Social biology最新文献

{"title":"Where biodemographic theory and demographic data meet: a review of the Quest for Immortality (by Olshansky and Carnes). Essay review.","authors":"S M Lynch","doi":"10.1080/19485565.2001.9989042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19485565.2001.9989042","url":null,"abstract":"The Quest for Immortality has three central theses: (1) Humans are not immortal; (2) Demographers predicting large future improvements in life expectancy are mistaken; and (3) Those who promote products as reversing the aging process (or restoring youth) are perpetrating fraud. The book is an interesting read, and those without a background in evolutionary theories of aging and biodemography will find much of interest in the book. Some of the book's strongest attractions include easy discussions of relatively difficult evolutionary and biodemographic hypotheses, including the Hayflick limit, Medawar's genetic dustbin, antagonistic pleiotropy, and the free radical theory of aging, among others. These concepts are interesting and well presented. Those with an academic background, however, may find this discussion somewhat lacking, because there is little in the way of serious discussion about how actual data are or are not consistent with these perspectives. Scholars may also have problems with several of the semantic games that are played by the authors and with the dismissal of demographic research on the basis of straw man arguments or circular reasoning.","PeriodicalId":76544,"journal":{"name":"Social biology","volume":"48 3-4","pages":"329-32"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/19485565.2001.9989042","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22184680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The biosocial female choice theory of social stratification.","authors":"L Ellis","doi":"10.1080/19485565.2001.9989040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19485565.2001.9989040","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>For decades, the study of social stratification has been dominated by environmental theories. Herein a theory is proposed that contains both biological and sociocultural elements. The theory asserts that most human females, like females of many other mammalian species, have evolved mating preferences biased toward males who are competent in provisioning resources. This female bias is hypothesized to have been naturally selected because females with these biases nearly always have had a reproductive edge over females who lack such a bias. One result of this bias is that human females preferentially mate with males who strive to rise in social status. This, in turn, has favored males who attain or at least strive for high social status, and who advertise and even exaggerate whatever status they already have achieved. At the genetic level, the theory postulates that alleles have accumulated on the human genome that promote social status-striving and achievement to varying degrees. To account for why males are more prone toward status-striving than females, the theory contends that one or more genes on the Y-chromosome interact with genes on the remaining human chromosomes to incline males to gravitate toward social hierarchies and to strive for niches that are relatively high in those hierarchies. Both tested and untested hypotheses are derived from the theory and compared to the empirical evidence currently available.</p>","PeriodicalId":76544,"journal":{"name":"Social biology","volume":"48 3-4","pages":"298-320"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/19485565.2001.9989040","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22184786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changes in the association of low birth weight with socioeconomic status in Hawaii: 1970-1990.","authors":"E L Wegner,&nbsp;G P Loos,&nbsp;A T Onaka,&nbsp;D Crowell,&nbsp;Y Li,&nbsp;H Zheng","doi":"10.1080/19485565.2001.9989035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19485565.2001.9989035","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study examines rates of low birth weight (LBW) in the state of Hawaii and changes in the association of LBW with socioeconomic status from 1970 to 1990. The analysis is based on aggregate data for census tracts. Rates of low birth weight were calculated for each census tract. Relative socioeconomic scores were calculated from average household income and years of education. The results show that (1) there was a decrease in the rate of low birth weight infants in Hawaii; and (2) that the correlation between socioeconomic status and low birth weight was substantially reduced, though a significant correlation remains. The paper suggests likely ceiling effects, but that the progressive public health policies and expansion of access to primary health care in Hawaii during this period played a major role in reducing the rate of low birth weight infants and in decreasing socioeconomic inequality on this important health indicator.</p>","PeriodicalId":76544,"journal":{"name":"Social biology","volume":"48 3-4","pages":"196-211"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/19485565.2001.9989035","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22186050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Motivational antecedents to contraceptive method change following a pregnancy scare: a couple analysis.","authors":"W B Miller,&nbsp;D J Pasta","doi":"10.1080/19485565.2001.9989038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19485565.2001.9989038","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this study we develop and then test a couple model of contraceptive method choice decision-making following a pregnancy scare. The central constructs in our model are satisfaction with one's current method and confidence in the use of it. Downstream in the decision sequence, satisfaction and confidence predict desires and intentions to change methods. Upstream they are predicted by childbearing motivations, contraceptive attitudes, and the residual effects of the couples' previous method decisions. We collected data from 175 mostly unmarried and racially/ethnically diverse couples who were seeking pregnancy tests. We used LISREL and its latent variable capacity to estimate a structural equation model of the couple decision-making sequence leading to a change (or not) in contraceptive method. Results confirm most elements in our model and demonstrate a number of important cross-partner effects. Almost one-half of the sample had positive pregnancy tests and the base model fitted to this subsample indicates less accuracy in partner perception and greater influence of the female partner on method change decision-making. The introduction of some hypothesis-generating exogenous variables to our base couple model, together with some unexpected findings for the contraceptive attitude variables, suggest interesting questions that require further exploration.