American Journal of Law & Medicine最新文献

{"title":"The Rise, Fall, and Resurrection of Public Health Law.","authors":"Wendy E Parmet","doi":"10.1017/amj.2025.11","DOIUrl":"10.1017/amj.2025.11","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This essay reflects upon the last thirty-five years of public health law. Part One begins by discussing the growth and maturation of the field of public health law since the 1980s. Part Two examines current challenges facing public health law, focusing on those posed by the conservative legal movement and a judiciary that is increasingly skeptical of efforts to use law to improve health and mitigate health inequities. Part Three discusses potential responses to the increasingly perilous judicial climate, including thoughts that emerged from a convening held on the subject by the Act for Public Health Partnership in May 2024.</p>","PeriodicalId":7680,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Law & Medicine","volume":"50 3-4","pages":"279-293"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143690360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experiential Learning in Global Health: Engaging with Multilateral Institutions in an Age of Rights Regression.","authors":"Caroline Diamond, Laura Ferguson, Sofia Gruskin","doi":"10.1017/amj.2025.9","DOIUrl":"10.1017/amj.2025.9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Experiential learning opportunities are recognized to help students put classroom discussions into practice, build new peer networks, and challenge their own preconceptions about the roles of global structures and systems to advance health and wellbeing. After a pandemic-related hiatus, the University of Southern California Institute on Inequalities in Global Health returned to Geneva, Switzerland with students for two weeks at the time of the 2024 World Health Assembly to learn and engage with how global health governance plays out on an international stage. We brought eleven passionate and engaged USC Master's in Public Health (MPH) students whose interests covered a range of issues, including child and maternal nutrition, sexual and reproductive health and rights in conflict settings, mental health, and noncommunicable diseases, among many other topics. We spent two weeks meeting with inter-governmental organizations, international advocacy organizations, United Nations agencies, and joint funded programs, and our students built their own event schedule during the World Health Assembly to cover the health topics they were most interested in pursuing. Our aim was to have students engage with the complex interplay of health, law, and rights, and to see in real time how research and education inform policy, on local, national and global levels. As instructors and coordinators, we are convinced that the role of experiential learning has never been more important or influential. Multilateralism is under attack, and rights regressions are rampant. We found that fostering honest, content driven conversations with our organizational partners, and then having intense follow-up with our students, resulted in new perspectives- personally and professionally - which is likely to serve the work of the students in global health for the years to come. When the distance between classroom readings and the actual people steering global health can be bridged, university courses that center experiential learning offer the opportunity for emerging health leaders to truly understand the structures and systems in place, and better imagine their own roles in the fight for the right to health.</p>","PeriodicalId":7680,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Law & Medicine","volume":"50 3-4","pages":"258-264"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143690945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Celebrating 70 Years of Health Law at BU.","authors":"Christopher Robertson, Elizabeth McCuskey, Aziza Ahmed, Dionne Lomax, Kathy Zeiler, Dianne McCarthy, Laura Stephens, Michael Ulrich, Larry Vernaglia, Danielle Pelfrey Duryea, Nicole Huberfeld, Kevin Outterson","doi":"10.1017/amj.2025.1","DOIUrl":"10.1017/amj.2025.1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This essay celebrates the BU Health Law Program upon its 70th anniversary, offering reflections on the founders of the program, Fran Miller, George Annas, and Wendy Mariner (\"FGW,\" endearingly), and their contributions to the field.Current faculty offer reflections, including: Several speak to scholarly research, including Elizabeth McCuskey on health care finance, Aziza Ahmed on human rights, Dionne Lomax on antitrust, Christopher Robertson on trust, and Kathy Zeiler on the marketplace. Other contributors speak to the student experience, with Dianne McCarthy on mentorship, Laura Stephens on demanding excellence, Michael Ulrich on teaching, and Larry Vernaglia on merging law and public health. On FGW's broader impacts, Nicole Huberfeld speaks to the translation of research to reach new audiences, and Kevin Outterson writes about FGW's pivotal roles in establishing the health law field and the institutions that now define it.Together these pieces testify to the astounding contributions of these scholar-teacher-leaders across many domains and dimensions of health law. While their contributions are countless and immeasurable, these reflections offer a start.</p>","PeriodicalId":7680,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Law & Medicine","volume":"50 3-4","pages":"149-160"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143690943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How Torture Became Part of Health Law.","authors":"Sondra S Crosby","doi":"10.1017/amj.2025.10","DOIUrl":"10.1017/amj.2025.10","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Over the past twenty-five years, the Center for Health Law, Ethics, and Human Rights (CLER) has been a leader in torture treatment, advocacy, and education. In 1998, the Boston Center for Refugee Health and Human Rights (BCRHHR) was founded to provide holistic treatment to asylum seekers who have been tortured by their governments and justifiably feared further persecution if they returned to their countries. Seeking justice is an important part of healing for survivors, and BCRHHR clinicians work closely with immigration attorneys to document clinical evidence