Alcohol and alcoholism (Oxford, Oxfordshire). Supplement最新文献

{"title":"Social inequalities in alcohol consumption and alcohol-related problems in the study countries of the EU concerted action 'Gender, Culture and Alcohol Problems: a Multi-national Study'.","authors":"Kim Bloomfield,&nbsp;Ulrike Grittner,&nbsp;Stephanie Kramer,&nbsp;Gerhard Gmel","doi":"10.1093/alcalc/agl073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agl073","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aims: </strong>We investigated the presence of social inequalities of alcohol use and misuse using educational attainment as an indicator of socio-economic status in 15 countries: Sweden, Norway, Finland, Germany, The Netherlands, Switzerland, Hungary, the Czech Republic, Israel, Brazil, and Mexico.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Study surveys were independently conducted and the data centrally analysed. Most samples were national. Survey modes and sample sizes varied. The age range was restricted to between 25 and 59 years of age. Socio-economic status was measured by educational level. Multiple logistic regressions were employed to calculate age-adjusted odds ratios for men and women in each country by educational level for current drinking status, heavy drinking (>or=20 g ethanol per day for women, >or=30 g a day for men), heavy episodic (binge) drinking, and alcohol-related problems (using AUDIT).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Men and women demonstrated similar patterns in inequalities with regard to current drinking status within a country. In Germany, The Netherlands, France, Switzerland, and Austria higher educated women were most likely to drink heavily, while among men the lower educated were more at risk in most countries. For heavy episodic drinking, almost no significant differences were evident among women, but for men a social gradient was observable with lower educated being more at risk in several countries. Among five countries with data from the AUDIT, men of lower education in Finland, Czech Republic, and Hungary had higher risks to report problems. Nordic countries shared a common pattern in social inequalities as did two Latin American countries, while a mixed picture was observed for middle European countries. Social inequalities in the two Latin American countries display a pattern emerging in other research on developing countries: namely that those in the higher educated groups are more likely to consume alcohol in a risky manner.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Patterns in the distribution of social inequalities are not universal. Social inequalities in alcohol use differ by gender according to alcohol measure used and differ also across groups of countries. These variations should be taken into account when formulating international and cross-cultural alcohol policies.</p>","PeriodicalId":7689,"journal":{"name":"Alcohol and alcoholism (Oxford, Oxfordshire). Supplement","volume":"41 1","pages":"i26-36"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/alcalc/agl073","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26299889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gender and cultural differences in the association between family roles, social stratification, and alcohol use: a European cross-cultural analysis.","authors":"Sandra Kuntsche,&nbsp;Gerhard Gmel,&nbsp;Ronald A Knibbe,&nbsp;Hervé Kuendig,&nbsp;Kim Bloomfield,&nbsp;Stephanie Kramer,&nbsp;Ulrike Grittner","doi":"10.1093/alcalc/agl074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agl074","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aims: </strong>First, this paper investigates (i) gender differences in associations of social stratification, family roles, and heavy drinking, and (ii) country differences in these associations. Second, it seeks to explain country differences in the associations of social stratification and family roles with alcohol consumption by societal level variables.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Survey data of 25 to 49-years-old from eight European countries were used. Logistic regressions were used to analyse gender differences in the association between family roles (marriage, having children), social stratification (education, employment), and heavy drinking (>20 g/day for women; 30 g/day for men). Gender differences were tested by means of interactions between gender and social stratification/family roles. Structural measures of work desirability, social welfare, and gender equity were used to explain differences in associations across countries.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The associations between social stratification, family roles, and heavy drinking varied across gender and countries. A country's social welfare system was associated with heavy drinking only among women. Women in countries with a strong social welfare system, such as Nordic countries, tended to drink more heavily if employed, having lower formal education, and a non-traditional family role. In countries with weak social welfare systems or work desirability, heavy drinking was associated with high education, while effects of family roles and employment were small.