Josef Smolle, Armin Gerger, Wolfgang Weger, Heinz Kutzner, Michael Tronnier
{"title":"Tissue counter analysis of histologic sections of melanoma: influence of mask size and shape, feature selection, statistical methods and tissue preparation.","authors":"Josef Smolle, Armin Gerger, Wolfgang Weger, Heinz Kutzner, Michael Tronnier","doi":"10.1155/2002/141295","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2002/141295","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Tissue counter analysis is an image analysis tool designed for the detection of structures in complex images at the macroscopic or microscopic scale. As a basic principle, small square or circular measuring masks are randomly placed across the image and image analysis parameters are obtained for each mask. Based on learning sets, statistical classification procedures are generated which facilitate an automated classification of new data sets.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To evaluate the influence of the size and shape of the measuring masks as well as the importance of feature selection, statistical procedures and technical preparation of slides on the performance of tissue counter analysis in microscopic images. As main quality measure of the final classification procedure, the percentage of elements that were correctly classified was used.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>HE-stained slides of 25 primary cutaneous melanomas were evaluated by tissue counter analysis for the recognition of melanoma elements (section area occupied by tumour cells) in contrast to other tissue elements and background elements. Circular and square measuring masks, various subsets of image analysis features and classification and regression trees compared with linear discriminant analysis as statistical alternatives were used. The percentage of elements that were correctly classified by the various classification procedures was assessed. In order to evaluate the applicability to slides obtained from different laboratories, the best procedure was automatically applied in a test set of another 50 cases of primary melanoma derived from the same laboratory as the learning set and two test sets of 20 cases each derived from two different laboratories, and the measurements of melanoma area in these cases were compared with conventional assessment of vertical tumour thickness.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Square measuring masks were slightly superior to circular masks, and larger masks (64 or 128 pixels in diameter) were superior to smaller masks (8 to 32 pixels in diameter). As far as the subsets of image analysis features were concerned, colour features were superior to densitometric and Haralick texture features. Statistical moments of the grey level distribution were of least significance. CART (classification and regression tree) analysis turned out to be superior to linear discriminant analysis. In the best setting, 95% of melanoma tissue elements were correctly recognized. Automated measurement of melanoma area in the independent test sets yielded a correlation of r=0.846 with vertical tumour thickness (p<0.001), similar to the relationship reported for manual measurements. The test sets obtained from different laboratories yielded comparable results.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Large, square measuring masks, colour features and CART analysis provide a useful setting for the automated measurement of melanoma tissue in","PeriodicalId":76996,"journal":{"name":"Analytical cellular pathology : the journal of the European Society for Analytical Cellular Pathology","volume":"24 2-3","pages":"59-67"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2002/141295","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22124409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Michaela Aubele, Gert Auer, Herbert Braselmann, Jörg Nährig, Horst Zitzelsberger, Leticia Quintanilla-Martinez, Jan Smida, Axel Walch, Heinz Höfler, Martin Werner
