The British journal of cancer. Supplement最新文献

{"title":"Evaluation of a pilot study for breast and cervical cancer screening with Bradford's minority ethnic women; a community development approach, 1991-93.","authors":"E E Kernohan","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The objectives were: to provide information about breast and cervical cancer and related screening services to minority ethnic women, to enable them to make well informed decisions and choices; to adopt a health education strategy based on a community development approach, augmented by a local publicity campaign; and to evaluate both the direct and indirect effects of this project. To this end a community development intervention study was made over 18 months from October 1991 to March 1993 in Bradford, a multicultural city with 87,000 residents from minority ethnic groups. The subjects of the study were 1,628 women from minority ethnic groups in three geographical areas of Bradford. A stratified sample of 1,000 women (670 South Asian, 163 African-Caribbean, 96 Eastern European and 71 other) was interviewed at the beginning of the project and six months after the health promotion intervention. Two specifically trained Health Promotion Facilitators from minority ethnic groups undertook community development work within three neighbourhoods in Bradford with the largest minority ethnic populations. There were group sessions in both formal and informal settings, which included health education about breast and cervical cancer and the associated screening programmes. These sessions were in the women's preferred languages and audio-visual material and a specially designed teaching pack were used. There were significant differences in the baseline levels of knowledge about cervical cancer and breast cancer across the different minority ethnic groups. The South Asian women had the lowest levels of knowledge and also showed the most significant improvements. Significant increases in attendance for cervical smear and breast cancer screening were self-reported. These were confirmed by anecdotal views of local health professionals. In addition, a local self-help group for South Asian women was established; also the contacts with other related organisations and professionals has helped to raise the issues of ethnically sensitive services within the voluntary and statutory sectors. A community development approach to health promotion is particularly valuable in communities with low levels of knowledge about a diseases or health service provision. Community development approaches often produce outcomes that had not been predicted. There is a need to conduct a definitive study in this area of health promotion for minority ethnic populations with emphasis on evaluation, cost-benefit analysis and opportunity costs.</p>","PeriodicalId":76609,"journal":{"name":"The British journal of cancer. Supplement","volume":"29 ","pages":"S42-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2149869/pdf/brjcancersuppl00087-0054.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19754381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cancer and ethnic minorities--the Department of Health's perspective.","authors":"V Bahl","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>With more than 160,000 deaths annually cancer is the second commonest cause of death in the UK. The little evidence available shows that black and minority ethnic people are experiencing an increase in cancer-related mortality. The Government's Health of the Nation report produced in 1993 by the Department of Health identifies key areas, including cancer, where improvements in mortality and morbidity could be achieved, and an essential element relates to the needs of black and minority ethnic people. It is, for example, now well recognised that in terms of screening, treatment and palliation, cancer services are not always accessible and sensitive to the needs of this section of the population. Beginning with a demographic backdrop this paper reviews the data on the occurrence of cancer and on access to services by this section of the population. Relevant initiatives funded by the Department of Health are highlighted and a summary of the information sources to enable health care purchasers and service providers to assess the needs of their local population has also been given.</p>","PeriodicalId":76609,"journal":{"name":"The British journal of cancer. Supplement","volume":"29 ","pages":"S2-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2149851/pdf/brjcancersuppl00087-0014.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19754553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cervical cancer screening: meeting the needs of minority ethnic women.","authors":"K Luke","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Understanding of the uptake of cervical screening among women from minority ethnic groups, and how acceptable they find the process, still requires some considerable progress. This paper attempts to review the material available, identify the issues and discuss ways in which progress might be made in future. Mortality from cervical cancer is higher among women born in the Caribbean Commonwealth than the standardised rate for women living in England and Wales. By contrast, mortality among women born in the Indian subcontinent and African Commonwealth is comparatively lower. Data about the incidence of cervical cancer among minority ethnic women are in short supply and some research findings are contradictory. For instance, Asian women may have either higher or lower rates of cervical cancer than the rest of the female population. Clearly further work is needed to establish whether Asian or other minority populations are high risk groups and why. There is also a need to assess trends regularly to see what impact migration has on incidence and mortality rates. Recent publication by the Health Education Authority of the results of its survey of health and lifestyles among black and minority ethnic groups in England provided welcome information about their uptake of cervical screening. Rates differ considerably between the different minority groups surveyed and the challenge now is to use all this information to inform the process of developing an approach to increasing uptake that is culturally appropriate.</p>","PeriodicalId":76609,"journal":{"name":"The British journal of cancer. Supplement","volume":"29 ","pages":"S47-50"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2149871/pdf/brjcancersuppl00087-0059.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19754382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Smoking cessation programmes targeted at black and minority ethnic communities.","authors":"C Farren,&nbsp;J Naidoo","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recent research carried out in Britain I amongst four black and minority ethnic groups provides information which can be used to support smoking cessation programmes targeted at these groups. Smoking prevalence rates are generally lower than for the white British population although there are some exceptions. Motivation to quit appears to be high. For example, knowledge of the health risks of smoking is high, as is the desire to quit. However there are fewer attempts to quit and therefore a lower than average smoking cessation rate. This indicates there is potential for targeted campaigns to achieve good results. Based on these findings smoking cessation targeted at black and minority ethnic groups would appear to be very timely. Innovative targeted campaigns with a national coverage are discussed including the Ramadan Project, a resource pack funded by the Department of Health and No Smoking Day. Local activities which target black and minority ethnic smokers in the workplace or cultural centres are also discussed. Recommendations for future smoking cessation strategies are suggested.