Zeitschrift fur Psychologie mit Zeitschrift fur angewandte Psychologie最新文献_第2页

[Integration of prior knowledge in speech comprehension in relation to age]. [言语理解中与年龄相关的先验知识的整合]。

Zeitschrift fur Psychologie mit Zeitschrift fur angewandte Psychologie Pub Date : 1995-01-01

R Beyer, T Guthke, B Thiele

{"title":"[Integration of prior knowledge in speech comprehension in relation to age].","authors":"R Beyer, T Guthke, B Thiele","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"In a first study we confirm the general evidence concerning the influence of implicit knowledge structures on sentence and text comprehension. In addition the results suggest a differentiation in the availability of prior knowledge. The level of activation is dependent on the type of semantic relations between prior knowledge and the explicit sentence information. This result can be explained by a theoretical framework in which different levels of cognitive effort can be related to activation or production of such relations. The main point of our second experiment is to prove the influence of aging on the process of knowledge integration mentioned above. We compared the results of a subject group of young (25 years) with old adults (75 years) in a recognition task. The experimental data support a slowdown for primarily sensorical and motorical and nonlexical components for the higher age group but they do not confirm a deficit in the critical process of knowledge integration. Finally we discuss a differentiation of such integration procedures dependent on demand of memory capacities (activation vs. operations) and the advantage of such a classification on identification of specific cognitive deficits.","PeriodicalId":76858,"journal":{"name":"Zeitschrift fur Psychologie mit Zeitschrift fur angewandte Psychologie","volume":"203 4","pages":"361-78"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"18491204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

[Cognitive capacity in advanced age: initial results of the Berlin Aging Study]. [老年认知能力:柏林老龄化研究的初步结果]。

Zeitschrift fur Psychologie mit Zeitschrift fur angewandte Psychologie Pub Date : 1995-01-01

U Lindenberger, P B Baltes

{"title":"[Cognitive capacity in advanced age: initial results of the Berlin Aging Study].","authors":"U Lindenberger, P B Baltes","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"This study reports data on intellectual functioning in old and very old age from the Berlin Aging Study (N = 516; age range = 70-103 years; mean age = 85 years). A psychometric battery of 14 tests was used to assess five cognitive abilities: reasoning, memory, and perceptual speed from the broad fluid-mechanical as well as knowledge and fluency from the broad crystallized-pragmatic domains. Cognitive abilities had a negative linear relationship with age, with more pronounced age-based reductions in fluid-mechanical than crystallized-pragmatic abilities. At the same time, ability intercorrelations formed a highly positive manifold, and did not follow the fluid-crystallized distinction. Interindividual variability was of about equal magnitude across the entire age range studied. There was, however, no evidence for substantial sex differences. As to origins of individual differences, indicators of sensory and sensorimotor functioning were more powerful predictors of intellectual functioning than cultural-biographical variables, and the two sets of predictors were, consistent with theoretical expectations, differentially related to measures of fluid-mechanical (perceptual speed) and crystallized pragmatic (knowledge) functioning. Results, in general indicative of sizeable and general losses with age, are consistent with the view that aging-induced biological influences are a prominent source of individual differences in intellectual functioning in old and very old age. Longitudinal follow-ups are underway to examine the role of cohort effects, selective mortality, and interindividual differences in change trajectories.","PeriodicalId":76858,"journal":{"name":"Zeitschrift fur Psychologie mit Zeitschrift fur angewandte Psychologie","volume":"203 4","pages":"283-317"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"18491201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

On two-wave measurement of individual change and initial value dependence. 论个体变化的两波测量与初值依赖性。

Zeitschrift fur Psychologie mit Zeitschrift fur angewandte Psychologie Pub Date : 1994-01-01

T Raykov

引用次数: 0

[System analysis of social motivation III: An estimation study of security and arousal regulation in adolescence]. 社会动机的系统分析III:青少年安全感与觉醒调节的估计研究。

Zeitschrift fur Psychologie mit Zeitschrift fur angewandte Psychologie Pub Date : 1994-01-01

H Gubler, M Paffrath, N Bischof

引用次数: 0

[Self object and interpersonal emotions. Identification of own mirror image, empathy and prosocial behavior in the 2nd year of life]. 自我客体与人际情感。2岁儿童自我镜像识别、共情和亲社会行为[j]。

Zeitschrift fur Psychologie mit Zeitschrift fur angewandte Psychologie Pub Date : 1994-01-01

