Swedish dental journal. Supplement最新文献

{"title":"Studies on periodontitis and analyses of individuals at risk for periodontal diseases.","authors":"Henrik Jansson","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Periodontal disease is an infectious disease initiated by microbial plaque, which accumulates on the tooth surface at the gingival margin and induces an inflammatory reaction. The function of the inflammatory process is to protect the host, however the process may also contribute to tissue destruction. Most individuals show gingival inflammation, but only a limited number suffer from periodontitis i.e. loss of attachment. Without treatment, periodontitis will result in tooth mobility and subsequent tooth mortality. Independent of ethnicity, 10%-15% of an adult population will develop severe periodontitis The aim of this thesis has been to analyse individuals at risk for periodontal disease. Four studies have been conducted in 2 different groups of individuals with: Recurrent periodontitis kept in a maintenance care program--studies I-III. Type 2 diabetes (T2D)--study IV. In study I, the clinicaleffect of local periodontitis treatment with an antibiotic gel was investigated. In study II, the microbiologicaleffect of periodontitis treatment with the same antibiotic gel as in study I was investigated. In study III, it was investigated whether the interleukin-l (IL-1alpha and beta) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) gene polymorphisms were associated with the susceptibility of chronic periodontitis. In study IV, the prevalence of periodontitis in individuals with T2D was investigated, together with the prevalence of diabetic complications in relation to periodontal disease. We also studied whether there was a difference in dental care habits and knowledge of oral health between T2D subjects with and without periodontal disease. In conclusion, this thesis did not find any significant clinical and microbiological differences between subjects with recurrent periodontal disease treated with a locally delivered metronidazole gel compared to a placebo gel. Neither could we find an association between genetic variants in the IL-lalpha, IL-beta and IL-6 genes in individuals with or without periodontal disease. The prevalence of severe periodontitis, according to radiographic criteria, was almost 20% in subjects with T2D. This was further confirmed by clinical parameters. T2D individuals with periodontal disease demonstrated a higher HbAlc level, a higher prevalence of cardiovascular complications and a higher proportion of smokers compared to periodontally healthy T2D subjects. Finally, T2D individuals seem to lack sufficient knowledge about oral health.</p>","PeriodicalId":76572,"journal":{"name":"Swedish dental journal. Supplement","volume":" 180","pages":"5-49"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26141456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Good work for dentists--ideal and reality for female unpromoted general practice dentists in a region of Sweden.","authors":"Karin Hjalmers","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Female unpromoted general practice dentists (GPDs) in the Public Dental Health Service (PDHS) constitute about one fourth of all working dentists in Sweden. Unpromoted means that the position is without managerial functions. According to many reports, they have a problematic psychosocial work situation.</p><p><strong>This thesis aimed to: </strong>Describe the perceived health for these GPDs, in comparison with others with a similar work situation. Analyse their sense of support in comparison with others. Describe how they perceived \"good work\", i.e. both the healthy and socially responsible work, and whether there was a difference between their ideal and their reality. Analyse patterns in two aspects - the moral and the career aspects - of \"good work\" for dentists. In zooo, questionnaires were sent to all female unpromoted GPDs in the PDHS in a region of Sweden. The response rate was 94%.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The dentists felt unwell, worse than other compared groups. There was little support from the management. There was little inter-colleague contact. There was no cross-sectional assciation between collegial neworks and support, but the qualitative investigation showed that collegial networks were perceived as positive. There was a great difference between ideal and reality concerning good work. The dentists felt a lack of influence, and this was the greatest difference of all. Three components of good work - \"moral values and skill discretion\", \"career development\" and \"work environment\" were found. The dentists emphasized the moral basis of their work, confirming the character of dentistry as primarily human service work.