viroids, respectively. With the viroids, this distinction became evident once their unique molecular structure, lack of mRNA activity, and autonomous replication had become elucidated. Functionally, viroids rely to a far greater extent than viruses on their host's biosynthetic systems: Whereas translation of viral genetic information is essential for virus replication, viroids are totally dependent on their hosts' transcriptional system and, in contrast to viruses, no viroid-coded proteins are involved. Because of the viroids' simplicity and extremely small size they approach more closely even than viruses Beijerinck's concept of a contagium vivum fluidum.","PeriodicalId":77010,"journal":{"name":"Archives of virology. Supplementum","volume":"15 ","pages":"203-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/978-3-7091-6425-9_15","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21334419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 34

Pathogenic aspects of measles virus infections. 麻疹病毒感染的致病方面。

Archives of virology. Supplementum Pub Date : 1999-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-6425-9_10

S Schneider-Schaulies, V ter Meulen

{"title":"Pathogenic aspects of measles virus infections.","authors":"S Schneider-Schaulies, V ter Meulen","doi":"10.1007/978-3-7091-6425-9_10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6425-9_10","url":null,"abstract":"Measles virus (MV) infections normally cause an acute self limiting disease which is resumed by a virus-specific immune response and leads to the establishment of a lifelong immunity. Complications associated with acute measles can, on rare occasions, involve the central nervous system (CNS). These are postinfectious measles encephalitis which develops soon after infection, and, months to years after the acute disease, measles inclusion body encephalitis (MIBE) and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) which are based on a persistent MV infection of brain cells. Before the advent of HIV, SSPE was the best studied slow viral infection of the CNS, and particular restrictions of MV gene expression as well as MV interactions with neural cells have revealed important insights into the pathogenesis of persistent viral CNS infections. MV CNS complication do, however, not large contribute to the high rate of mortality seen in association with acute measles worldwide. The latter is due to a virus-induced suppression of immune functions which favors the establishment of opportunistic infections. Mechanisms underlying MV-mediated immunosuppression are not well understood. Recent studies have indicated that MV-induced disruption of immune functions may be multifactorial including the interference with cytokine synthesis, the induction of soluble inhibitory factors or apoptosis and negative signalling to T cells by the viral glycoproteins expressed on the surface of infected cells, particularly dendritic cells.","PeriodicalId":77010,"journal":{"name":"Archives of virology. Supplementum","volume":"15 ","pages":"139-58"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21333934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 35

Viruses and gene silencing in plants. 病毒与植物基因沉默

Archives of virology. Supplementum Pub Date : 1999-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-6425-9_14

D Baulcombe

引用次数: 151

The evolution of viruses, the emergence of viral diseases: a synthesis that Martinus Beijerinck might enjoy. 病毒的进化，病毒性疾病的出现:马提努斯·拜耶林克可能会喜欢这种综合。

Archives of virology. Supplementum Pub Date : 1999-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-6425-9_6

F A Murphy

{"title":"The evolution of viruses, the emergence of viral diseases: a synthesis that Martinus Beijerinck might enjoy.","authors":"F A Murphy","doi":"10.1007/978-3-7091-6425-9_6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6425-9_6","url":null,"abstract":"The relentless production of viral variants and their selection for improved \"fit\" are seen from the perspective of the infectious disease sciences as ever-changing viral phenotypes and emerging disease risks. In the Darwinian cause:effect equation, we can characterize very well the effects of mutation and selection--these are catalogued as new viral phenotypes or pathotypes. However, the selective forces themselves driving such changes remain rather mysterious. Many selective forces must be at work, acting on the virus, the host, the host population and the environment. In some instances the virus seems to test new unoccupied niches in the absence of any apparent environmental change, but usually it is clear that changes are driven by human activity. Most important must be the ever increasing density of human, domestic animal and crop plant populations and the consequent increased opportunities for transmission of viral variants. Also important must be the great changes affecting all ecosystems--these especially favor the emergence of new zoonotic viruses and viral \"species jumpers.\" The great increase in human travel and transport carries exotic viruses, vectors and hosts around the world, again favoring viral occupation of new niches. The rise of bioterrorism adds yet another threat. Increasing numbers of emerging viral disease episodes seem to be linked to a decline in global resources for proven public health programs, agricultural extension programs, and the like, programs that have stood in the way of the spread and evolution of viral pathogens. If the relationship between viral evolution and the emergence of new viral diseases is rooted firstly in the host and the host population, then more research and resources must be directed to intervention at these levels rather than at the level of the viruses themselves.","PeriodicalId":77010,"journal":{"name":"Archives of virology. Supplementum","volume":"15 ","pages":"73-85"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/978-3-7091-6425-9_6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21333930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Beijerinck's contribution to the virus concept--an introduction. Beijerinck 对病毒概念的贡献--简介。

Archives of virology. Supplementum Pub Date : 1999-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-6425-9_1