</p>","PeriodicalId":76609,"journal":{"name":"The British journal of cancer. Supplement","volume":"29 ","pages":"S78-80"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2149854/pdf/brjcancersuppl00087-0090.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19754388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Breast screening and ethnic minorities.","authors":"T Hoare","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The concern for minority ethnic women is whether they are disadvantaged either in terms of the incidence of breast cancer or because of a lower uptake of screening. There are considerable worldwide variations in the incidence of breast cancer. The lowest rates are found in Chinese, Japanese and Arabic populations and women from the Indian subcontinent, and are 2-3 times lower than that of the UK. This may change in future generations. Although minority ethnic women are not a high risk group for the breast screening programme, in absolute terms breast cancer is a major health problem. Very few studies have measured ethnic differences in the uptake of screening, and they may be confounded by such factors as socio-economic group. When this is accounted for, uptake by Asian women may not necessarily be lower than by other women in the same area and can be higher for black than white women. One of the most important reasons for non-attendance is inaccurate screening registers, compounded for Asian women by their return, or extended visits, to the Indian subcontinent. A further organisational issue concerns poor awareness of minority ethnic naming systems, causing confusion over the receipt of invitations. Comprehension of the concept of screening may be difficult for minority ethnic women yet there has been little evaluation of strategies to promote understanding. However a randomised controlled trial of a linkworker intervention, designed to be feasible for implementation on a population basis, showed no increase in the uptake of breast screening by Asian women. This does not undermine linkworkers' role but suggests that their efforts should be used in other ways. It is essential to assess the relative importance of reasons for low uptake and evaluate measures to meet any unmet need, so that resources can be directed in the most effective way.</p>","PeriodicalId":76609,"journal":{"name":"The British journal of cancer. Supplement","volume":"29 ","pages":"S38-41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2149862/pdf/brjcancersuppl00087-0050.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19754380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sources and uses of data on cancer among ethnic groups.","authors":"S Harding,&nbsp;E J Allen","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper identifies the data sources available in OPCS on cancer among ethnic groups, shows some of the findings of previous analyses and outlines the potential for further analyses and data collection. The main source of data comes from the registration of deaths in which country of birth of the decreased is recorded. Other sources of data include the General Household Survey (GHS) which enables analyses of risk factors such as smoking, alcohol and contraception. Data on cancer incidence among ethnic groups is currently limited. However in the future, both the Longitudinal Study and cancer registration data should provide measures of cancer incidence among ethnic groups.</p>","PeriodicalId":76609,"journal":{"name":"The British journal of cancer. Supplement","volume":"29 ","pages":"S17-21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2149865/pdf/brjcancersuppl00087-0029.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19754555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the health needs for cancer services for people from ethnic groups.","authors":"S Rawaf","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76609,"journal":{"name":"The British journal of cancer. Supplement","volume":"29 ","pages":"S35-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2149848/pdf/brjcancersuppl00087-0047.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19754557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent developments in the design of bioreductive drugs.","authors":"W A Denny,&nbsp;W R Wilson,&nbsp;M P Hay","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76609,"journal":{"name":"The British journal of cancer. Supplement","volume":"27 ","pages":"S32-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2150040/pdf/brjcancersuppl00085-0041.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19735354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging methods for measuring tumour and tissue oxygenation.","authors":"C L McCoy,&nbsp;D J McIntyre,&nbsp;S P Robinson,&nbsp;E O Aboagye,&nbsp;J R Griffiths","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>It is well known that low levels of tissue oxygen (pO2) protect tumour cells from ionising radiation and some chemotherapeutic agents. Thus, numerous studies have been aimed at developing methods to measure tissue oxygenation. An initial discussion of some of the traditional methods for measuring oxygenation is included, followed by a discussion of magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) methods for measuring tumour and normal tissue oxygenation. The latter methods are of interest because of the non-invasive nature of magnetic resonance (MR). Some of the MR methods described herein include: 31P MRS, 1H MRS and MRI, and 19F MRS and MRI. Each method is detailed, including a brief assessment of its ability to measure tumour oxygenation and its potential for clinical application.</p>","PeriodicalId":76609,"journal":{"name":"The British journal of cancer. Supplement","volume":"27 ","pages":"S226-31"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2150019/pdf/brjcancersuppl00085-0235.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19735591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Induction of DT-diaphorase by 1,2-dithiole-3-thione and increase of antitumour activity of bioreductive agents.","authors":"A Begleiter,&nbsp;M K Leith,&nbsp;T J Curphey","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bioreductive antitumour agents are an important new class of anticancer drugs that require activation by reduction. The two-electron reducing enzyme, DT-diaphorase, has been shown to be an important activating enzyme for the bioreductive agents, mitomycin C (MMC) and EO9. Incubation of L5178Y murine lymphoma cells in vitro with 1,2-dithiole-3-thione (D3T) increased the level of DT-diaphorase activity in these cells 22-fold. In contrast, D3T had no effect on the DT-diaphorase level in normal mouse bone marrow cells. Combination therapy with D3T and MMC or EO9, produced a 2- or 7-fold enhancement, respectively, of the cytotoxic activity of these antitumour agents in L5178Y cells. By comparison, D3T did not enhance the activity of MMC in marrow cells and produced only a small increase in EO9 cytotoxicity in these cells. The DT-diaphorase inhibitor, dicoumarol, inhibited the effect of D3T on the antitumour activity of the bioreductive agents, supporting the proposal that the enhanced anticancer activity was due to the elevated enzyme level. These findings suggest that D3T, or other inducers of DT-diaphorase, could be used to enhance the antitumour efficacy of bioreductive antitumour agents.</p>","PeriodicalId":76609,"journal":{"name":"The British journal of cancer. Supplement","volume":"27 ","pages":"S9-14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2150028/pdf/brjcancersuppl00085-0018.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19736608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}