{"title":"Chromosomal imbalances are associated with metastasis-free survival in breast cancer patients.","authors":"Michaela Aubele, Gert Auer, Herbert Braselmann, Jörg Nährig, Horst Zitzelsberger, Leticia Quintanilla-Martinez, Jan Smida, Axel Walch, Heinz Höfler, Martin Werner","doi":"10.1155/2002/820269","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2002/820269","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Multiple chromosomal imbalances have been identified in breast cancer using comparative genomic hybridization (CGH). Their association with the primary tumors' potential for building distant metastases is unknown. In this study we have investigated 39 invasive breast carcinomas with a mean follow-up period of 99 months (max. 193 months) by CGH to determine the prognostic value of chromosomal gains and losses. The mean number of chromosomal imbalances per tumor was 6.5+/-0.7 (range 2 to 18). The most frequent alterations identified in more than 1/3 of cases were gains on chromosomes 11q13, 12q24, 16, 17, and 20q, and losses on 2q and 13q. A significantly different frequency of chromosomal aberrations (p<or=0.05) was found between DNA-diploid and non-diploid tumors (gain on chromosome 17). Differences were also noted between tumors progressing to distant metastases within the period of follow-up and those which do not (gains on 11q13 and 12q24; loss on 12q). Significant univariate correlations (p<or=0.05) with the metastasis-free survival of patients were found for lymph node status, the cytometrical determined DNA ploidy (diploid/non-diploid) and anisokaryosis, and for DNA gains on 11q13, 12q24, 17, and 18p. An unexpected inverse correlation was found between clinical outcome and gains on 11q13 and 12q24. In multivariate analysis independent prognostic value, in addition to lymph node status, was found for chromosomal gains on 11q13, 12q24, 17 and 18p. Amplification on 20q, which did not correlate with metastasis-free survival in a univariate analysis, showed weak prognostic significance in combination with the nodal status. The prognostic value of chromosomal alterations - some of them by inverse correlation - suggests an interaction and/or compensation of the involved amplified genes and their effects on the occurrence of distant metastases in breast cancer patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":76996,"journal":{"name":"Analytical cellular pathology : the journal of the European Society for Analytical Cellular Pathology","volume":"24 2-3","pages":"77-87"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2002/820269","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22124886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Kristiansen, K. Schlüns, Y. Yongwei, M. Dietel, I. Petersen
{"title":"CD10 Expression in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer","authors":"G. Kristiansen, K. Schlüns, Y. Yongwei, M. Dietel, I. Petersen","doi":"10.1155/2002/781580","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2002/781580","url":null,"abstract":"CD10 is a cell surface endopeptidase that inactivates various potentially growth stimulatory peptides. In lung cancer cell lines this downregulation has been associated with increased proliferation. Downregulation of CD10 in lung cancer tissue is described, suggesting a potential role in carcinogenesis and a possible use of CD10 as a prognostic marker. We aimed to determine the rate of CD10 expression in our non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) collection and to clarify its correlation with clinicopathological parameters and patient survival. 114 NSCLC were analysed immunohistochemically using a monoclonal CD10 antibody (clone NCL‐CD10‐270) on an NSCLC tissue micro array. The staining was semiquantitatively scored. CD10 expression was observed in 19% of cases, without any significant association with tumour type, ‐size, ‐grading, nodal status, clinical stage, and patient survival time. We conclude that a diagnostic use of CD10 immunostaining in NSCLC is unlikely.","PeriodicalId":76996,"journal":{"name":"Analytical cellular pathology : the journal of the European Society for Analytical Cellular Pathology","volume":"1 1","pages":"41 - 46"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90407008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Motherby, N. Pomjanski, M. Kube, A. Boros, T. Heiden, B. Tribukait, A. Böcking
{"title":"Diagnostic DNA-Flow- vs. -Image-Cytometry in Effusion Cytology","authors":"H. Motherby, N. Pomjanski, M. Kube, A. Boros, T. Heiden, B. Tribukait, A. Böcking","doi":"10.1155/2002/840210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2002/840210","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: To determine the sensitivity and specificity of flow‐ and image‐cytometry for the detection of DNA‐aneuploidy as a marker for malignant cells in effusions. Methods: 200 effusions (80 tumor cell‐positive, 74 negative and 46 cytologically equivocal) were stained with DAPI‐SR for DNA‐flow‐ and with Feulgen‐Pararosaniline for ‐image‐cytometry. They were measured using a PAS‐flow‐cytometer and an AutoCyte‐QUIC‐DNA‐workstation according to the