A van Kammen

{"title":"Beijerinck's contribution to the virus concept--an introduction.","authors":"A van Kammen","doi":"10.1007/978-3-7091-6425-9_1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/978-3-7091-6425-9_1","url":null,"abstract":"The existence of viruses was first recognized when certain pathogens were found to pass through filters that otherwise stop bacteria. Pasteur made such observations in 1887 with the pathogen of rabies, but he thought that the pathogen was a very subtle microbe. In 1886 Adolf Mayer studied the mosaic disease of tobacco plants. He was unable to observe the least trace of a microbe, but still assumed that the pathogen was a bacterium. In 1892 Iwanovsky demonstrated that tobacco mosaic was caused by an agent that passed through bacteria-proof filters but he insisted till the end of his life that the tobacco mosaic virus was a small bacterium. Similar observations were made by Loeffler and Frosch in 1898 on foot-and-mouth disease of cattle. Beijcrinck confirmed the filterability of tobacco mosaic virus but confirmed its properties in more detail and then, in 1898, firmly concluded that tobacco mosaic virus is not a microbe but a contagium vivum fluidum. His idea that a pathogen can be a soluble molecule that proliferates when it is part of the protoplasm of a living cell was revolutionary and new. This new concept has laid the foundation of virus research and directed further studies on the nature of viruses.","PeriodicalId":77010,"journal":{"name":"Archives of virology. Supplementum","volume":"15 ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/978-3-7091-6425-9_1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21333969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 6

The Prussian state and microbiological research--Friedrich Loeffler and his approach to the "invisible" virus. 普鲁士国家和微生物研究——弗里德里希·吕弗勒和他对“看不见的”病毒的研究方法。

Archives of virology. Supplementum Pub Date : 1999-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-6425-9_2

H P Schmiedebach

{"title":"The Prussian state and microbiological research--Friedrich Loeffler and his approach to the \"invisible\" virus.","authors":"H P Schmiedebach","doi":"10.1007/978-3-7091-6425-9_2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6425-9_2","url":null,"abstract":"When Loeffler took his first steps in the newly-emerging field of virology, the aim and the methods of his research activities were influenced by two different issues: 1) Loeffler was rooted in the scientific paradigm of bacteriology, but during the progress of his research on foot-and-mouth-disease (FMD) he recognized that the classical techniques derived from bacteriology were useless in identifying the agent of this disease. Thus he focussed on the properties of the pathogen and--though he could not find a method in order to visualize the 'virus'--he tried to develop a vaccine against the disease. 2) The Prussian Government was highly interested in effectively combatting FMD. In 1897 Loeffler was appointed by the Ministry of Cultural Affairs to the newly-established commission for exploring that disease. The agricultural lobbies and the public pursued the activities of the commission with a mixture of hope and serious scepticism and demanded convincing results. These circumstances caused a considerable degree of political pressure on Loeffler, pressure which determined that his research activities would take a pragmatic approach, that he would avoid sophisticated reflections and trials on the nature of the 'virus', and that his research strategies would have as a goal the development of an effective immunization.","PeriodicalId":77010,"journal":{"name":"Archives of virology. Supplementum","volume":"15 ","pages":"9-23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21333970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 9

Importance and impact of veterinary virology in Germany. 德国兽医病毒学的重要性和影响。

Archives of virology. Supplementum Pub Date : 1999-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-6425-9_5

M C Horzinek

引用次数: 1

Molecular epidemiology of African horse sickness virus based on analyses and comparisons of genome segments 7 and 10. 基于基因组第7段和第10段分析和比较的非洲马病病毒分子流行病学。

Archives of virology. Supplementum Pub Date : 1998-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-6823-3_20

S Zientara, C Sailleau, E Plateau, S Moulay, P P Mertens, C Crucière

{"title":"Molecular epidemiology of African horse sickness virus based on analyses and comparisons of genome segments 7 and 10.","authors":"S Zientara, C Sailleau, E Plateau, S Moulay, P P Mertens, C Crucière","doi":"10.1007/978-3-7091-6823-3_20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6823-3_20","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes a method to rapidly identify African horse sickness virus (AHSV), using a single tube reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR). This method was used to amplify cDNA copies of genome segments 7 and 10 from several different AHSV strains, of different serotypes, which were then analysed by sequencing and/or endonuclease digestion. AHSV VP7 (encoded by genome segment 7) is one of the two major capsid proteins of the inner capsid layer, forming the outer surface of the core particle. VP7 is highly conserved and is the major serogroup specific antigen common to all nine AHSV serotypes. Digestion of the 1179 bp cDNA with restriction enzymes, allowed differentiation of several strains of different serotypes and identified six distinct groups containing AHSV-1, 3, 6 and 8; AHSV-2; AHSV-4; AHSV-5; AHSV-7; and AHSV-9. Differences were detected between wild type viruses and vaccine strains that had been attenuated by multiple passage in suckling mouse brain or in tissue cultures. RFLP analysis was also used to study variation the 758 bp cDNA copies of AHSV genome segment 10, which encodes the two small non-structural membrane proteins NS3 and NS3a. In this way it was possible to distinguish each of the strains tested, except AHSV 4 (USDA) and AHSV 9 (USDA). However, these isolates could be distinguished by RFLP analysis of genome segment 7 cDNA. Using sequence analysis of genome segment 10 we were able to classify the virus isolates into three groups: AHSV-1, 2 and 8; AHSV-3 and 7; AHSV 4, 5, 6 and 9. These studies confirmed that the virus which first appeared in central Spain in July 1987, subsequently spread into northern Morocco in October 1989.","PeriodicalId":77010,"journal":{"name":"Archives of virology. Supplementum","volume":"14 ","pages":"221-34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20696926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 15

