American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology最新文献

{"title":"Sex-biased Gene Expression Underlies Immune Dysfunction in Asthma.","authors":"Shannon Kay, Haseena Rajeevan, Moeun Son, Jason Kwah, Maria Ramirez, Yunqing Liu, Zuoheng Wang, Xiting Yan, Gustavo Nino, Clemente Britto, Geoffrey Chupp, Jose L Gomez","doi":"10.1165/rcmb.2024-0565OC","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1165/rcmb.2024-0565OC","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Asthma prevalence and severity differs between males and females across the lifespan. Pre-pubescent males are more likely to experience asthma, but females are disproportionately affected after puberty with higher symptom burden and decreased type 2 inflammation. However, as human male and female genomes are almost identical, it is especially difficult to identify differentially expressed genes by sex to account for differences in disease susceptibility and manifestations without large sample sizes. Although several genes and genetic polymorphisms lead to sex-specific effects in asthma risk, the effects of sex-biased gene expression on clinical features within patients with asthma remain understudied. In this study, we characterized gene expression differences between females and males through meta-analysis of transcriptomes of blood samples from adult patients with and without asthma in a large gene expression database (n=3,639, 56% female). A separate, local validation cohort (n=132, 78% female) identified clinical correlations with expression levels of sex-biased expressed genes. We identified 61 genes differentially expressed by sex in circulating immune cells that are unique to adult subjects with asthma and correlate with important clinical features of asthma. These genes are implicated in lymphocyte proliferation and differentiation, as well as innate and adaptive immune allergic responses in the lung. In addition, similar transcriptional meta-analyses of pediatric asthma demonstrated age-specific gene expression effects. In summary, our findings support a sex-specific inflammatory architecture in asthma that is associated with differential gene expression in the blood and is age-specific.</p>","PeriodicalId":7655,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144526111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pink1/Parkin Mediated Mitophagy - Friend or Foe in Hypoxia-induced Pulmonary Vascular Remodeling?","authors":"Oleg Pak, Natascha Sommer","doi":"10.1165/rcmb.2025-0272ED","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1165/rcmb.2025-0272ED","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7655,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144526088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Down Syndrome Alters Type-III IFN and Pro-Inflammatory Airway Epithelial Responses to RSV Infection.","authors":"Elizabeth Chorvinsky, Surajit Bhattacharya, Betelehem Solomon Bera, Allison Welham, Karim Ismat, Claire M Lawlor, Diego Preciado, Jose L Gomez, Hiroki Morizono, Dinesh K Pillai, Maria J Gutierrez, Jyoti K Jaiswal, Gustavo Nino","doi":"10.1165/rcmb.2025-0068OC","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1165/rcmb.2025-0068OC","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Trisomy 21 (TS21), also known as Down syndrome (DS), increases pediatric mortality risk due to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) by ninefold. However, the underlying immunological basis remains unclear. To define the biological implications of TS21 in airway epithelial cells (AECs), the primary site of respiratory virus entry and host defense, in this study we investigated RSV-induced responses in primary nasal AECs from euploid and trisomic pediatric donors. We employed comprehensive approaches to assess baseline interferon (IFN)-JAK/STAT signaling, viral infectivity, and the production of type III IFN /λ1, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and chemokines, before and after RSV exposure.TS21 AECs exhibited baseline hyperactive IFN-JAK/STAT signaling and reduced RSV infectivity but also showed impaired type-III IFN responses during viral infection. Furthermore, TS21 AECs demonstrated a robust pro-inflammatory state, with upregulated leukocyte/neutrophil chemotaxis pathways and heightened CXCL5/CXCL10 production before and after RSV exposure. This pattern was recapitulated in infants with DS who had severe viral bronchiolitis, exhibiting a dysregulated airway immune response characterized by diminished type-III IFN and excessive CXCL5/CXCL10 production. Our results suggest that RSV severity in DS is not due to enhanced viral infectivity but rather to dysregulated airway pro-inflammatory responses, offering new therapeutic opportunities to mitigate the severity of RSV infection in children with DS.