ESACP consensus reports for DNA‐flow‐ and ‐image‐cytometry, respectively [7,23,29,49]. Results: Sensitivity of DNA‐aneuploidy for the identification of malignant cells was 32.1% for DNA‐flow‐ and 75.0% for ‐image‐cytometry, specificity of ‐euploidy in benign cells was 100.0% for both methods. Positive predictive value of DNA‐aneuploidy for the identification of malignant cells was 100.0% for both techniques, negative predictive value of DNA‐euploidy was 48.6% for DNA‐flow‐ and 72.0% for ‐image‐cytometry. Conclusions: Searching for DNA‐aneuploidy as a diagnostic marker for neoplastic cells in serous effusions image‐cytometry revealed superior sensitivity as compared with monoparametric flow cytometry.","PeriodicalId":76996,"journal":{"name":"Analytical cellular pathology : the journal of the European Society for Analytical Cellular Pathology","volume":"22 1","pages":"5 - 15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78716849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pauline Wimberger, Peter Hillemanns, Thomas Kapsner, Hermann Hepp, Rainer Kimmig
{"title":"Evaluation of prognostic factors following flow-cytometric DNA analysis after cytokeratin labelling: II. Cervical and endometrial cancer.","authors":"Pauline Wimberger, Peter Hillemanns, Thomas Kapsner, Hermann Hepp, Rainer Kimmig","doi":"10.1155/2002/346969","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2002/346969","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In gynecologic oncology valid prognostic factors are necessary to define biologically similar subgroups for analysis of therapeutic efficacy. This study is the first published prospective study concerning prognostic significance of DNA ploidy and S-phase fraction in cervical and endometrial cancer following enrichment of tumor cells by cytokeratin labelling. Epithelial cells were labeled by FITC-conjugated cytokeratin antibody (CK 5, 6, 8, and CK 17) prior to flow cytometric cell cycle analysis in 91 specimens of cervical cancer and 73 samples of endometrial cancer. In cervical cancer neither DNA-ploidy nor S-phase fraction were relevant prognostic parameters. But CV of the G(0)G(1)-peak showed prognostic relevance in cervical cancer cells, even in multivariate analysis. This interesting observation, however, seems to have no therapeutic consequence due to the small discrimination capacity of CV. In endometrial carcinoma, gross DNA-aneuploidy (DNA-index > 1.3) and a high percentage of proliferating cells (>75th percentile) were univariate and multivariate highly significant prognostic factors for recurrence-free survival. Especially DNA-aneuploidy (DI>1.3) is one of the most important independent molecular biological prognostic factors. While diagnostic curettage we could identify risk patients even preoperatively by determination of the prognostic factors like histologic tumor type, grading, cervical involvement and DNA-ploidy. Thereby these patients could be treated primarily in an oncologic center. In conclusion, our investigations showed that the determination of DNA-ploidy should be done in endometrial carcinoma. In cervical cancer no clinical significance for determination of DNA-parameters was found.</p>","PeriodicalId":76996,"journal":{"name":"Analytical cellular pathology : the journal of the European Society for Analytical Cellular Pathology","volume":"24 4-5","pages":"147-58"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2002/346969","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22249038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Kimmig, P. Wimberger, T. Kapsner, P. Hillemanns
{"title":"Flow Cytometric DNA Analysis Using Cytokeratin Labeling for Identification of Tumor Cells in Carcinomas of the Breast and the Female Genital Tract","authors":"R. Kimmig, P. Wimberger, T. Kapsner, P. Hillemanns","doi":"10.1155/2001/746827","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2001/746827","url":null,"abstract":"Flow cytometric assessment of DNA‐ploidy and S‐phase fraction in malignant tumors is compromised by the heterogeneity of cell subpopulations derived from the malignant and surrounding connective tissue, e.g., tumor, stromal and inflammatory cells. To evaluate the effect on quality of DNA cell cycle analysis and determination of DNA ploidy, cytokeratin labeling of epithelial cells was used for tumor cell enrichment in breast, ovarian, cervical and endometrial cancer prior to DNA analysis. In a prospective study, tumor cell subpopulations of 620 malignant tumors were labeled by a FITC‐conjugated cytokeratin antibody (CK 5, 6, CK18 and CK 5, 6, 8 and