</p><p><strong>In conclusion: </strong>There were serious work environmental problems among these dentists. The dentists felt unwell and felt a great lack of influence on important decisions. There was little inter-colleague contact, but collegial networks were perceived as positive. There was little support from the management, indicating a clear weakness in the relations between employers and female unpromoted GPDs in the PDHS. Three components of good work were found, where the moral component was the most important but it also showed the greatest difference between ideal and reality. Thus, the dentists emphasized the moral basis of their work, confirming the character of dentistry as primarily human service work and not industrial work. The dentists with the highest level of commitment perceived the largest differences. The PDHS organization has therefore failed to convince or engage those whom it ought to engage, i.e. those with the greatest commitment. The way to improve the female unpromoted GPDs' work situation would be through increased influence and support, bridging the gap between ideal and reality.</p>","PeriodicalId":76572,"journal":{"name":"Swedish dental journal. Supplement","volume":" 182","pages":"10-136"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26484073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chronic orofacial pain. Understanding patients from two perspectives: the clinical view and the patient's experience.","authors":"Eva Wolf","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aim of this thesis was to study chronic orofacial pain patients from two perspectives--the clinical view and the experience of the patient--in order to improve the understanding of the patients and their condition. All patients had been referred to the Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden owing to chronic orofacial pain. The clinical perspective was investigated in a retrospective study of 109 consecutive chronic orofacial pain patients (85 females, 24 males) who had been examined by a pain group. Diagnosis, pain status, medication, and education were the parameters studied and pain-related sex differences were calculated. In addition, the patients were mailed a questionnaire after 4-9 years to follow up their pain status and to identify predictors of pain persistence. The patient perspective was investigated by interviewing 14 strategically selected patients (11 female, 3 male) about their lived experience of non-specific chronic orofacial pain. The interviews were of 1-1.5-hour duration and were conducted twice with each patient. The findings from the clinical studies and the interview studies are listed below. The experiences of the interviewed patients revealed additional aspects of several of the findings made in the clinical studies. The majority of the patients were female. Mainly similarities between the sexes were found regarding pain status and the other parameters studied. The patients had a lower level of education than Swedish inhabitants of the same ages. The majority of the patients in the clinical studies reported seeking care repeatedly owing to orofacial pain. The patients in the interview studies experienced distrust and rejection at the consultations for the orofacial pain. They also experienced the pain as elusive and difficult to communicate. Most of the patients in the clinical studies had persistent pain of some intensity at the follow-up 4-9 years later. The interviewed patients expressed a great need to be taken care of and often seemed to have a limited ability to cope with the pain. Among the patients studied clinically, a reported consumption of pharmacological agents with a central effect (opioids, muscle relaxants, antidepressants, neuroleptics, hypnotics, or sedatives) was a predictor of pain persisting at the follow-up. The interviewed patients expressed feelings of hopelessness and a lack of faith in the future. To study patients with chronic orofacial pain from a clinical viewpoint and from a patient perspective led to a deeper understanding of chronic orofacial pain as a complex condition that has an impact on every aspect of the patient's life. The patients often seek dental care because of the pain. It seems to be important in dentistry to develop constructive strategies for caring for these patients--especially when the dental disease condition has already been adequately diagnosed and treated, but the patients still experience pain.</p>","PeriodicalId":76572,"journal":{"name":"Swedish dental journal. Supplement","volume":" 181","pages":"9-69"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26141457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mandibular third molar removal: patient preferences, assessments of oral surgeons and patient flows.","authors":"Rolf Liedholm","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Unlabelled: </strong>Mandibular third molar removal is one of the most common treatments conducted at oral and maxillofacial surgery clinics in Sweden. During the 1980's and 1990's, 20-25,000 mandibular third molars were removed annually which represents about 60% of the total operation volume. Removals performed in private specialist clinics and general dental clinics are not included in these figures. The aims of the present studies on mandibular third molars were to: 1) study values that reflect patients' preferences about possible outcomes of removal and non-removal; 2) make comparisons between Sweden and Wales with respect to patient's preferences; 3) study assessments of oral surgeons' indications for molars to be removed; 4) describe patient flows in the care process of removal. The multi-attribute utility (MAU) method was used to quantify patients' preferences about outcomes following removal and non-removal. Whilst there were clear cultural and economic differences