D Bischof-Köhler

{"title":"[Self object and interpersonal emotions. Identification of own mirror image, empathy and prosocial behavior in the 2nd year of life].","authors":"D Bischof-Köhler","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"This paper deals with the development of empathy during the second year of life. Empathy is defined as understanding another person's emotional state by vicariously sharing this state. In contemporary discussion, empathy is not clearly distinguished from emotional contagion, in which the Subject is indistinctly incorporated into the other person's mood. Most authors must therefore stipulate additional cognitive mechanisms, such as perspective taking, or even a theory of mind, to supply the empathic observer with the insight that it is, and remains, another person's emotional state which he shares. Contrary to this notion, the present paper proposes that insight is mediated by the particular quality of the empathical response itself and that self-objectification is the only relevant precondition of empathy, since it allows drawing a clearcut distinction between the emotional domains of self and other. Since self-objectification is also responsible for recognizing oneself in a mirror, empathy should emerge simultaneously with self-recognition. This was tested in an investigation on 36 girls and boys aged 14 to 22 months. In two separate sessions the subjects underwent a \"rouge test\" for self-recognition and were confronted with a person in need, who demonstrated grief. Empathy was operationalized by prosocial interventions. The study replicates the results of a previous investigation (Bischof-Köhler, 1988, 1991) with a modified empathy-eliciting situation. In both experiments, only those Subjects who recognized themselves tried to help, whereas non-recognizers stayed indifferent.","PeriodicalId":76858,"journal":{"name":"Zeitschrift fur Psychologie mit Zeitschrift fur angewandte Psychologie","volume":"202 4","pages":"349-77"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"18817968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

[Individual differences in solving spatial problems of the IST and IST-70 subtest on "cube problems"]. [IST和IST-70“立方体问题”子测试空间问题解决的个体差异]。

Zeitschrift fur Psychologie mit Zeitschrift fur angewandte Psychologie Pub Date : 1994-01-01

O Köller, J Rost, M Köller

{"title":"[Individual differences in solving spatial problems of the IST and IST-70 subtest on \"cube problems\"].","authors":"O Köller, J Rost, M Köller","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"Spatial ability is one of the primary mental abilities which has been subject of many empirical studies--especially in the factor analytical research. Analysing the mental processes when solving space tasks, e. g. by means of retrospective verbal reports, two different strategies can be distinguished. The first strategy (called \"holistical\" strategy) can be described as a mental rotation of the given stimulus, the second one (called \"analytical\" strategy) is characterised by nontransformal mental processes, e. g. pattern matching processes. In order to identify those different strategies, test items are required, which have different solution probabilities when being solved with different strategies. The \"cube tasks\" of the IST and IST-70 by Amthauer (1953, 1970) are of this type, as Putz-Osterloh (1977) has found in an experiment. The hypothesis of individual differences in solving space tasks was tested in two different samples. First the \"cube tasks\" of the IST-70 were administrated to 264 applicants for the pilot job. Data analyses using the mixed-Rasch-model (Rost, 1990) confirmed the hypothesis of an \"analytical\" and \"holistical\" strategy. In the second study 2558 pupils of the 7th grade were tested with the \"cube tasks\" of the IST. A latent class analysis of their response patterns revealed basically the \"holistical\" and \"analytical\" strategy and, in addition, four strategies which can be explained by motivational factors.","PeriodicalId":76858,"journal":{"name":"Zeitschrift fur Psychologie mit Zeitschrift fur angewandte Psychologie","volume":"202 1","pages":"65-85"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19045811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Response force and reaction time in a simple reaction task under time pressure. 时间压力下简单反应任务的反应力与反应时间。

Zeitschrift fur Psychologie mit Zeitschrift fur angewandte Psychologie Pub Date : 1994-01-01

P Jaśkowski, R Verleger, E Wascher

引用次数: 0

[A class of information integration models for the Oppel-Kundt illusion]. Oppel-Kundt错觉的一类信息集成模型。

Zeitschrift fur Psychologie mit Zeitschrift fur angewandte Psychologie Pub Date : 1994-01-01

E Erdfelder, F Faul

{"title":"[A class of information integration models for the Oppel-Kundt illusion].","authors":"E Erdfelder, F Faul","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"Oppel (1860/1861) first described the phenomenon that an equidistantly divided line usually looks longer than an undivided line of equal length (Oppel-Kundt illusion, OKI). The present paper begins with a discussion of the Hering-Kundt hypothesis (HKH) of the OKI. The HKH comprises two assumptions: (1) An assumption concerning the perceptual integration of the length of a single part of the divided line and the number of such parts; (2) an assumption about the psychophysical function of line length. There is no doubt that the HKH is empirically not tenable. However, nothing is known about the validity of the perceptual integration assumption when considered in isolation. It is shown that the HKH can be conceived as a special case of a more general information-integration model. According to this model, the subjective total length of a divided line is equal to the subjective length of one part of the line multiplied by the subjective number of parts. Two experiments with a total of 15 subjects are reported. The model is shown to be valid without any exception. On the background of these results published data on the OKI are re-analyzed, looking at whether they contain information about the psychophysical function for line length. It is shown that certain qualitative aspects of these data are inconsistent with a power function hypothesis while, at the same time, being compatible with a logarithmic (Fechner-) function.","PeriodicalId":76858,"journal":{"name":"Zeitschrift fur Psychologie mit Zeitschrift fur angewandte Psychologie","volume":"202 2","pages":"133-60"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"18936592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

[Elementary processes of information acquisition in reading]. 阅读中信息获取的基本过程。

Zeitschrift fur Psychologie mit Zeitschrift fur angewandte Psychologie Pub Date : 1994-01-01

R Radach

引用次数: 0

[Comparison of polarity profiles by novelty filters]. [用新颖滤波器比较极性分布]。

Zeitschrift fur Psychologie mit Zeitschrift fur angewandte Psychologie Pub Date : 1994-01-01

R Höger

引用次数: 0