CK 17, respectively) prior to flow cytometric cell cycle analysis. Compared to total cell analysis, detection rate of DNA‐aneuploid tumors following cytokeratin labeling was increased from 62% to 76.5% in breast cancer, from 68% to 77% in ovarian cancer, from 60% to 80% in cervical cancer and from 30% to 53% in endometrial cancer. Predominantly in DNA‐diploid tumors, a significantly improved detection of S‐phase fraction of the tumor cells was shown due to the elimination of contaminating nonproliferating “normal cells”. S‐phase fraction following tumor cell enrichment was increased by 10% (mean) following cytokeratin staining in ovarian and endometrial cancer, by 30% in breast cancer and even by 70% in cervical cancer compared to total cell analysis. Thus, diagnostic accuracy of DNA‐analysis was enhanced by cytokeratin labeling of tumor cells for all tumor entities investigated.","PeriodicalId":76996,"journal":{"name":"Analytical cellular pathology : the journal of the European Society for Analytical Cellular Pathology","volume":"50 1","pages":"165 - 178"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74449448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Biological Safety of Condom Material Can Be Determined Using an In Vitro Cell Culture System","authors":"N. Motsoane, E. Pretorius, M. Bester, P. Becker","doi":"10.1155/2001/172657","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2001/172657","url":null,"abstract":"Latex products have long been recognized as a cause of latex protein allergy. The increased usage of latex gloves, with the consequent increased occurrence of latex allergies appears to have escalated with increasing awareness of the transmission of HIV–AIDS and other infections. The use of condoms as a means to prevent the transmission of STD's (sexually transmitted diseases) and HIV–AIDS has been widely promoted. Although extensive testing is done to evaluate the physical quality of condoms, no information is available regarding the biological safety of condoms. This study was undertaken to determine the effects of short‐term exposure to physiological levels of condom surface material on cell viability (MTT assay) and cell growth (crystal violet assay). A direct contact cell culture testing method (FDA test method F813‐83 used to evaluate the cytotoxic potential of medical materials and devices) was used. The modified test method was found to be a sensitive test system for the evaluation of the biological safety of condoms. This study reveals the importance of evaluating the biological safety of all condoms that are commercially available, because of the potential health risk that may be associated with prolonged use of certain types of condoms.","PeriodicalId":76996,"journal":{"name":"Analytical cellular pathology : the journal of the European Society for Analytical Cellular Pathology","volume":"36 1","pages":"51 - 59"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79990152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gunter Haroske, J. Baak, H. Danielsen, F. Giroud, A. Gschwendtner, Martin Oberholzer, Albrecht Reith, P. Spieler, Alfred Böcking
{"title":"Fourth Updated ESACP Consensus Report on Diagnostic DNA Image Cytometry","authors":"Gunter Haroske, J. Baak, H. Danielsen, F. Giroud, A. Gschwendtner, Martin Oberholzer, Albrecht Reith, P. Spieler, Alfred Böcking","doi":"10.1155/2001/657642","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2001/657642","url":null,"abstract":"A task force of experts in the field of diagnostic DNA image cytometry, invited by the ESACP, and further scientists or physicians revealing experience in that diagnostic procedure (names are given in Addendum A), agreed upon the following 4th updated Consensus Report on Standardised Diagnostic DNA Image Cytometry during the 7th International Congress of that society in Caen, 2001. This report is based on the three preceding ones [6,14,17]. It deals with the following items: – Critical review and update of the definitions given in the 1997 Consensus Update; – Review and detailed description of basic terms, principles and algorithms for diagnostic interpretation; – Recommendations concerning diagnostic or prognostic applications in specific fields of tumour pathology. This update is not aimed to substitute the 1997 consensus, but to make necessary addenda and give more detailed descriptions of those items not unequivocally to interpret by potential users of the methodology.","PeriodicalId":76996,"journal":{"name":"Analytical cellular pathology : the journal of the European Society for Analytical Cellular