between the Swedish and the Welsh, there was a high degree of correlation in patients' ranking of the different outcomes for patients from the two countries (rs = 0.93, P<0.001). Generally, situations describing the outcomes of non-removal had a higher ranking than those describing the outcomes of removal i.e. patients seemed to prefer non-removal. Oral surgeons at seven specialist clinics registered data for 666 patients i.e. patient age and sex, the angular position and extent of eruption of the molar and whether or not there was an associated disease related to the molar proposed for removal. The indication for the removal was assessed on a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), and the recorded results found to show a great variety. The mean VAS for removal of molars without disease was significantly lower than that for molars with associated disease. The differences between the mean VAS for molars with one disease compared with molars with two or three diseases were not significant. The patients' age was the only factor that had a significant effect on the assessment of the indication for molars without disease. The indication was higher for patients of the youngest age group than for patients of the oldest age group (P<0.05). In four specialist units in southern Sweden, the patient flows (the number of visits and what the visits comprise of) was registered for 361 patients. All details were recorded from arrival of the referral to the unit to performed mandibular third molar surgery. Eight different patient flows were found. The number of patient visits varied from one to three. For about 60 percent of the patients, attached radiographs to the referral were considered not appropriate and had to be completed, e.g. to be retaken. For a minority of the patients, the radiographic examination was completed at the radiological clinic included in the specialist unit and, in the oral and maxillofacial clinic for the others. The number of patient visits seemed not to depend on w","PeriodicalId":76572,"journal":{"name":"Swedish dental journal. Supplement","volume":" 175","pages":"1-61"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25626057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acute inflammation in peritoneal dialysis: experimental studies in rats. Characterization of regulatory mechanisms.","authors":"Farhan Bazargani","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The predominant problems associated with peritoneal dialysis (PD) are ultrafiltration failure and peritonitis. PD maintains a state of intraperitoneal inflammation that affects the structure and function of the peritoneal membrane, potentially impairing ultrafiltration efficiency. Paradoxically, some PD fluids also have anti-inflammatory properties that may compromise the immune defense against peritonitis. This anti-inflammatory feature is mostly due to the glucose degradation products (GDPs), formed during heat-sterilization and storage of PD fluids. The main purpose of the present thesis was to study regulatory mechanisms behind the acute intraperitoneal inflammatory response in PD in the presence and absence of experimental peritonitis. Rats were exposed to a single dose of heat- or filter sterilized PD fluids either as an i.p. injection or as an infusion through an indwelling catheter, with or without supplementations, or pretreatment of the animals. The dwell fluid was analyzed zero, two and four hours later concerning activation of the complement and coagulation cascades, neutrophil recruitment and respiratory burst, ultrafiltration volumes, cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC-1), rat mast cell protease 2 (RMCP-2), glucose, urea and histamine concentrations and ex vivo/in vitro intraperitoneal chemotactic activity. Exposure to filter sterilized PD fluid alone induced intraperitoneal complement activation and coagulation, neutrophil recruitment and increased the levels of CINC-1 during the dwell. Intraperitoneal concentrations of the mast cell markers histamine and RMCP-2 changed little during the dwells and did not indicate mast cell activation. Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) and C5 blockade improved ultrafiltration. Pretreatment with cobra venom factor, known decomplementing agent, blocked the CINC-1 release and the neutrophil recruitment and improved ultrafiltration. In combination with experimental peritonitis, heat sterilized PD fluid compared to filter sterilized, inhibited the CINC-1 release and the recruitment of neutrophils to the peritoneal cavity without affecting the intraperitoneal complement activation. The results of the present thesis indicate that addition of LMWH to the PD fluid improves ultrafiltration, probably by blocking C5a activity. C5 blockade seems to improve ultrafiltration by a mechanism that involves a reduction in glucose transport, possibly by reducing C5 induced vasodilatation. Complement activation is an early step in the acute reaction to PD and probably mediates the downstream events that lead to the recruitment of inflammatory cells to the peritoneal cavity. The cells involved in the release of CINC-1 later in this sequence are probably the mesothelial cells. During experimental peritonitis, heat sterilized PD fluids inhibited the neutrophil respiratory burst response of