</p>","PeriodicalId":76544,"journal":{"name":"Social biology","volume":"48 3-4","pages":"256-77"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/19485565.2001.9989038","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22184780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alternative theories of the relationship of schooling and work to family formation: evidence from Mexico.","authors":"D P Lindstrom,&nbsp;C Brambila Paz","doi":"10.1080/19485565.2001.9989039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19485565.2001.9989039","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Role incompatibility, education as an investment in human capital, and schooling as a transformative experience are three mechanisms that link women's education to the timing of marriage and first birth. We simultaneously evaluate these different explanations using retrospective life history data for two cohorts of Mexican women collected in a nationally representative sample. Our analyses provide evidence in support of all three hypotheses. While in school young women are at a substantially lower risk of marriage and of a first birth. We find no evidence that women leave school to enter into unions nor do we find evidence that the effect of being a student diminishes with age. Women who work for a wage are also at a lower risk of marriage and a first birth. Once we control for student and employment status, the direct effects of cumulative education on family formation are relatively modest, although cumulative education is strongly associated with positive attitudes towards women's work and a significant increase in the likelihood of premarital and postmarital employment.</p>","PeriodicalId":76544,"journal":{"name":"Social biology","volume":"48 3-4","pages":"278-97"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/19485565.2001.9989039","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22184783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Disability status differentials across fifteen Asian and Pacific Islander groups and the effect of nativity and duration of residence in the U.S.","authors":"Y Cho,&nbsp;R A Hummer","doi":"10.1080/19485565.2001.9989034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19485565.2001.9989034","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study examines disparities in disability status across 15 Asian and Pacific Islander American (API) subpopulations and how nativity and duration in the U.S. influence these differences. Employing three disability questions (work limitations, mobility limitations, and self-care limitations) from the 1990 PUMS, the authors find substantial heterogeneity in disability status across API subgroups: while Japanese American adults have the most favorable outcomes, Other Southeast Asian adults (Laotians, Hmong, and Cambodians), followed by Vietnamese and Pacific Islander adults, suffer from a high risk of disabilities. Many of the disparities in disability status across API subpopulation adults are attributable to differentials in demographic characteristics and SES. The inclusion of an interaction term of age and nativity/duration of residence in the U.S. in multivariate regression analyses demonstrates that the effect of nativity/duration plays a different role across age, net of demographic, and SES risk factors. The overall findings are also consistent with previous studies on the relationship between immigrant health and nativity/duration. That is, immigrants with short duration in the U.S. have superior health status, measured by risk of disability, than longer-term immigrants and their U.S.-born counterparts.</p>","PeriodicalId":76544,"journal":{"name":"Social biology","volume":"48 3-4","pages":"171-95"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/19485565.2001.9989034","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22186049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pregnancy wantedness: attitude stability over time.","authors":"L Williams,&nbsp;L Piccinino,&nbsp;J Abma,&nbsp;F Arguillas","doi":"10.1080/19485565.2001.9989036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19485565.2001.9989036","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this analysis we have compared two attitudinal reports, from interviews two years apart, of the same event for consistency over time. We have looked at women's self-reports, and at their proxy reports for partners' attitudes as well. The inconsistent reports of women's own views tended to shift slightly toward more favorable reports at the second interview (15 percent more positive versus 10 percent more negative). More specifically, 7.5 percent of women who reported at Time 1 that their most recent births had been unwanted switched to more favorable reports at Time 2, and about the same percentage of women who reported Table 4, the findings would suggest that some of the groups typically considered to be most \"at risk\" were those who were also most apt to report inconsistently. This findings should signal some concern in the policy community. Net of other factors, there is no effect of income, but a number of at-risk groups remained significantly more likely than others to change their reports over time. Of particular concern is the finding that women who reported their pregnancies as mistimed or unwanted were so much more likely to change their reports over time than were women who initially said that their pregnancies had been well timed. When we look at the direction of change, it is clear that, with some exceptions, the more \"at risk\" groups were more likely to shift in a more negative direction, while the less \"at risk\" groups were less likely to do so; and at times they were more likely to report more favorably at the second interview. Although somewhat hampered by small sample sizes in the analysis of Time 1 mistimed and unwanted reports, results confirmed that certain subgroups were not only more apt to report inconsistently, they were also more likely to do so in specific directions. To the extent that future survey questions can emphasize to respondents that they should focus on the time of conception, and not on current status, inconsistency across groups may be reduced.