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>It appeared that the social welfare system and gender equity of a country determines to a large extent how education, employment, and family roles are associated with heavy drinking.</p>","PeriodicalId":7689,"journal":{"name":"Alcohol and alcoholism (Oxford, Oxfordshire). Supplement","volume":"41 1","pages":"i37-46"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/alcalc/agl074","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26299893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ESBRA 2005. Abstracts of the 10th Congress of the European Society for Biomedical Research on Alcoholism, Canterbury, United Kingdom, 4-7 September 2005.","authors":"","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7689,"journal":{"name":"Alcohol and alcoholism (Oxford, Oxfordshire). Supplement","volume":"40 1","pages":"i1-63"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25606189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Korsakoff's psychosis in Scotland: evidence for increased prevalence and regional variation.","authors":"I. Smith, Ciara Flanigan","doi":"10.1093/ALCALC/35.SUPPLEMENT_1.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ALCALC/35.SUPPLEMENT_1.8","url":null,"abstract":"Surveys of new long-stay mental hospital patients in Scotland find that 9% have a diagnosis of alcohol-related brain damage, mainly Korsakoff's psychosis (KP), whereas the rate was 5% in the old long-stay patients. The national hospital database shows a rise in rates of KP in figures for discharge diagnosis and for diagnosis of hospital residents during the past three decades. There is an argument for more specialized provision given the significance of this group of patients.","PeriodicalId":7689,"journal":{"name":"Alcohol and alcoholism (Oxford, Oxfordshire). Supplement","volume":"30 1","pages":"8-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85853180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome in head injury: a missed insult.","authors":"R. K. Ferguson, I. Soryal, B. Pentland","doi":"10.1093/ALCALC/35.SUPPLEMENT_1.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ALCALC/35.SUPPLEMENT_1.16","url":null,"abstract":"A survey of the use of thiamine in patients at risk from Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (WKS) in Scottish specialist neurosurgical units, and a 2-year retrospective study of 218 at-risk patients admitted to a regional neurosurgical unit with a head injury were undertaken. Although responses to the survey indicated otherwise, the study revealed that there was no consistent practice regarding thiamine administration. Overall, 20.6% of patients received thiamine, with an alcohol history being the only factor correlating with thiamine administration. Of known alcoholics and heavy drinkers, 56.1% and 26.2% respectively received thiamine as in-patients; 44.5% of patients received additional carbohydrate loads in the form of i.v. dextrose or parenteral nutrition, but only 28.9% of these received thiamine as well. Although the actual thiamine status of these patients was not known, given the difficulties of diagnosing WKS in the presence of a head injury, the conclusion is that written protocols are needed in units to ensure that head injury patients at risk of WKS receive appropriate thiamine treatment or prophylaxis.","PeriodicalId":7689,"journal":{"name":"Alcohol and alcoholism (Oxford, Oxfordshire). Supplement","volume":"44 1","pages":"16-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80759815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome and the use of brain imaging.","authors":"Pramod Jauhar, D. Montaldi","doi":"10.1093/ALCALC/35.SUPPLEMENT_1.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ALCALC/35.SUPPLEMENT_1.21","url":null,"abstract":"The proportion of patients with Korsakoff psychosis (KP) who have a history of Wernicke's encephalopathy is smaller in recent studies compared to previous studies. Neuropsychological tests, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and single photon emission computed tomography were conducted in eight patients with KP, only four of whom had had a documented Wernicke episode. All subjects showed amnesia without intellectual deterioration. MRI abnormalities were seen in each group to the same extent (atrophy of mammillary bodies, to a less extent thalamus and some generalized gyral atrophy). No MRI measure differentiated the groups. Cerebral blood flow showed reduction of flow to the anterior temporal regions bilaterally, extending to the parietal lobes, to the same degree in each group. Despite the small number of patients examined, the study supports the belief that patients with an insidious onset of KP have the same pathology as those with classical Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. This raises the question of whether episodes of alcohol withdrawal without adequate thiamine protection result in occasionally subclinical Wernicke's events, followed by a subsequently diagnosable KP.","PeriodicalId":7689,"journal":{"name":"Alcohol and alcoholism (Oxford, Oxfordshire). Supplement","volume":"1 1","pages":"21-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81077143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevention and treatment of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.","authors":"C. Cook","doi":"10.1093/ALCALC/35.SUPPLEMENT_1.