intraperitoneal neutrophils. Heat sterilized PD fluids also inhibit the recruitment of neutrophils to the perit","PeriodicalId":76572,"journal":{"name":"Swedish dental journal. Supplement","volume":" 171","pages":"1-57, i"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25244832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Variability of the cranial and dental phenotype in Williams syndrome.","authors":"Stefan Axelsson","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Williams syndrome (WS) is a rare congenital disorder involving the cardiovascular system, connective tissue, and the central nervous system, resulting in mild to moderate mental retardation, a specific cognitive profile, unique personality characteristics, distinctive facial features, and cardiovascular disease. The majority of individuals with a clinical diagnosis of WS have a contiguous gene deletion at chromosome 7 (7q11.23). Physical features include characteristic facial features with full prominent cheeks, wide mouth, long philtrum, small nose with depressed nasal bridge, heavy orbital ridges, medial eyebrow flare, dental abnormalities, hoarse voice, growth retardation, and cardiovascular abnormalities (most commonly supravalvular aortic stenosis and/or peripheral pulmonary artery stenosis). The cognitive profile is distinctive, consisting of strengths in auditory memory, language, and face-processing, but extreme weakness in visuospatial, numerical and problem-solving abilities. Neurological studies have identified a significantly decreased brain volume in adult individuals with WS with relatively normal development of the limbic, frontal and cerebellar structures.</p><p><strong>Aims: </strong>The aims were to analyse the neurocranium, the craniofacial region, and the dentition in a well defined Norwegian group of individuals with WS. In order to accomplish this, normative cephalometric standards for the neurocranium, including the cranial base and the sella turcica, were established for Norwegian males and females from 6 to 21 years of age, using lateral radiographic cephalograms from the Oslo University Craniofacial Growth Archive.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>The study material comprised radiographic lateral cephalograms, orthopantomograms and dental casts from 62 individuals with WS ranging from 4 to 44 years. The lateral cephalograms, orthopantomograms and dental casts were analysed using standard methods reported in the literature.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Neurocranium: The results from the cephalometric analyses showed that the size and shape of the neurocranium in WS differed from normal controls. A flattening of the superior aspect of the parietal bone was found and the posterior prominence of the occipital bone was larger. These findings were in concordance with published neuroanatomical/neuropathological studies on WS and fit well with the reported anatomical aberrations in the WS brain, e.g. a smaller brain volume where some parts are of relatively normal size while others are decreased. The anterior and posterior cranial base was shorter in WS, but with a normal cranial base angle. The thickness of the calvarian bones, especially the frontal and occipital bones, was greater in WS than in normal controls. Sella turcica: The size of the sella turcica was somewhat smaller in WS compared with normal controls, though not significant. Aberrant types of shape of the sella turci","PeriodicalId":76572,"journal":{"name":"Swedish dental journal. Supplement","volume":" 170","pages":"3-67"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25168868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On titanium frameworks and alternative impression techniques in implant dentistry.","authors":"Anders Ortorp","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The objectives of this thesis were to compare the clinical and material performance of implant-supported titanium frameworks with gold-alloy frameworks in the edentulous jaw and to test a digitized impression technique to optimize material characteristics and clinical and laboratory procedures.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Two different kinds of laser-welded titanium frameworks and one type of digitized computer numeric controlled (CNC)-milled titanium framework for the edentulous jaw were evaluated and compared with gold-alloy frameworks in two clinical 5-year follow-up studies. The CNC frameworks were also evaluated and compared with gold-alloy frameworks in two experimental studies according to fit, preload, and surface roughness. Furthermore, a digitized photogrammetric technique for recording implant positions in the edentulous jaw was experimentally tested and compared with two conventional impression techniques.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Laser-welded titanium frameworks had a lower success rate after 5 years in function than gold-alloy frameworks. The 5-year performance of CNC frameworks was similar to that of gold-alloy frameworks. The fit and precision of implant-supported CNC frameworks was significantly better compared with gold-alloy frameworks. Applications of veneering material did not significantly affect the fit of the titanium frameworks. The preload of CNC frameworks was similar to that of gold-alloy frameworks, both exhibiting significantly decreased preloads after repeated tightening. The preloads of titanium frameworks were similar before and after veneering. Unloaded milled titanium screw sites had significantly rougher surfaces than loaded sites, and loaded gold screws had rougher surfaces than unloaded. No correlation between surface of the screw joints and preload of veneered titanium frameworks was observed. The precision of photogrammetric impressions was comparable to that of conventional impression techniques.