</p>","PeriodicalId":7655,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144526086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Leukotriene C₄ Synthase Deficiency Causes Spontaneous Emphysema in Female Mice.","authors":"Yumiko Ishii, Kosuke Makita, Utako Fujii, Emily Nakada, Joyce Jang, Toby McGovern, Rui Sun, Arina Morozan, Sydney Joy, Savannah Dunberry, Toshiaki Okuno, Hyeon-Cheol Lee-Okada, Takehiko Yokomizo, James G Martin","doi":"10.1165/rcmb.2024-0260OC","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1165/rcmb.2024-0260OC","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Emphysema, an important component of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) remains poorly understood whereby there is progressive destruction of alveolar tissues. Cysteinyl-leukotrienes (cysLTs) and their receptors have been extensively investigated in asthma but not in COPD. Whether cysLTs influence emphysema is unknown. To investigate the influence of the constitutive synthesis of cysLTs on airspace integrity we assessed lung structure and function in leukotriene C₄ synthase-deficient (Ltc4s^-/-) mice, lacking the pivotal enzyme for cysLTs biosynthesis. Mice ranged in age from 5-20 weeks. Emphysema was assessed from the mean linear intercept and pulmonary mechanics. Differential cell counts and iron staining were performed on bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cells. Emphysema-related gene expression was assessed by RT-qPCR. Oxidative stress and oxygen consumption in alveolar macrophages were evaluated by flow cytometry and Seahorse™ assay. Ltc4s^-/- female mice developed extensive emphysema by 10 weeks of age histologically and by lung function. There was evidence of abnormal alveolar macrophage function comprising a reduction of superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD-2), increase in matrix metalloproteinase 8 (MMP8), an enhanced mitochondrial oxidative stress and an increase in iron deposition. Treatment with sulforaphane, an activator of the transcription of antioxidant genes, prevented the development of emphysema. We conclude that spontaneous emphysema in female mice deficient in LTC4S is associated with enhanced mitochondrial oxidative stress. These findings indicate a homeostatic role for cysLTs in preserving alveolar structure and provide a novel model to explore mechanisms of emphysema.</p>","PeriodicalId":7655,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144526087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PINK1/Parkin Deficiency Enhances Vascular Remodeling and Aggravates Hypoxia-induced Pulmonary Hypertension.","authors":"Rakhshinda Rehman, Paul Dieffenbach, Shamsudheen K Vellarikkal, Alexis M Corcoran, Leilani Pomales, Antonio Arciniegas Rubio, Katherin Zambrano-Vera, Fotios Spyropoulos, Kosmas Kosmas, Hillaire Lam, Harilaos Filippakis, Mark A Perrella, Laura E Fredenburgh, Helen Christou","doi":"10.1165/rcmb.2024-0349OC","DOIUrl":"10.1165/rcmb.2024-0349OC","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Alterations in mitochondrial structure and function contribute to vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) phenotypic switching and are causally linked to pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) pathogenesis. The PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy pathway is a key mitochondrial quality control program by which defective mitochondria are targeted for removal. The role of PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy in VSMC phenotypic switching and PAH pathogenesis is not known. We sought to evaluate if PINK1/Parkin-induced mitophagy modulates VSMC phenotypic switching and contributes to PAH. Mitophagy and PINK1/Parkin expression were evaluated in human PAH lungs and Pulmonary Artery Smooth Muscle Cells (PASMCs). PINK1 and Parkin were silenced in human and mouse primary PASMCs and global PINK1 and Parkin knockout mice were used. After silencing of PINK1 and Parkin, PASMC proliferation and apoptosis were measured, and experimental pulmonary hypertension was evaluated after exposure to hypoxia. Parkin and PINK1 levels were reduced in the pulmonary vasculature or PASMCs from PAH lungs, accompanied by decreased mitophagy. PINK1 and Parkin knockout animals had an exaggerated pulmonary hypertension phenotype upon exposure to hypoxia. Genetic silencing of PINK1 and Parkin in human and mouse PASMCs led to increased proliferation and apoptosis resistance. We conclude that Reduced PINK1/Parkin-induced mitophagy contributes to pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell phenotypic switching and exacerbates PAH.</p>","PeriodicalId":7655,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144473787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extracellular Vesicles Contribute to the Pathophysiology and Progression of Pleural Fibrosis by Promoting MesoMT and Neo-Angiogenesis.","authors":"Kaushik Das, Wenyi Qin, Ann Jeffers, Shuzi Owens, Luis Destarac, Steven Idell, L Vijaya Mohan Rao, Torry A Tucker, Shiva Keshava","doi":"10.1165/rcmb.2024-0549OC","DOIUrl":"10.1165/rcmb.2024-0549OC","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Severe pleural space inflammation associated with exudative pleural effusions leads to the development of pleural fibrosis (PF). Pathological tissue remodeling in PF is associated with profibrotic changes in the pleural mesothelium and neo-angiogenesis within the fibrotic region. However, the factors that promote these processes remain poorly understood. This study investigates