Pathology","volume":"285 1","pages":"89 - 95"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76869424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Ovarian Carcinoma and Serous Effusions. Changing Views Regarding Tumor Progression and Review of Current Literature","authors":"B. Davidson","doi":"10.1155/2001/418547","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2001/418547","url":null,"abstract":"Carcinoma of the ovary is the leading cause of death from gynecological cancer in western countries. Ovarian carcinoma is commonly associated with the accumulation of fluid containing malignant cells in the peritoneal, and not infrequently in the pleural cavity. The differentiation of these cells from reactive mesothelial cells is at times difficult. In addition, tumor progression in ovarian carcinoma and the biological characteristics of carcinoma cells in effusions compared to their counterparts in solid tumors are poorly understood. This review details the current knowledge regarding diagnostic and biologic aspects of effusion cytology, with emphasis on ovarian carcinoma. Results from our first studies of effusions are subsequently presented. These attempt to address several issues. First, to improve the diagnostic ability to detect cancer cells in effusions using antibodies designed for the differentiation of epithelial cells from mesothelial cells. Secondly, to study genotypic and phenotypic differences between ovarian carcinoma cells in effusions, solid primary tumors and metastatic lesions, as well as to compare malignant cells in peritoneal and pleural effusions. These studies of carbohydrate antigens, E‐cadherin complex and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) attempted to evaluate whether ovarian carcinoma cells in effusions possess true metastatic properties, or are similar to the cells in primary tumors, thereby merely representing the result of a shedding process. Finally, the prognostic role of these molecules was studied in solid tumors from a patient cohort consisting of long‐ and short‐term survivors, followed for up to 20 years. Figure 1 on http://www.esacp.org/acp/2001/23‐3,4/davidson.htm.","PeriodicalId":76996,"journal":{"name":"Analytical cellular pathology : the journal of the European Society for Analytical Cellular Pathology","volume":"37 1","pages":"107 - 128"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87172108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Y. van Hensbergen, S. L. Luykx‐de Bakker, D. Heideman, G. Meijer, H. Pinedo, P. V. van Diest
{"title":"Rapid Stereology Based Quantitative Immunohistochemistry of Dendritic Cells in Lymph Nodes: A Methodological Study","authors":"Y. van Hensbergen, S. L. Luykx‐de Bakker, D. Heideman, G. Meijer, H. Pinedo, P. V. van Diest","doi":"10.1155/2001/483019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2001/483019","url":null,"abstract":"This study was done to arrive at a fast and reliable protocol for assessment of fractional volumes of immunohistochemically stained dendritic cells in lymph nodes. Twenty axillary lymph nodes of patients with locally advanced breast cancer were immuno‐histochemically stained with an S100 antibody. Fractional volumes of dendritic cells were assessed by stereology based quantitative immunohistochemistry using an interactive video overlay system including an automated microscope. The gold standard percentage of dendritic cells was the fractional volume of S100 stained cells in 500 fields systematically spread over the whole lymph node. Then, in a computer simulation, different sample sizes (1–200 fields of vision) were tested and the coefficient of variation (CV) for each sample size was calculated. The CV dropped with increasing sample size. A sample size of 100 fields of vision appeared to be optimal. Intra‐ and interobserver reproducibility appeared to be good (correlation coefficients of 0.95 and 0.86, respectively) when re‐analyzing the cases with the established protocol. In conclusion, a fast and reliable assessment of the fractional volume of dendritic cells in lymph nodes is possible with semi‐automated quantitative immuno‐histochemistry. This method will form the base for further clinical studies into the immunological response in lymph nodes of patients with locally advanced breast cancer.","PeriodicalId":76996,"journal":{"name":"Analytical cellular pathology : the journal of the European Society for Analytical Cellular Pathology","volume":"47 1","pages":"143 - 149"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87566674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}