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Implant-supported CNC-milled titanium frameworks are a viable alternative to gold-alloy castings in the edentulous jaw, and because a digital platform is used to manufacture these titanium frameworks, photogrammetric impressions can be made.</p>","PeriodicalId":76572,"journal":{"name":"Swedish dental journal. Supplement","volume":" 169","pages":"3-88"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25124456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"All-ceramic fixed partial dentures. Studies on aluminum oxide- and zirconium dioxide-based ceramic systems.","authors":"Per Vult von Steyern","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The development of refined, tougher, and stronger ceramic core materials in recent years has led to the wider use of new, strong all-ceramic systems based on oxide ceramics. Results from in-vitro studies investigating the use of oxide ceramics in shorter all-ceramic fixed partial dentures (FPDs) have been positive, but clinical studies and additional in-vitro studies are needed to confirm the advisability of such procedures.</p><p><strong>Aims: </strong>One aim of this thesis was to investigate whether alumina-based and zirconia-based material systems are adequate for use in shorter (< or = five-unit) FPDs and to evaluate the clinical results. Additional aims were to investigate how to achieve optimal fracture strength in an all-ceramic FPD by varying the try-in procedure, the cervical shape of the abutments, and the support of the FPD (abutment teeth or dental implants). The final aim was to compare the strength of a zirconia material system with that of an alumina equivalent with known long-term clinical performance.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Two clinical studies investigating one alumina-based and one zirconia-based material system were performed. Twenty posterior, three-unit FPDs (glass-infiltrated alumina) were followed for 5 years and 20 three-five-unit FPDs (HIP zirconia) for 2 years. Long-term follow-ups were made after 11 +/-1 (glass-infiltrated alumina) and 3 years (HIP zirconia). In three in-vitro studies, the following variables were investigated: (1a) the flexural strength of porcelain specimens depending on whether they were exposed to saliva before the glaze firing (n=20) or first after the glaze firing (n=20), (1b) the fracture strength of three-unit all-ceramic FPDs (glass-infiltrated alumina) supported by abutments prepared with cervical shoulder preparations (n=9) and abutments with cervical chamfer preparations (n=9), (2) the fracture strength of crowns (n=30) made of a zirconia material system (densely sintered zirconia) and of crowns (n=30) of an alumina material system (densely sintered alumina) that had undergone three different pre-treatment modalities (water storage only; water storage and cyclic pre-loading; water storage, cyclic pre-loading, and thermocycling), (3) the fracture strength of all-ceramic FPDs (densely sintered alumina) supported by simulated teeth (n=12) or by dental implants (n=12).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The success rate of the clinical alumina study was 90% after 5 years. Six (+/-1) years later (after a total of 11 +/-1 years), the success/survival rate was 65%. In the second clinical study, the success rates of the 2- and 3-year follow-ups were 100%. In the three in-vitro studies, the following results were found: (1a) the mean flexural strength of the specimens in the group that was exposed to saliva first after glazing was significantly higher (P < 0.001) than that of the specimens in the group that was exposed to saliva before glazing, (1","PeriodicalId":76572,"journal":{"name":"Swedish dental journal. Supplement","volume":" 173","pages":"1-69"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25174828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of low level laser irradiation on implant-tissue interaction. In vivo and in vitro studies.","authors":"Maawan Khadra","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) is increasingly used in medicine and dentistry. It has been suggested that LLLT may be beneficial in the management of many different medical conditions, including pain, wound healing and nerve injury. The present thesis is based on a series of in vivo and in vitro experimental studies investigating whether LLLT has the potential to enhance titanium-implant interaction. Information about LLLT effect on bone healing is fundamental to understand whether LLLT may improve implant-tissue interaction. Thus in the initial study (I), the effect of LLLT on bone healing and growth in rat calvarial bone defects was investigated. It was found that LLLT may accelerate metabolism and/or mineralization during early bone healing. Based on these