the role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in the development and progression of PF, focusing on mesothelial to mesenchymal transition (MesoMT) and neo-angiogenesis. Human pleural mesothelial cells (HPMCs) were treated with coagulation proteases factor Xa (FXa) and thrombin and EV production was quantified using nanoparticle tracking analysis. The functional relevance of these EVs was assessed by evaluating their ability to promote profibrotic phenotype in HPMCs and induce tube formation in endothelial cells. FXa and thrombin treatments significantly increased EV generation from HPMCs via protease-activated receptor (PAR)-mediated cell signaling. Our studies showed that these EVs primed HPMCs towards a profibrotic phenotype and enhanced tube formation in endothelial cells. Further investigations in preclinical mouse models of PF revealed elevated EV levels in pleural fluids from injury-induced mice, compared to saline controls. In clinical specimens, exudative pleural effusions from patients with empyema and parapneumonic effusions exhibited significantly elevated EV numbers compared to transudative effusions from congestive heart failure patients. More importantly, EVs isolated from exudative effusions promoted a profibrotic phenotype in naïve HPMCs and enhanced tube formation similar to the effects observed with FXa- and thrombin-generated EVs. These findings offer new insights into PF pathogenesis by identifying EVs as previously unknown contributors that modulate mesothelial to mesenchymal transition (MesoMT) and neo-angiogenesis.</p>","PeriodicalId":7655,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144336240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Targeted Pre-Conditioning and Cell Transplantation in the Murine Lower Respiratory Tract.","authors":"Anat Kohn, Michael J Herriges, Payel Basak, Liang Ma, Bibek R Thapa, Darrell N Kotton, Finn J Hawkins","doi":"10.1165/rcmb.2024-0597MA","DOIUrl":"10.1165/rcmb.2024-0597MA","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Transplantation of airway basal stem cells could achieve a durable cure for genetic diseases of the airway, such as cystic fibrosis and primary ciliary dyskinesia. Recent work demonstrated the potential of primary- and pluripotent stem cell (PSC)-derived basal cells to efficiently engraft into the mouse trachea after injury. However, there are many hurdles to overcome in translating these approaches to humans including developing safe and efficient methods for delivery in larger animal models. We propose a model which targets preconditioning and cell-delivery to intrapulmonary airways utilizing a micro-bronchoscope for delivery. The detergent polidocanol was adapted for distal lung pre-conditioning, inducing intrapulmonary airway epithelial denudation by 5 and 24-hours post-delivery. While initial re-epithelialization of airways occurred later than tracheas, complete repair was observed within 7-days. Both PSC-derived and primary basal cells delivered via micro-bronchoscope post-polidocanol injury engrafted in tracheas and intrapulmonary airways, respectively. Transplanted cells differentiated into ciliated and secretory lineages while maintaining a population of basal cells. These findings demonstrate the utility of bronchoscopically targeted pre-conditioning and cell delivery to the conducting intra-pulmonary airways. Thus providing an important framework for pre-clinical translation of approaches for engineered airway epithelial regeneration. This article is open access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).</p>","PeriodicalId":7655,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144336242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interferon Mediated Bronchial Epithelium Cellular Senescence in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.","authors":"Hong Guo-Parke, Oisin Cappa, Dermot A Linden, Ben S Barksby, Rachel A Burgoyne, Lee A Borthwick, Andrew J Fisher, Sinead Weldon, David A Simpson, Clifford C Taggart, Joseph C Kidney","doi":"10.1165/rcmb.2024-0453OC","DOIUrl":"10.1165/rcmb.2024-0453OC","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cellular senescence has been implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The mechanisms of senescence in the bronchial epithelium, however, remain largely unknown. This study aimed to elucidate whether cellular senescence in COPD epithelial cells contributes to the pathogenesis of the disease and investigated the potential molecular mechanisms involved. Single cell RNA sequencing was performed on well differentiated primary bronchial epithelial cells from COPD and healthy subjects. We evaluated the abundance and distribution of senescence markers in key epithelial differentiated subtypes and senescence-associated secretory phenotype involved in airway epithelial dysfunction. The effects of interferon pathway inhibitors on cellular senescence were also investigated. There was increased expression of cellular senescence genes in the COPD cohort, which was predominantly in basal and club cells. Enhanced expression of cellular senescence markers, p16 and p21, was observed in COPD cultures, which was histologically confirmed in the lung tissue of COPD patients. There was also a notable increase in IFN-β and IFN-γ. Senescence associated secretory phenotype productions were increased in COPD and was attenuated by JAK-STAT or cGAS-STING pathway inhibitors (baricitinib or C-176). These inhibitors also effectively suppressed expression of senescence markers. COPD bronchial epithelium displays a senescence driven phenotype which is mediated by type I/II interferons. Inhibition of JAK-STAT or STING-cGAS interferon pathways may represent targets to alleviate cellular senescence and chronic inflammation in COPD.