of torture to support asylum applications. Following the September 11 attacks in 2001, it was revealed that the U.S. government tortured captives and committed other war crimes. CLER scholars examined how doctors and lawyers worked with the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to rationalize and sanitize torture, providing legal immunity for perpetrators. My colleagues and I at CLER assumed a national leadership role in opposing practices that constitute torture, as well as cruel, inhumane, and degrading treatment. These practices included the force-feeding of hunger strikers, the Rendition, Detention, and Interrogation (RDI) program (a covert operation involving disappearances, extrajudicial detentions, and torture of suspects in the so-called \"War on Terror\"), the use of lawyers and physicians to justify these actions, and U.S. policies that authorized torture. We met with military officials of the Department of Defense (DOD) and hosted a meeting with international experts to brainstorm solutions. We evaluated the devastating effects of the U.S. torture program on detainees and testified in the military commission's pretrial hearings for a detainee accused of terrorism.Doctors and lawyers at the CLER have focused on understanding contemporary torture and the relevance of the Nuremberg Doctors' Trial which condemned Nazi doctors for torturing prisoners. The CLER continues to promote the importance of International Human Rights Law.</p>","PeriodicalId":7680,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Law & Medicine","volume":"50 3-4","pages":"265-278"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143690947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Half Century of Change.","authors":"Sylvia A Law","doi":"10.1017/amj.2025.15","DOIUrl":"10.1017/amj.2025.15","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Firstly, I would like to thank George Annas, Wendy Mariner, and Fran Miller for nurturing the field of health law, and keeping the collaboration vibrant for more than half a century.</p>","PeriodicalId":7680,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Law & Medicine","volume":"50 3-4","pages":"294-297"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143690942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Looking at Law School Healthcare Compliance Programs After Loper-Bright: How We Got Here and Where We Should Go Next.","authors":"Jennifer S Bard","doi":"10.1017/amj.2025.8","DOIUrl":"10.1017/amj.2025.8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Supreme Court's decision 2024 in <i>Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo</i> to overturn the <i>Chevron</i> doctrine, which required Federal Courts to defer to agency interpretations of ambiguous laws, along with other decisions challenging the decisions of regulatory agencies, marks a significant shift in healthcare regulatory oversight and compliance. This article takes this shift as an opportunity to examine the evolution of healthcare compliance education in U.S. law schools and consider how it should evolve to meet new demands. Through analysis of existing J.D. programs, master's degrees, and certificate programs in healthcare compliance, the article explores how law schools are already adapting to meet industry demands while distinguishing between programs designed for licensed attorneys and those for non-lawyer compliance professionals. The article highlights the role of external accreditation by the Compliance Certification Board (CCB) and clarifies the distinction between \"certification\" awarded through examination and \"educational certificates\" awarded by institutions. In light of the ironically almost total lack of regulatory attention to these programs from the Council on Legal Education that sets standards for law school J.D. programs, the article advocates for greater transparency in program outcomes and improved data collection regarding graduate career trajectories. It also addresses an often forgotten population, lawyers interested in changing practice areas at different stages of their careers. It concludes with recommendations for law schools to enhance their role in preparing both lawyers and compliance professionals for a post-<i>Chevron</i> regulatory environment, emphasizing the need for better tracking of program effectiveness and graduate outcomes to inform curriculum development and career pathways in healthcare compliance.</p>","PeriodicalId":7680,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Law & Medicine","volume":"50 3-4","pages":"234-257"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143690419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Informed Consent Forms for Research with Human Subjects: Time to End the Charade.","authors":"Leonard H Glantz","doi":"10.1017/amj.2025.6","DOIUrl":"10.1017/amj.2025.6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In 1974, the Center for Law and Health Sciences at the Boston University School of Law provided legal background papers on informed consent to research to the newly created National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Sciences. These papers were written by George J. Annas, the Center's Director, as well as Barbara F. Katz and I, who were staff attorneys at the time. These papers can be found in the appendices to the Commission reports¹ and in our book <i>Informed Consent to Human Experimentation: The Subject's Dilemma</i>,² in which we present a refined version of those papers. This project introduced me to the world of human research ethics and the complexities of protecting the rights and welfare of research subjects.³ Over the past fifty years, I have sat on Institutional Review Boards (IRBs), been a member of the FDA's Pediatric Research Advisory Board, and engaged in varying activities related to human subject protection. During this time, I took for granted that consent forms were the best method for ensuring that subjects were thoroughly informed about all aspects of the proposed research. Like many IRB members, I spent considerable time reviewing, editing, and debating with other IRB members about the precise wording of these forms.