</p>","PeriodicalId":76544,"journal":{"name":"Social biology","volume":"48 3-4","pages":"212-33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/19485565.2001.9989036","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22186051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Condom use and partner characteristics among young adult males in urban Ghana, aged 15-24.","authors":"B Gray,&nbsp;G T Morgan,&nbsp;R Shirer","doi":"10.1080/19485565.2001.9989037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19485565.2001.9989037","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Addressing male sexual behavior and condom use is a high priority for adolescent health programs. Using the 1997 Ghana Psychographic Survey, the aim of this study is to explore the factors related to current, partner-specific condom use, by Ghanaian males aged 15-24 years. A multivariate regression analysis reveals an independent association between psychographic attitudes, peer network characteristics, sexual partner characteristics, and some level of condom use with a nominated sexual partner. The most important predictor for both condom use consistently as well as condom use at least sometimes was respondents' knowing someone who died as a result of AIDS. This finding suggests that future interventions should aim to personalize the risk of HIV/STIs, promote condom use with a range of partner types, and educate youth about the importance of consistent use.</p>","PeriodicalId":76544,"journal":{"name":"Social biology","volume":"48 3-4","pages":"234-55"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/19485565.2001.9989037","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22186052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sociodemographic attributes of Iranian wives who reported unwanted pregnancies","authors":"A. Paydarfar, H. Malekafzali","doi":"10.1080/19485565.2001.9989030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19485565.2001.9989030","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In a 1989 Family Planning Study in Iran, 40 percent of the married women of reproductive age reported that their last or current pregnancies were unwanted and unintended. This finding is consistent with the results obtained from a number of studies undertaken in the countries of North Africa and the Middle East. Although the phenomenon of unwanted pregnancy is a significant topic in the population studies, it has received very little attention. This paper shows the differences between two groups: group A, those married women who reported that their last or current pregnancies were wanted, and group B, those married women who reported that their last or current pregnancies were unwanted. The findings of this study clearly show significant differences between these two groups in regard to some key sociodemographic attributes: wife/husband's education, actual and desired fertility, wife's current age, past and present practice of contraceptive methods, and extent of satisfaction with family planning services are among the attributes differentiating these two groups. Our examination of these variables suggests that group B had higher parity, fertility, less desire for more children, less use of contraceptive techniques, and less satisfaction with the efficiency of the contraceptive techniques than group A. The relationship between education and wanted/unwanted pregnancies is mixed. The urban women who wanted‐pregnancies and were 25 years old or older were more educated than those who did not want pregnancies. On the contrary, the rural women whose pregnancies were not wanted were more educated than those who wanted pregnancies regardless of age, parity, and locality differences. Furthermore, the urban/rural women with different levels of parities who did not want to be pregnant were more educated than the urban/rural women who wanted pregnancies. Finally, the standardized regression coefficients, obtained in logistic regression, reveal that among urban women the desire for more children and parity are the first and second most significant independent variables differentiating between group A and group B. Among rural women, living children and the desire for more children were the first and second most important variables differentiating between group A and group B.","PeriodicalId":76544,"journal":{"name":"Social biology","volume":"48 1","pages":"105 - 124"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/19485565.2001.9989030","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60554668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influences of mother's work, childhood place of residence, and exposure to media on breast‐feeding patterns: Experience of Nigeria and Uganda","authors":"F. Ukwuani, C. Suchindran, G. Cornwell","doi":"10.1080/19485565.2001.9989025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19485565.2001.9989025","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study uses data from the Nigerian Demographic and Health Survey collected in 1990 and the Ugandan Demographic and Health Survey collected in 1995 to examine the implications of mother's work, childhood place of residence, and exposure to the media for breastfeeding patterns (exclusivity and intensity) in Nigeria and Uganda. Nigeria and Uganda present an interesting contrast because Nigeria is more modernized and economically developed than Uganda, thus providing a good indication of the influence of modernization on breast‐feeding patterns. Mother's work status is defined by considering whether mothers earned cash from work and took their children to work, hence emphasizing the compatibility of work with child care. Work least compatible with child care had a negative effect on breast‐feeding intensity in Nigeria. The negative effect of mother's work on exclusive breast‐feeding (that is, if the mothers used formula or milk instead) observed for some working mothers in Nigeria and Uganda was partly confounded by urban residence, exposure to media, and other socioeconomic factors. Mother's work did not have a negative effect on breast‐feeding intensity in Uganda. The relationship between mother's work, urban residence, media exposure, and breast‐feeding practice seems to be stronger in Nigeria than Uganda.","PeriodicalId":76544,"journal":{"name":"Social biology","volume":"175 1","pages":"1 - 20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/19485565.2001.9989025","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60553747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}