</p>","PeriodicalId":7655,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144336241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Piezo1 Agonist Yoda1 Induces Rapid Relaxation in Cultured Airway Smooth Muscle Cells and Bronchodilation in Mouse Models.","authors":"Mingzhi Luo, Xiangrong Zhang, Jia Guo, Rong Gu, Youyuan Qin, Kai Ni, Lei Liu, Yan Pan, Jingjing Li, Honglei Shi, Linhong Deng","doi":"10.1165/rcmb.2024-0536OC","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1165/rcmb.2024-0536OC","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bronchodilators that relax airway smooth muscle cells (ASMCs) are essential for treating constrictive airway diseases such as asthma. However, the existing bronchodilators are often unable to control symptoms of severe asthmatic patients, leaving a pressing need to search for alternatives. Recent studies indicate that the transmembrane mechanosensitive channel, Piezo1 may provide a novel target for bronchodilation as it mediates ASMCs relaxation via calcium signaling and activation of large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channels (BK_Ca), and Piezo1 specific agonist Yoda1 has been shown to reduce cell stiffness and traction force in cultured ASMCs after 24 h incubation. Thus in this study, we further explored the potential of Yoda1 for inducing rapid ASMCs relaxation and bronchodilation. We treated either cultured ASMCs or allergen-induced mouse models of asthma with Yoda1 at various doses, and then assessed the resulting variations in cell stiffness, traction force, and molecular signaling of cultured ASMCs, as well as in airway resistance of the mouse models. We found that exposure to Yoda1 rapidly decreased cell stiffness, traction force in association with induced calcium signaling and BK_Ca activation in cultured ASMCs, and reduced airway resistance in methacholine-challenged mice in a dose-dependent manner. These results indicate that chemical activation of Piezo1 with specific agonist Yoda1 was indeed capable of inducing bronchodilation by relaxing ASMCs, and thus provide insights into development of Piezo1 agonist-based novel bronchodilators for treating constrictive airway disorders such as asthma.</p>","PeriodicalId":7655,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144289378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ozone Generation Method Impacts Lung Toxicity and Oxidant Signaling.","authors":"Atefeh Razazan, Md Habibul Hasan Mazumder, William Travis Goldsmith, Nina Olivia Tan, Anand C Ranpara, Vamsi Kodali, Murugesan Velayutham, Qiang Wang, Robert M Tighe, Salik Hussain","doi":"10.1165/rcmb.2024-0633MA","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1165/rcmb.2024-0633MA","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ozone (O3) is a criteria pollutant that is anticipated to rise over the next decade due to climate-related activity. Varying amounts of nitrogen oxides (NOx) are produced as by-products during O3 generation from oxygen depending on the method of production including the source and oxygen purity. A review of the current literature confirms a lack of consistent monitoring and reporting of potential nitrogen species produced with different methods of experimental O3 generation. The lack of consistent monitoring and reporting is potentially a factor that can explain divergence of reported experimental O3 exposure outcomes from different research groups. In the present report, we compare the effects of O3 source generation from either filtered air (FA-ozone) or a pure oxygen (Oxy-ozone) source on NOx generation and measures of O3-induced lung injury. We also consider if this also impacts mixed exposures with O3 and ultrafine carbon black (CB) based on if the O3 was generated from a filtered air (FA-ozone-CB) versus a pure oxygen (Oxy-ozone-CB) source. Comparing FA-ozone vs. Oxy-ozone we observed increased lung inflammation and injury in the FA-ozone group. In the FA-ozone-CB group, compared to the Oxy-ozone-CB group, the FA-ozone-CB inhalation exposure resulted in the formation of a greater amount of NOx and induced protein nitrotyrosine in the lungs. Moreover, the FA-ozone-CB group had evidence of eosinophil recruitment not observed in the Oxy-ozone-CB group. Overall, this suggests that the source of oxygen for O3 generation impacts experimental outcomes. Furthermore, measurement and reporting of nitrogen species in O3 exposure should be considered.</p>","PeriodicalId":7655,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144245915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}