</p>","PeriodicalId":7680,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Law & Medicine","volume":"50 3-4","pages":"204-221"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143690948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transplantation and Immortality: A Selective History of Boston University's Center for Health Law, Ethics & Human Rights.","authors":"George J Annas","doi":"10.1017/amj.2025.3","DOIUrl":"10.1017/amj.2025.3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The celebration of the anniversary of the Center for Health Law, Ethics & Human Rights (the \"Center\") provides an opportunity to reflect on what defines the field of health law, as well as its conjoined twins of bioethics and human rights. The related fields are vast, and the subjects they encompass are ever-expanding. It is probably impossible to lay out a summary that does justice to their expansive, interdisciplinary scope. Instead, my discussion of the Center examines a subject that barely existed when the Center was formed in 1958¹ and that continues to make headlines more than sixty-six years later - organ transplantation. Transplantation is useful as an illustration of the joint fields of health law, bioethics, and human rights. It is a field that grew with us from infancy to maturity during the time of the Center's growth and that illustrates how several related disciplines - most notably law and medical sciences - are essential to the development of organ transplantation. Additionally, organ transplantation and experiments involving organ transplantation have produced some of the most spectacular cases of human experimentation. Because of both the novelty and human drama these experiments involve, I will use some of them as examples of the pivotal health law and bioethics work the Center engages in. These examples, and others that will be touched on, lead me to conclude that there is no field that matches the life and death drama of health law, especially in the human organ transplantation field. This selective history of health law at the Center, including the definition of death and the limits of surrogate consent, suggest that the legal and bioethical issues brought to us by innovative organ transplantation surgery are unlikely to be exhausted any time soon.</p>","PeriodicalId":7680,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Law & Medicine","volume":"50 3-4","pages":"168-179"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143690365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Curbing Agency Expertise Threatens Public Health: <i>Braidwood</i> and the Nondelegation Doctrine.","authors":"Andrew J Twinamatsiko, Lawrence O Gostin","doi":"10.1017/amj.2024.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/amj.2024.14","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>For almost a century, the Supreme Court has not invalidated a law using the nondelegation doctrine. Recognizing that Congress seldom has expertise to address the ever-increasing complexities of society, the Court has long held that Congress can legislate broadly and seek help from federal agencies to fill up the details. Accordingly, courts defer to Congress's delegation choices, as long as it lays down an intelligible principle to guide the agencies entrusted with implementing legislation. Under that approach, the Court has upheld broad delegations of authority to federal agencies. This approach has been the bedrock of meaningful agency action, especially in health policy in which agencies must leverage their expertise to respond to highly technical issues, emergencies, advances in technology, and the need to address health disparities. While this deferential approach has guided the courts and Congress for decades, delegation is increasingly under attack. <i>Braidwood Management, Inc. v. Becerra</i>, which challenges the Affordable Care Act's preventive services requirement, exemplifies nondelegation-based attacks on agency authority. With several members of the Supreme Court signaling interest in revisiting the current deferential delegation standard, <i>Braidwood</i> likely provides an opportunity for the Supreme Court to do so. Reinvigorating the nondelegation doctrine - coupled with the major questions doctrine and rolling back of Chevron deference - will hurt U.S. health policy. It will not only constrain how agencies work, but also aggrandize the courts and limit how Congress may achieve legislative goals.</p>","PeriodicalId":7680,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Law & Medicine","volume":"50 1-2","pages":"24-42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148618113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preventive Care and Health Equity: The Educational Divide.","authors":"David Gartner","doi":"10.1017/amj.2024.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/amj.2024.19","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The preventive services at the center of <i>Braidwood Management, Inc. v. Becerra</i> contribute to reducing inequities in life expectancy in the United States. Critical preventive are currently fully covered by insurance as preventive care under the Affordable Care Act. Reducing affordable access to such screenings and medicines is most likely to impact those with lower incomes and less education, and contribute to widening existing inequities in health outcomes.Recent research has identified a large and growing mortality gap between those with and without college degrees. On average, individuals without college degrees are likely to die about 8.5 years earlier than those with such degrees. In recent decades, cancer death rates fell nearly two times faster among the college educated. Mortality from heart disease fell by nearly two-thirds among those with college degrees but by less than one-third for all others.Disparities in life expectancy in the United States reflect the uneven progress against the leading causes of death among different populations. The <i>Braidwood</i> decision, if upheld, will raise the costs to patients for interventions that have contributed to recent gains in life expectancy. This Article analyzes the impact of <i>Braidwood</i> on preventive health interventions in the context of growing life expectancy gaps within the United States.</p>","PeriodicalId":7680,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Law & Medicine","volume":"50 1-2","pages":"121-127"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148618155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}