Validation of ELISA for the detection of African horse sickness virus antigens and antibodies. ELISA检测非洲马病病毒抗原和抗体的验证。

Archives of virology. Supplementum Pub Date : 1998-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-6823-3_27

C Rubio, M A Cubillo, H Hooghuis, J M Sanchez-Vizcaino, M Diaz-Laviada, E Plateau, S Zientara, C Crucière, C Hamblin

{"title":"Validation of ELISA for the detection of African horse sickness virus antigens and antibodies.","authors":"C Rubio, M A Cubillo, H Hooghuis, J M Sanchez-Vizcaino, M Diaz-Laviada, E Plateau, S Zientara, C Crucière, C Hamblin","doi":"10.1007/978-3-7091-6823-3_27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6823-3_27","url":null,"abstract":"The mortality rate in susceptible populations of horses during an epizootic of African horse sickness (AHS) may be in excess of 90%. Rapid and reliable assays are therefore essential for the confirmation of clinical diagnoses and to enable control strategies to be implemented without undue delay. One of the major objectives of a recent European Union funded project was the validation of newly developed diagnostic assays which are rapid, sensitive, highly reproducible and inexpensive, for the detection of African horse sickness virus (AHSV) antigens and antibodies. The Laboratorio de Sanidad y Produccion Animal (LSPA) in Algete, Spain was charged with the responsibility of co-ordinating and supplying samples of viruses and antisera to the participating laboratories in Spain, France and the United Kingdom. The panels comprised 76 antigen samples for assay by indirect sandwich ELISAs and 53 serum samples for antibody detection by either indirect or competitive ELISAs. Results generated by ELISA for each laboratory were analysed in LSPA in terms of their relative sensitivities and specificities. There was a good agreement between the ELISAs used for either antigen or antibody detection. The participating groups agreed that any field sample giving a doubtful result would always be retested by ELISA and an alternative assay.","PeriodicalId":77010,"journal":{"name":"Archives of virology. Supplementum","volume":"14 ","pages":"311-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20698056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 10

Use of reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and dot-blot hybridisation for the detection and identification of African horse sickness virus nucleic acids. 利用逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)和斑点杂交技术检测和鉴定非洲马病病毒核酸。

Archives of virology. Supplementum Pub Date : 1998-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-6823-3_28

S Zientara, C Sailleau, S Moulay, C Crucière, M el-Harrak, W W Laegreid, C Hamblin

{"title":"Use of reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and dot-blot hybridisation for the detection and identification of African horse sickness virus nucleic acids.","authors":"S Zientara, C Sailleau, S Moulay, C Crucière, M el-Harrak, W W Laegreid, C Hamblin","doi":"10.1007/978-3-7091-6823-3_28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6823-3_28","url":null,"abstract":"A coupled reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assay (RT-PCR) for the detection of African horse sickness virus (AHSV) dsRNA, has been developed using genome segment 7 as the target template for primers. RNA from isolates of all nine AHSV serotypes were readily detected. The potential inhibitory effects of either ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) or heparin on the RT-PCR were eliminated by washing blood samples before lysis of the red blood cells and storage. There was a close agreement in the sensitivity and the specificity of the RT-PCR and an indirect sandwich ELISA. Confirmation of the presence of AHSV using RT-PCR and dot-blot hybridization on blood samples collected from horses experimentally infected with AHSV serotype 4 (AHSV 4) and AHSV serotype 9 (AHSV 9), was achieved within 24 hours, compared to the period of several days required for virus isolation. The RT-PCR and virus isolation methods showed similar levels of sensitivity when used for the detection of AHSV in 3 horses infected with AHSV 4, and in 2 out of 3 horses infected with a less virulent isolate of AHSV 9. Although viraemia was detected in the third horse by virus isolation, from 6 to 14 days after infection, this animal remained consistently negative by RT-PCR. Conversely, AHSV viral RNA was detected by RT-PCR in the blood of 4 donkeys and 4 mules up to 55 days after their experimental infection despite the absence of any detectable infectious virus. RT-PCR is a sensitive and rapid method for detecting AHSV nucleic acids during either the incubation period at the start of an African horse sickness (AHS) epizootic, or for epidemiological investigations in species where clinical signs may be inapparent.","PeriodicalId":77010,"journal":{"name":"Archives of virology. Supplementum","volume":"14 ","pages":"317-27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20698057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 12