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ALCALC/35.SUPPLEMENT_1.19","url":null,"abstract":"Wernicke's encephalopathy (WE) is both common and associated with high morbidity and mortality and yet there is evidence that appropriate and effective prophylaxis and treatment are often not given. Effective treatment and prophylaxis may only be achieved by use of parenteral vitamin supplements, since oral supplements are not absorbed in significant amounts. Although there are rare anaphylactoid reactions associated with the use of parenteral thiamine preparations, the risks and consequences of inadequate prophylaxis and treatment, in appropriately targeted groups of patients, are far greater. It is therefore proposed that all in-patient alcohol withdrawal should be covered by prophylactic use of parenteral thiamine, that there should be a low threshold for making a presumptive diagnosis of WE, and that there is a need for guidelines to assist physicians in appropriate management of this common clinical problem.","PeriodicalId":7689,"journal":{"name":"Alcohol and alcoholism (Oxford, Oxfordshire). Supplement","volume":"52 1","pages":"19-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74000867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alcohol-related brain damage--the concerns of the Mental Welfare Commission.","authors":"A. Jacques","doi":"10.1093/ALCALC/35.SUPPLEMENT_1.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ALCALC/35.SUPPLEMENT_1.11","url":null,"abstract":"Scottish mental health legislation permits 'guardianship' for certain mentally impaired individuals, which imposes a requirement on place of residence, access and attendance at specified services for treatment and rehabilitation. The use of guardianship for alcohol-related brain damage increased steeply in the years 1993-1998. Possible explanations include: (1) increased prevalence or diagnosis of these conditions; (2) reduction of hospital beds; (3) a trend towards diminishing family and social support; (4) increased social work involvement in caring for such individuals; (5) increased consideration of the use of guardianship; (6) new private residential services; (7) lack of interest in the condition by existing services. There have been legal and clinical concerns about such individuals under guardianship relating to quality of ongoing clinical assessment, need for specific treatment and for the management of associated psychiatric illness, issues over control of drinking and control of personal finances, uncertainty over the use of restraint, and need for programmes helping the individual's progress towards independent living.","PeriodicalId":7689,"journal":{"name":"Alcohol and alcoholism (Oxford, Oxfordshire). Supplement","volume":"25 1","pages":"11-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82876810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanisms of vitamin deficiency in chronic alcohol misusers and the development of the Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.","authors":"A. Thomson","doi":"10.1093/ALCALC/35.SUPPLEMENT_1.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ALCALC/35.SUPPLEMENT_1.2","url":null,"abstract":"The classic signs of vitamin deficiency only occur in states of extreme depletion and are unreliable indicators for early treatment or prophylaxis of alcoholic patients at risk. Post-mortem findings demonstrate that thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency sufficient to cause irreversible brain damage is not diagnosed ante mortem in 80-90% of these patients. The causes of vitamin deficiency are reviewed with special attention to the inhibition of oral thiamine hydrochloride absorption in man caused by malnutrition present in alcoholic patients or by the direct effects of ethanol on intestinal transport. As the condition of the patient misusing alcohol progresses, damage to brain, liver, gastrointestinal tract, and pancreas continue (with other factors discussed) to further compromise the patient. Decreased intake, malabsorption, reduced storage, and impaired utilization further reduce the chances of unaided recovery. Failure of large oral doses of thiamine hydrochloride to provide an effective treatment for Wernicke's encephalopathy emphasizes the need for adequate and rapid replacement of depleted brain thiamine levels by repeated parenteral therapy in adequate doses.","PeriodicalId":7689,"journal":{"name":"Alcohol and alcoholism (Oxford, Oxfordshire). Supplement","volume":"30 1","pages":"2-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88111890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Consensus Conference on the Neuropharmacology of Alcohol Dependence and the Role of Pharmacotherapy in its Treatment. Amsterdam, The Netherlands, September 16-17, 1994.","authors":"","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7689,"journal":{"name":"Alcohol and alcoholism (Oxford, Oxfordshire). Supplement","volume":"31 1","pages":"1-87"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20922579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}