findings, study II explored the hypothesis that LLLT can enhance implant integration in the rabbit tibial bone. It was shown that LLLT stimulated the mechanical strength of the interface between the implant and bone after a healing period of 8 weeks. Histomorphometrical and mineral analyses showed that the irradiated implants had greater bone-to-implant contact than the controls. In the in vitro experiments, cellular responses to LLLT were studied in two cell types: primary cultures of human gingival fibroblasts and human osteoblast-like cells, with special reference to attachment, proliferation, differentiation and production of transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1). The objectives of studies III & IV were to develop a standardized, reproducible in vitro model for testing a GaAlAs diode laser device and to document the influence of single or multiple doses of LLLT, as a guide to defining the optimal laser dose for enhancing cell activity. A further objective was to investigate the effect of LLLT on initial attachment and subsequent behaviour of human gingival fibroblasts cultured on titanium. While both multiple doses (1.5 and 3 J/cm2) and a single dose (3 J/cm2) enhanced cellular attachment, proliferation increased only after multiple doses (1.5 and 3 J/cm2). Study V concerned the response to LLLT of osteoblast-like cells, derived from human alveolar bone cultured on titanium implant material. In this study LLLT significantly enhanced cellular attachment. Greater cell proliferation in the irradiated groups was observed first after 96 h indicating that the cellular response is dose dependent. Osteocalcin synthesis and TGF-beta1 production were significantly stimulated on the samples exposed to 3 J/cm2. The following conclusions are drawn from the results of these five studies: LLLT can promote bone healing and bone mineralization and thus may be clinically beneficial in promoting bone formation in skeletal defects. It may be also used as additional treatment for accelerating implant healing in bone. LLLT can modulate the primary steps in cellular attachment and growth on titanium surfaces. Multiple doses of LLLT can improve LLLT efficacy, accelerate the initial attachment and a","PeriodicalId":76572,"journal":{"name":"Swedish dental journal. Supplement","volume":" 172","pages":"1-63"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25120786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tobacco smoking and vertical periodontal bone loss.","authors":"Mostafa Baljoon","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cigarette smoking is associated with increased prevalence and severity of destructive periodontal disease in terms of periodontal pocketing, periodontal bone loss, and tooth loss. The smoking destructive effect on periodontal bone may be of even \"horizontal\" and vertical \"angular\" pattern. The vertical bone loss or the \"vertical defect\" is a sign of progressive periodontal breakdown that involves the periodontal bone. Water pipe smoking has a sharp rise by the popularity in the recent years by men and women in Middle East countries. The general objective of this thesis was to investigate the relationship between tobacco smoking and vertical periodontal bone loss cross-sectionally and longitudinally. This thesis is based on two study populations, Swedish musicians and a Saudi Arabian population. All participants had a full set of intra-oral radiographs including 16 periapical and 4 bitewing projections that were assessed with regard to presence or absence of vertical defects. In Study I, the number of defects per person increased with age. Vertical defects were more common in the posterior as compared to the anterior region of the dentition and the distribution of defects within the maxilla as well as the mandible typically revealed a right-left hand side symmetry. Cigarette smoking was significantly associated with the prevalence and severity of vertical bone defects (Studies II and III). The relative risk associated with cigarette smoking was 2 to 3-fold increased. The impact of water pipe smoking was of the same magnitude as that of cigarette smoking and the relative risk associated with water pipe smoking was 6-fold increased compared to non-smoking. In addition, the risk of vertical defects increased with increased exposure in cigarette smokers as well as water pipe smokers (Study III). In Study IV, the proportion of vertical defects increased over a 10-year period and the increase over time was significantly associated with smoking. Moreover, the 10-year vertical bone loss was significantly greater in heavy exposure smokers than in light exposure smokers suggesting an exposure-response effect of smoking. Compared to non-smokers the 10-year relative risk was 2.4-fold increased in light exposure smokers and 5.8-fold increased in heavy exposure smokers. In conclusion, the present observations indicate that there is a significant relationship between tobacco smoking and vertical periodontal bone loss. Tobacco smoking should be considered a risk factor for periodontal vertical bone loss.</p>","PeriodicalId":76572,"journal":{"name":"Swedish dental journal. Supplement","volume":" 174","pages":"1-62"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24861227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}